1、The contents of a research article or thesisAbstract IntroductionmethodologyresultsDiscussion/conclusionThe contents of a research artClassification of research methodsStructure of methodology sectionModel building2022/10/9Classification of research metWarming up question: what kind of research meth

2、ods do you use in your field.?2022/10/9Warming up question:2022/10/3researchExploratory constructiveempiricalQuantitative researchMethodology sectionQualitative researchpractice12022/10/9researchExploratory constructidefinitionQualitative a non-numerical data collection or explanation based on the a

3、ttributes of the graph or source of dataQuantitativethe systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.2022/10/9definitionQualitative QuantitapurposeTo categorize data into patterns (i.e., pattern or thematic analyses) as the prim

4、ary basis for organizing and reporting results。to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.指的是采用統(tǒng)計、數(shù)學(xué)或計算技術(shù)等方法來對社會現(xiàn)象進行系統(tǒng)性的經(jīng)驗考察。這種研究的目標是發(fā)展及運用與社會現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的數(shù)學(xué)模型、理論或假設(shè)2022/10/9purposeTo categorize data intoThe process of measurement: 定量研究中最重要的過程是測量的過程，因為這個過程根本

5、上連結(jié)了現(xiàn)象的“經(jīng)驗觀察”與“數(shù)學(xué)表示”。量化數(shù)據(jù)包括以統(tǒng)計或百分比等數(shù)字形式呈現(xiàn)的各種資料。central,because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.2022/10/9The process of measurement: 定Data collectionQualitative data:include interviews and group discussions

6、, observation and reflection field notes, various texts, pictures, and other materials.Quantitative data: any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc.2022/10/9Data collectionQualitative datDifference: For example, if you are asked to explain in qualitative terms a thermal

7、 image displayed in multiple colours, then you would explain the colour differences rather than the heats numerical value.2022/10/9Difference:2022/10/3researchExploratory constructiveempiricalQuantitative researchMethodology sectionQualitative researchpractice12022/10/9researchExploratory constructi

8、What is the function of a methodology chapter of a research paper?The methodology should contain a detailed description of what you did and/or used.The Methodology should contain sufficient detail for readers to replicate the work done and obtain similar results.What is the function of a methOther n

9、amesMaterials and methodsProcedureExperimentsExperimental simulationMethodologymodelOther namesMaterials and methoGeneral structure of the methods SectionLook at the samples and decide the general structure of itTypical feature:Section + subsection -First level heading-Second level heading-Third lev

10、el headingGeneral structure of the methoAPA formattitlemethodologyparticipantsmaterialsTool materialWork materialdesignprocedureresultslevel-1First level headingSecond level heading2022/10/9APA formattitlemethodologypartGeneral structure of the methods Section1. the organism(s) studied 2. the experi

11、mental OR sampling design3. the protocol for collecting data(our focus),4. how the data were analyzed2022/10/9General structure of the metho1.the organism(s) studied (plant, animal, human, etc.) when relevant, their pre-experiment handling and care, when and where the study was carried out (only if

12、location and time are important factors);2022/10/91.the organism(s) studied (pla2. the experimental OR sampling designhow the experiment or study was structured.For example, controls, treatments, what variable(s) were measured, how many samples were collected, replication, the final form of the data

13、, etc.2022/10/92. the experimental OR samplin3. the protocol for collecting data( our focus)how the experimental procedures were carried out2022/10/93. the protocol for collecting4. how the data were analyzed qualitative analyses and/or statistical procedures used to determine significance, data tra

14、nsformations used, what probability was used to decide significance, etc.2022/10/94. how the data were analyzed Building a model1. Write a short description of what the writer is doing in each sentence.2. try to make your model general, so that you will be able to use it to generate methodology sect

15、ion in your field. E.g. dont include content words, such as groundwater .Example: sentence4: the writer provides details about what was done and used.Building a model1. Write a shoModel analysis-Sentence 1 sentence 1. The current investigation involved sampling and analyzing six sites to measure cha

16、nges in groundwater chemistry. introductory sentence: The writer offers a general view of the entire subsection, including the purpose of the investigation.Model analysis-Sentence 1 sentModel analysis-Sentence 1Q: Why do I need to introduce the Methodology?A: 1. reader-friendly to start with some in

17、troductory material.2. to make the entry to Methodology smooth for the reader.Model analysis-Sentence 1Q: WhModel analysis-Sentence1practice: read the 3 examples and decide what are the ways to introduce the Methodology? 3 ways2022/10/9Model analysis-Sentence1practiModel analysis-Sentence1Example1:o

