1、DiencephalonExternal features of diencephalonpositionIt is located between the midbrain and cerebral hemisphereIt is almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. Only a small area (ventral portion of hypothalamus can be seensubdivisions thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus metathalamus subthalam

2、us 3rd ventricleepithalamus metathalamusThalamic medullary striaHabenular trigone Habenular commissurePineal bodyposterior commissureEpithalamus MetathalamusStria terminalis separate the caudate nucleus stria medullaris lies in the junction between the superior and medial aspect of the thalamus & co

3、nnect the pineal bodypulvinar丘腦枕Trigonum habenulaeMetathalamus Medial and lateral geniculate bodyGross Features (posterosuperior)Caudate nucleusThalamusStria terminalisPineal bodyLateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body pulvinar Superior colliculus hypothalamusOptic chiasmaInfundibulumTuber ci

4、nereumMammillary bodyThe infundibulum links the pituitory glandhypothalamusInternal structures of thalamus, hypothalamus and metathalamusthalamus Ventropostero-lateral & Ventroposterio-medial nuclei（VPL&VPM)hypothalamus Paraventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Infundibular (arcuate) nucleusmetatha

5、lamus lateral and medial geniculate nuclei Internal structures of thalamus A Y-shaped internal medullary lamina divides it into three grey masses. AnteriorMedial dorsal Lateral ventralEach of them can be subdivided into many nuclei. Ventropostero-lateral & Ventroposterio-medial nucleiHorizontal sect

6、ion through of diencephalonFunctional subdivisionNonspecific relay nucleireceive afferents from rhinencephalon and reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to hypothalamus and corpus striatum. although the projections are more widespread than the relay nuclei, they still possess input and o

7、utput specificityMidline nucleus group Intralaminar nuclear groupThalamic reticular nucleusAssociation nuclei receive input from many converging sources and in turn project widely to the association areas of cerebral cortexAnterior nuclear group Medial nuclear groupDorsal tier of lateral nuclear gro

8、upVent. anterior nucleus (VA) Vent. intermediate nucleus (VI) Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortexVent. posteromedial nucleus (VPM) receives trigeminal lemniscus and taste fibers Vent. posterolateral nucleus (VPL) receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemnis

9、cus Projects to first somatic sensory area via central thalamic radiationSpecial relay nucleiDorsomedial nucleus Ant. nuclear group internal medullary lamina and nucleiVentral anterior Ventral lateral(VL)or Ventral intermediate Ventral posterolateral (VPL) Ventral posteromedial (VPM ) Pulvinar Media

10、l geniculate body (MGN) Lateral geniculate body (LGN) Latral posterior nucleus (LP)Interthalamic connectionLateral dorsalMidline nucleus groupFunctions of ThalamusAll of the ascending sensory tract relay in the nuclei of the thalamus and the metathalamus, then their neural fibers terminate in the co

11、rtical area of brain respectively.Contributes to emotional responses to sensory experienceDevelops primary pain sensationPartly related to motor pathway Thalamic SyndromeDisturbance紊亂 of sensory function of thalamus.Abrupt loss of sensationExaggerated sensationEmotional instabilityComa昏迷Disturbance

12、of motor function of thalamusTransient暫時的loss of sensationSpecific positioning體位保持 of limbMetathalamusLateral geniculate body (LGN)Medial geniculate body (MGN) MetathalamusMedial geniculate body (MGN) Relay station of auditionReceive fibers from inferior colliculusProjects to auditory area via acous

13、tic radiationMedial geniculate bodyLateral geniculate body (LGN)Lateral geniculate body (LGN) Relay station of visionReceive fibers from optic tractProjects to visual area via optic radiationinternal structures of hypothalamusThere are many nuclei in the hypothalamus.Paraventricular nucleus Medial(d

14、orsomedial & ventromedial ) nucleusmammillary nucleusPreoptic nucleusSupraoptic nucleustuberal nucleus internal structures of hypothalamusParaventricular nucleusSupraoptic nucleusInfundibular (arcuate/tuberal) nucleusConnections of HypothalamusAfferent connections:It receives information from divers

15、e sources in order to serve as main integrator of autonomic nervous systemEfferent connections: It sends fibers to extensive areas of CNSConnections of HypothalamusConnections of HypothalamusHypothalamohypophyseal tract & Hypophyseal portal systemFunctions of HypothalamusNeuroendocrine coordination協(xié)

16、調(diào)Paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei secretes some hormones to influence blood pressure & amount of urine & promote contracting收縮of uterus during childbirth.Infundibular nucleus producing releasing factors to control pituitary gland releasing its secretions.Regulates temperatureControls glucose & Na

17、Cl level Controls sleepControls sex driveMediates調(diào)解emotion & olfactionControls appetiteRelates drinkingPleasure & avoidance centersThe cerebellumOutline External features of the cerebellumInternal structure of the cerebellum cerebellar cortex cerebellar nuclei white matterFunctional anatomy of the c

