1、2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題及答案詳細(xì)解析Sectio n I Use of En glishDirecti ons:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk andmark A, B, C or D on ANS

2、WER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgme nts of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue rece ntly. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardia n of the rule of law_2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat _3_ the court s reputa

3、tion for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political eve nts. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court decisi ons will be _4_sas impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the veryleast

4、, the court should make itself _6_to the code of con duct that _7_to the rest of thefederal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the questi on of whether there is still a_9_betwee n the court and politics.The framers of the Con stituti on env isi oned law _10_havi ng authority apartfrom politic

5、s. They gave justices perma nent positi ons _11_they would be free to_12_ those in power and have no n eed to _13_ political support. Our legal systemwas desig ned to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14.Con stituti on al law is political because it results from choic

6、es rooted in fundame ntal social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with1social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisi ons split alongideological li nes are so easily _17_ as un just.The justices must 二18_doubts about the court cyebytimakingt

7、hemselves _19_ to the code of con duct. That would make ruli ngs more likely to be seen as separatefrom politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize2. Awhe nBma in ta inBlestCmodifyCbeforeD recog nizeD uni ess3. Arestored4. Achalle nged5. Aadva need6. Aresista nt7. AresortsBweake nedCestablis

8、hedCsuspectedCboundD elim in atedD acceptedDfou ndedDpro neBcompromisedBcaughtBsubjectBsticksCim muneCloadsDappliesDsettle8. AevadeBraiseCde ny9. Ali neBbarrierBasCsimilarityCthoughDco nflictDtowardsDthoughDreplaceDoffer10. Aby11. AsoBsi neeCprovidedCupset12. AserveBsatisfyBexpressBfollowedBtheories

9、Bquesti onsBreleasedBexploitBamiable13. Aco nfirm14. Aguarded15. Aco ncepts16. Aexcludes17. Adismissed18. Asuppress19. AaccessibleCcultivateCstudiedDtiedCdivisionsCshapesDco ntrolsDdistortedDig noreCra nkedCaddressCagreeableCin a wordDacco un tableDas a result20. Aby all mes ns Batall costsSection I

10、I Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart ADirecti ons:2Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choos ingA, B, C or D. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 poi nts)Text 1Come on Everybody s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation andhalf forcin g, is what most of

11、 us think of whe n we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to nogood-dri nking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rose nberg contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizationsand officials use t

12、he power of group dyn amics to help in dividuals improve their lives and possibly theword.Rose nberg, the recipie nt of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in acti on:In South Caroli na, a state-sp on sored an tismok ing program called Rage Aga inst the Haze sets out tomake

13、 cigarettes un cool. I n South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruitsyoung people topromote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lame nessof many pubic-health campaig ns is spot-on: they fail to mobil

14、ize peer pressure for healthy habits, andthey dem on strate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.Dare to be different, please don t”pleads one billboard campaig n aimed at reduci ng smok ing among teen agers-tee nagers, who desirenothing more tha n fitt ing in. Rose nberg argues convincin

15、gly that public-health advocates ought to takea page from advertisers, so skilled at appl ying peer pressure.But on the gen eral effective ness of the social cure, Rose nberg is lesspersuasive. Join the Clubis filled with too much irreleva nt detail and not eno ugh explorati on of thesocial and biol

16、ogical factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the socialcure as it s presented here is tdoesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidenee that the LoveLife program produces lasti ng cha nges is limited and mixed.3The

17、re no doubt that our peer groups exert eno rmous in flue nee on our behavior. An emerg ingbody of research shows that positive health habits-as well as n egative on es-spread through n etworksof friends via social com muni eatio n. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we uncon sciously imitatethe

18、 behavior we see every day.Far less certa in, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups andsteer their activities in virtuous direct ion s. It teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back rowby pairi ng them with better- behaved classmates. The tactic nev

19、er really works. And that with a socialcure engin eered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we in sist on choos ing our s the proown frien ds.21. Accord ing to the first paragraph, peer pressure ofte n emerges asA a suppleme nt to the social cureB a stimulus to group dyn amicsC an obs