18、ffer a general view by outlining the parameters of the work, e.g:-the number of tests,-the equipment /material/software used-the purpose of the investigationTo help readers to get a general idea of this sectionModel analysis-Sentence1ExamplModel analysis-Sentence1example2: Provide background informa

19、tion about the materials or about the source of the materials/equipmentRelate to the structure of MethodModel analysis-Sentence1examplModel analysis-Sentence1example3:Refer back to something in the previous section (introduction), - restate the aim of the project -or the problem you are hoping to ad

20、dress.Model analysis-Sentence1examplModel analysis-Sentence2Sentence 2. The sites were selected from the London Basin area, which is located in the south-east of England and has been frequently used to interpret groundwater evolution.2,3,4The writer provides background information and justifies the

21、choice of location by referring to previous researchModel analysis-Sentence2SentenModel analysis-Sentence2Q: Why do I need to justify or give reasons for what I did? Isnt it obvious?A: To communicate with the reader1. this is exactly what I did/used2. I had good reasons for those decisionsSo that re

22、aders trust the choices you made.Model analysis-Sentence2Q: WhyModel analysis-Sentence3Sentence 3. A total of 18 samples was collected and then analyzed for the isotopes mentioned earlier. The writer provides an overview of the procedure/method itselfModel analysis-Sentence3SentenModel analysis-Sent

23、ence3Q: If I gave general overview at the start of this subsection, why should I also give an overview of the procedure itself?A:Reasons:1. sentence3 starts a new paragraph, signaling a new topic2. to provide a general framework to the reader so that details can be easily slotted. Model analysis-Sen

24、tence3Q: If Model analysis-Sentence4Sentence 4. Samples 1-9 were collected in thoroughly-rinsed 25 ml brown glass bottles which were filled to the top and then sealed tightly to prevent contamination. The writer provides details about what was done and used and also shows that care was taken.Model a

25、nalysis-Sentence4SentenModel analysis-Sentence4Q:How much detail do I need to provide?A:Slightly too much information is better than too littleMake sure that other researchers will be able to reproduce your work and obtain similar resultsModel analysis-Sentence4Q:How Model analysis-Sentence5Sentence

26、 5. The filled bottles were shipped directly to two separate laboratories at Reading University, where they were analyzed using standard methods suitably miniaturized to handle small quantities of water.5The writer continues to describe what was done in detail, using language which communicates that

27、 care was taken.Model analysis-Sentence5SentenModel analysis-Sentence66. Samples 10-18 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the precipitation method established by the ISF Institute in Germany The writer describes what was done by referring to existing methods in the literature

28、.Model analysis-Sentence66. SamModel analysis-Sentence6Q:Why should I refer to other research; why not just describe the method I used?A:1. it is unlikely that you created the entire method you used all by yourself.2. in many cases, part of it will be taken from a method used by someone else, which

29、may be well known, so if you give the research reference you do not need to give every detail.Model analysis-Sentence6Q:Why Model analysis-Sentence77. This method obtains a precipitate through the addition of BaCL22H2O; the resulting precipitate can be washed and stored easily.The writer provides mo

30、re detailed information about the method and shows it to have been a good choice.Model analysis-Sentence77. ThiModel analysis-Sentence7Justification is common throughout this section: Aims: answer possible criticisms or doubts about your choices, to assure the reader that your choices were made on t

31、he basis of good reasons.Model analysis-Sentence7JustifModel analysis-Sentence8Sentence 8. The samples were subsequently shipped to ISF for analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The writer provides more details of the methodModel analysis-Sentence8SentenModel analysis-Sentence99. All tubi

32、ng used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC contamination as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.The writer mentions a possible difficulty in the methodologyModel analysis-Sentence99. AllModel analysis-Sentence9Q: Dont this dis

33、cuss a result of what was done?A: No. its actually saying that the problems in the methodology didnt affect the results. Model analysis-Sentence9Q: DonModel analysis-Sentence9Q: How can I talk about problems in my work without like a failure?A: use vocabulary that minimises the problem, minimises yo

34、ur responsibility, maximises the good aspects and suggests a solution. Model analysis-Sentence9Q: HowThe model1. The writer offers a general overview of the entire subsection, including the purpose of the investigation.2. The writer provides background information and justifies the choice of locatio

35、n by referring to previous research.3. The writer provides an overview of the procedure /method itself.The model1. The writer offers The model4. The writer provides details about what was done and used and also shows that care was taken.5. The writer continues to describe what was done in detail, us

36、ing language which communicates that care was taken.6. The writer describes what was done by referring to existing methods in the literature.2022/10/9The model4. The writer provideThe model7. The writer provides more detailed information about the method and shows it to have been a good choice.8. Th