18、erebellum archicerebellum原小腦 paleocerebellum舊小腦 neocerebellum新小腦positionlies in the posterior cranial fossa is separated from cerebral hemisphere by the tentorium cerebelli lies behind the pons & medulla oblongata.The tentorium cerebelli (“tent of the cerebellum”) dura matter separates the cerebellu

19、m from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.The cerebellum forms the roof of the fourth ventricle. Cerebellum and brain stemThe cerebellum is connected to the brain stem by three pairs of fibers bundles superior middle, and inferior pedunclesExternal featuresConsists of two cerebellar hemisphere unit

20、ed in the midline by the vermis小腦蚓 The surface of the cerebellum is highly convoluted, the folds, or foliaexternal features cerebellum cerebellar hemispheres cerebellar vermisInferior aspect of the cerebellumflocculonodular lobePosteriolateral fissure flocculonodular lobeposterior lobetwo cerebellar

21、 hemispheres inferior vermisTonsil of cerebellum Tonsil of cerebellum at the level of the occipital foramen magnum Cerebellar lobes:the cerebellum can be divided into 3 lobes, depending on the position.Anterior lobe is the part of the anterior to the primary fissurePosterior lobe between the primary

22、 fissure and posterolateral fissure.Flocculonodular lobe consists of the floccule and nodule.Anterior lobe(red) posterior lobe (green) flocculonodular lobe(blue)Ant LobePost Lobenodulusinternal structure of cerebellum Gray matterCerebellar cortex Cerebellar nucleiDentate nucleus Fastigial頂nucleus Em

23、boliform栓狀nucleus Globose球狀 nucleus White matter medullary centerpeduncles The cerebellum basically consists of an outer layer grey matter, the cerebellar cortex and inner core of white matterThe white matter is made up largely of afferent and efferent fibersWithin white matter four pairs of cerebel

24、lar nuclei are buried deeply, which have important connections with the cerebellar cortex and with certain nuclei of the brain stem and thalamusCerebellar cortex: the molecular layer the Purkinje cell layer the granular粒 layer Microscopic SectionsMicroscopic SectionsOuterMolecular layerStellate cell

25、s, Basket cellsMiddlePurkinje cell layerPurkinje cellsInnerGranular layerGranule cells, Golgi cellsCortexMolGrPurkinjeMolecularGranularOuterMolecular layerStellate cells, Basket cellsMiddlePurkinje cell layerPurkinje cellsInnerGranular layerGranule cells, Golgi cellsMolGrMolecularInternal circuitry

26、internal structure of cerebellum Dentate, emboliform, globose nucleus, and fastigial nucleus interposed插入nuclei (paleocerebellum舊小腦) peduncles connecting with the cerebellumInferior cerebellar peduncle connect with medulla and with spinal cord, contain both afferent and efferent fibers Middle cerebe

27、llar peduncle connect with pons, contain afferent fibersSuperior cerebellar peduncle connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibersMedulla Inferior (ICP)PonsMiddle(MCP)MidbrainSuperior(SCP)ConnectstoPeduncleSCPSCPSCPMCPMCPMCPICPICPICPInferior Peduncleinformation from spinal cord and medulla,

28、going to cerebellum: mostly unconscious proprioception本體感覺 and vestibular informationMiddle Peduncle (brachium pontis) information from pons, going to cerebellum.middle cerebllar peduncle it contains from the dorsolateral region of the pons and is composed almost exclusively唯一地of the pontocerebellar

29、 fiber.Superior Peduncle information from cerebellum, going to midbrain and thalamus. It consists mainly of the efferent fiber from the globose, emboliform and dentate nuclei ( the dentatorubral齒狀核紅核 tract and the dentatothalamic tract), it also contains afferent fibers, such as the anterior spinoce

30、rebellar tract.Internal structures White mattermedullary centerFastGEDentDepending on the evolution進(jìn)化and growing, the cerebellum is divided into 3 partsArchicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) including flocculonodular lobePaleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)including Anterior lobe, uvula vermis, pyramid

31、of vermisNeocerebebellum (cerebrocerebellum)including the most of posterior lobeThree functional divisionsVestibulocerebellum Archicerebellum Flocculonodular lobe and the fastigial nucleiSpinocerebellum PaleocerebellumVermis and intermediate zone with the globose and emboliform nucleiCerebrocerebell

32、umNeocerebellumLateral zone and the dentate nucleiFlocculonodular lobeVermisIntermediate zoneLateral zone function of the cerebellumarchicerebellumthe flocculonodular lobe (or oldest portion in phylogenetic terms, the vestibulocerebellum) is concerned with the maintainance of balance (equilibrium)It

33、 has extensive connection with the vestibular and reticular of the brain stem through the inferior cerebellar pedunclesfunction of the cerebellumThe paleocerebellum (or spinocerebellum) is influencing muscle tone配合 and posture姿勢Afferents consist principally of dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tractfunction of the cerebellumNeocerebellum or pontocerebellum is concerned with muscular coordination, including the trajectory軌跡, speed, and force of movementA 56-year-old woman was examined by a neurologist for a variety of complaints, includi