20、tacle to school progressD a cause of un desirable behaviors22. Rose nberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professi onal advertisersB lear n from advertisers experie neeC stay away from commercial advertisersD recog nize the limitati ons of advertiseme nts23. In the author s view, Rosenbe

21、rg s book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the fun cti ons of state fundingD produce a Ion g-last ing social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitati on of behaviorsA is harmful to our n etworks of frie ndsB will

22、mislead behavioral studies4C occurs without our realizing itD can produce n egative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profo undD questi on ableText 2A deal is a deal-except, appare ntly ,whe n En tergy is invo Ived. Th

23、e compa ny, a major energysupplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week whe n it announ ced it wasreneging on a l on gsta nding commitme nt to abide by the strict nu clear regulati ons.In stead, the compa ny has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challen

24、ge theconstitutionality of Vermont s rules in the federal court, as partof a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yan kee nu clear power pla nt running.It s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclearpower plant, an aging reactor in V

25、ernon. As a condition of recei ving state approval for the sale, thecompa ny agreed to seek permissi on from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state wenta step further, requiring that any extension of the plant license be subject to Vermont legislature sapproval. Then, too, the com

26、pany went along.Either En tergy n ever really in ten ded to live by those commitme nts, or it simply didn fdreseewhat would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207and the discovery of an un dergro und pipe system leakage, raised serious questi ons

27、 about bothVermont Yankee s safety and Entergy s maeagemliyt after the company mademisleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by behavior, the Vermont Sen ate voted 26 to4 last year aga inst allow ing an exte nsion.Now the compa ny is sudde nly clai ming that the 2002 agreeme nt is inv alid becau

28、se of the 2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nu clear issues. The legalissues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have someregulatory authority over nu clear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a

29、precede5nt-setti ng test of how far those powers exte nd. Certai nly, there are valid concerns about the patchworkregulati ons that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had En tergy kept its word, that debatewould be beside the point.The compa ny seems to have con cluded that its repu

30、tati on in Vermont is already so damaged thatit has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be con seque nces. Permissi onto run a nu clear pla nt is a poblic trust. En tergy runs 11 other reactors in the Un ited States, i ncludi ngPilgrim Nuclear stati on in Plymouth. P

31、ledg ing to run Pilgrim safely, the compa ny has applied forfederal permissi on to keep it ope n for ano ther 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) reviews the company s application, itshould keep it mind what promises from En tergy are worth.(26. The phrase“ reneging on ” Line 3.p

32、ara.1) is closest itomeaningA condemning.B reaffirm ing.C dish onoring.D securi ng.27. By en teri ng into the 2002 agreeme nt, En tergy inten ded toA obta in protect ion from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an exte nsion of its bus in ess lice nse .D get permis

33、si on to purchase a power pla nt.28. Accord ing to Paragraph 4, En tergy seems to have problems with itsA man agerial practices.B tech ni cal inno vative ness.C finan cial goals.D bus in ess visi on29. I n the author ew,thevVerm ont case will testA Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B th

34、e mature of statespatchwork regulati ons.6C the federal authority over nu clear issues .D the limits of statespower over nu clear issues.30. It can be in ferred from the last paragraph thatA En tergy s bus in ess elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C En tergy will w

35、ithdraw its Plymouth applicati on.D Vermont s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how scienee is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observedand collected by objective researchers who use the scie ntific method to carry out their work. But in theeveryday practice

36、of scie nee, discovery freque ntly follows an ambiguous and complicated route. Weaim to be objective, but we cannot escape the con text of our unique life experie nee. Prior kno wledgeand in terest in flue nee what we experie nee, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequentactions we take

37、. Opportunities for misin terpretati on, error, and self-decepti on abo und.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscienee. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scruti ny and accepta nee to tran sform adiscovery claim into a m

38、ature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the in dividualyresearcher rfieshere, no wbecomes the com munity an ose, any where, any time.Objective kno wledge is the goal, not the start ing point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives in tellectual credit.