37、e writer provides more details of the method.9. The writer provides a possible difficulty in the methodology.2022/10/9The model7. The writer provideWe can streamline these so that our model has four basic components. This is a “menu” from which you select items appropriate to your research topic.E.g

38、. if you constructed the equipment yourself, you wont need to give the source of the equipment used in component 1.If there were no problems, you wont need the fourth component at all. We can streamline these so tha2022/10/92022/10/3Vocabulary for the Methodology section1. provide a general introduc

39、tion and overview of the materials/methods and give the source of materials/equipment used found in sentence1The current investigation involved sampling and analyzing six sites to measure changes in groundwater chemistry. Vocabulary for the MethodologyVocabulary for the Methodology section2. Supply

40、essential background informationWords or phrases used to describe instruments, equipment or locations, Found in Sentence 2The sites were selected from the London Basin area, which is located in the south-east of England and has been frequently used to interpret groundwater evolution.2,3,4Vocabulary

41、for the MethodologySample analysis:In which sentence(s) is the author providing the source of materials and background information?1-32022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3Vocabulary for the Methodology section3. provide specific and precise details about materials and methods(i.e. quantities, temperatu

42、res, duration, sequence, conditions, locations, sizes)This includes verbs which specifically describe what you did/used. Instead of writing only was done or was used, there are many other choices.Vocabulary for the MethodologySentence4Samples 1-9 were collected in thoroughly-rinsed 25 ml brown glass

43、 bottles which were filled to the top and then sealed tightly to prevent contamination. Sentence45. The filled bottles were shipped directly to two separate laboratories at Reading University, where they were analyzed using standard methods suitably miniaturized to handle small quantities of water.5

44、5. The filled bottles were shiVocabulary for the Methodology section4. justify choices madePhrases that introduce the reasons for the choices you made, “in order to” verbs that specify the advantages of the choices you made, “enable, facilitate”Sentence2:The sites were selected from the London Basin

45、 area, which is located in the south-east of England and has been frequently used to interpret groundwater evolution.2,3,4Vocabulary for the MethodologySample analysis:In which sentences is the author trying to justify the choice made12) Measurements from a given subject were collected at least two

46、weeks, and in many cases several months apart to prevent replication of exact landmark or caliper placement. 2022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3Sample analysis:In which sentences is the author trying to justify the choice made14) These precautions minimized the possibility of measurement bias from ma

47、nually recording (and therefore knowing) the measurement values as they were being collected.2022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3Vocabulary for the Methodology section5. indicate that appropriate care was takenThis includes adjectives (careful) as well as adverbs(carefully)Vocabulary for the Methodolo

48、gySentence 4. Samples 1-9 were collected in thoroughly-rinsed 25 ml brown glass bottles which were filled to the top and then sealed tightly to prevent contamination.Sentence 4.Sentence5 The filled bottles were shipped directly to two separate laboratories at Reading University, where they were anal

49、yzed using standard methods suitably miniaturized to handle small quantities of water.5Sentence5Vocabulary for the Methodology section6. relate materials/methods to other studiesThis provides you with ways to distinguish between procedures/materials/tests which were1) exactly the same as2) similar t

50、o 3) significantly different fromThose used by other researchers. Vocabulary for the Methodologysentence6. Samples 10-18 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the precipitation method established by the ISF Institute in Germany.Revised version: similar to sentence6.Sample analys

51、is:In which sentences the author is referring to other study / method?5-92022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3Vocabulary for the Methodology section7. indicate where problems occurredThis includes ways of minimising the problem, minimising your responsibility, maximising the good aspects and suggesting

52、 a solution to the problem.Vocabulary for the MethodologyVocabulary for the Methodology sectionsentence9. All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC contamination as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.Vocabulary for t

53、he MethodologySample analysis:In which sentence is the author indicating a problem?1111) No mandibular measurements were collected owing to a lack of osteometric data for these measurements for the five subjects selected for the study.2022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3Sample analysis:In which senten

54、ce is the author indicating a problem?14) These precautions minimized the possibility of measurement bias from manually recording (and therefore knowing) the measurement values as they were being collected.2022/10/9Sample analysis:2022/10/3What voice/tense shall I use in Methodology?1. voice: active

55、 or passive?Check with the Guide for Authors in the target journal to find out whether passive or active voice is required.In most cases, passive voice is used, agentless passives. What voice/tense shall I use iWhat voice/tense shall I use in Methodology?When describing an experiment, there areA ) Standard procedures: what is normally done or how a piece