39、But, unlike withmining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure ofthe scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers bycon trolli ng the publicati on process; other scie ntists use the new finding to s

40、uit their own purposes; andfin ally, the public (in clud ing other scie ntists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompa nyingtech no logy. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontationbetween shared and competi ng beliefs about the scie nee and the te

41、ch no logy invo Ived tran sforms anin dividual discovery claim in to the com munity credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scie ntific work tends to focus onsome aspect of prevaili ng Kno wledge that is viewed as in complete or in correct. Little reward ac

42、companies duplicati on and con firmati on of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not7re-search. Not surpris in gly, n ewly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear tobe importa nt and convincing will always be ope n to challe nge and pote ntial modifica

43、ti on or refutati onby future researchers. Second, no velty itself freque ntly provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate andphysiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “ seeing what everybody has seenandthinking what n obody has thought.” But thinking what n obody else has thoughtand tell

44、i ng others what they have missed may not cha nge their views. Sometimes years are requiredfor truly no vel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “ happenst6 a discovery claim a process that corresp onds to whatphilosopher Ann ette Baier has described as the com mon

45、s of the mind. Weeason together, challenge,revise, and complete each other s reasoning and each other s conceptions of reason. ”31. Accord ing to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA un certa inty and complexity.B misc on cepti on and deceptive ness.C logicality and

46、 objectivity.D systematic ness and regularity.32. It can be in ferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict in spect ion.B shared efforts.C in dividual wisdom.D persiste nt inno vati on.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the att

47、e nti on of the gen eral public.B has bee n exam ined by the scie ntific com mun ity.C has received recog niti on from editors and reviewers.D has bee n freque ntly quoted by peer scie ntists.834. Albert Sze nt-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scie ntific claims will survive challe nges.B disco

48、veries today in spire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scie ntific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the followi ng would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scien tific Developme nt.B Collective Scruti ny in Scien tific Discovery.C Evolutio

49、 n of Credibility in Doi ng Scie nee.D Challe nge to Credibility at the Gate to Scie nee.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. WhenHoffa s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a un

50、ion; now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America s public sector passed that of theirfellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about15% of private-sector ones are unioni zed.There are three reasons for the public- sector unions thriv

51、ing. First, they can shut things dow nwithout sufferi ng much in the way of con seque nces. Second, they are mostly bright and well- educatedA quarter of Americac-secfeop ubliworkers have a uni versity degree. Third, they now domin ate left-of-ce ntre politics. Some of their ties goback a long way.

52、Britain s Labor Party, as itsimplies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, EdMiliba nd, owes his positi on to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their in flue nce can be eve n more fearsome. MarkBaldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California poin

53、ts out that much of the state s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers unions keep an eye onschools, the CCPOA on pris ons and a variety of labor groups on health care.9In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than inthe private one. But the real gains come in ben efit

54、s and work practices.Politic ians have repeatedly“ backloadedsector pnalylideals, keeping thepay in creases modest but add ing to holidays and especially pensions that are already gen erous.Reform has bee n vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in educatio n, where charterschools, academies a

55、nd merit pay all faced draw n-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidencethat the quality of the teachers is the most importa nt variable, teachers unions have fought aga instgett ing rid ofbad ones and promoti ng good on es.As the cost to every one else has become clearer, politicia ns hav

56、e beg un toclamp dow n. In Wisc onsin the unions have rallied thousa nds of supportersaga inst Scott Walker, the hardli ne Republica n gover nor. But many withi n the public sector suffer under the curre nt system, too.John Donahue at Harvard s Kennedy School points out that the norms ofculture in W

57、ester n civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The on lyAmerica n public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are uni versity sports coachesand the preside nt of the Un ited States. Ban kersfat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apubli

58、c-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be lear ned from the first paragraph thatA Teamsters still have a large body of members.B Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil serva nt.C unions have enl arged their public-sector membership.D the

59、gover nment has improved its relati on ship with unioni sts.37. Which of the followi ng is true of Paragraph 2?A Public-sector unions are prude nt in tak ing actions.B Educati on is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Party has long bee n fight ing aga inst public-sector unions.D Pub

60、lic-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be lear ned from Paragraph 4 that the in come in the state sector isA illegally secured.B in directly augme nted.C excessively in creased.D fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisc onsin shows that unionsA ofte n run a