1、Automated Test System Automation & ControlCase Studies: Solar PowerAgendaSolarEnergyFundamentalsAutomatedTestPhotovoltaic(PV)cellIVcharacterizationSystemAutomationandControlPVsemiconductorprocesscontrolandmonitoringPVpowerplantelectricalmonitoringandsuntrackingcontrolAvailabilityWithasolarcelleffici

2、encyof 20percent,anarea thesizeofTexascouldsupplytheentireworldsenergydemands1.Theblackdotsrepresentthelandarearequiredtoreplacethetotalprimaryenergysupplywithelectricityfromsolarcells.Availablesolarenergy(left)greatlyexceedsglobalenergyconsumption.TheSolarEnergyMarketSolarenergytechnologies,whichha

3、rnessthesunsenergytogenerateelectricalpower,areoneofthefastestgrowingsourcesofrenewableenergyonthemarkettoday.USPhotovoltaicShipments,1997-2006*CourtesyUSEnergyInformationAdministrationSolarPowerGenerationTechnologiesPhotovoltaic(PV)solarcellsSolarthermalcollectorsIndustryChallengesforSolarPowerDesi

4、gnmoreefficientsolarcellsIncreasingtheamountofpowerperarea(watt/m2)throughbetterdesignandtestingIncreasetheeconomicviabilityofnewtechnologies, suchassolartrackingtoincreasesolarcelloutputLowertheproductioncostof solarcellsIncreaseautomationformoreefficientmanufacturingwithlessscrapAgendaSolarEnergyF

5、undamentalsAutomatedTestlSystemAutomationandControlPVsemiconductorprocesscontrolandmonitoringPVpowerplantelectricalmonitoringandsuntrackingcontrolPhtoovoltaic(PV)celIVcharacerizationtCaseStudy:AutomatedSemiconductorCharacterizationandValidationAtestsystemthatcanautomatically characterizeanintegrated

6、circuitundervaryingconditionsEngineeringChallenge:synchronizemultipleinstrumentsandmaintainvery tighttimingandtriggeringICCharacterizationSystemThesystemcontainsamixofdigitalandanaloginstrumentsforcontrolandmeasurementincluding:100MHz frequencygeneratorstotriggersandsynchronizesotherdevicesandprovid

7、eacommonbaseclock.A100MS/sarbitrarywaveformgeneratorAhighspeeddigitalI/Omoduletooutputa modulateddigitalpatterntothechipKeyadvantagesofthisimplementationIntegrationoftheanaloganddigitalinstrumentsinonesystemVerytightcontrolovertiming,minimizingjitterSoftwareflexibilitytoadapttoeachICscontrolrequirem

8、entsEnablingTechnologiesPrecisionDCinstrumentationMeasurementofvoltage,current,resistance,andotherfactorsCharacterizingaSolarCellsPerformanceMeasureVoltageandCurrent Ratings(VOCandISC)MaximumCurrent,IscoccurswhentheloadisashortMaximumVoltage,VOCoccurswhentheloadisopenCalculateEfficiencyMaximumPower(

9、PMAX)Power=0atIscandVOCPowerreachesmaximumatVMPandIMPFill FactorMainmeasureofcellqualityComparemaximumpower(PMAX)totheoreticalmaximumpower(PT)basedonIscandVocEfficiency()Ratioofoutputpower (POUT)toInputPower(PIN)Formaximumefficiency,POUT=PMAXPINistheproductofirradiance(W/m2)andthearea ofthecell(m2)P

10、MAXPoutPinMAXPinFactorsthataffectEfficiencyEfficiencyisreducedbyparallelshunt(RSH)andseries(RS)resistancesApproximateRSHandRSfromIVcurveDirectSemiconductorResistivityMeasurement4pointprobeWidelyusedmethodtomeasureresistivityofsemiconductorFlowingcurrentintothecircuit connectedto1,4pointofcontactMeas

11、uringvoltageconnected to2,3pointofcontactResistivityisbelow:=2Lp(V/I)1234MeasurementHardwareSourceMeasureUnit(SMU)Sourcesbothpositive&negativecurrents,thenmeasurestheresultingvoltageAlsousedtosink(ordissipate)currentwhentestingoutputshortcircuitcurrentsandleakagecurrentsNIPXI4130PowerSMU+/20V,2Aisol

12、atedoutput10nA/100uVsourceresolution5 currentranges 2Ato200uA4quadrantoperationupto10WSinkRemotesensecapabilitySMUChannel QuadrantDiagramDemoSolarCellCharacterization4quadrantIVtracingLabVIEWanalysisanddisplayAgendaSolarEnergyFundamentalsAutomatedTestPhotovoltaic(PV)cellIVcharacterizationSystemAutom

13、ationandControlrcontrolPVsemiconudctoproesscontrocdmonitoigrPVpowerplantleeccrtrialmonitoigadsntrackingunnnlanCaseStudy:GigaMatTechnologiesPerformautomatedsemiconductorwafersortingbaseduponphysicalandelectricalcharacteristicsMeetorexceedtheprecisionandrepeatabilityofindustrystandardequipmentbutwithg

14、reaterthroughput,flexibilityanduserfriendliness,andatmuchlowercostGigaMatSortingSystemNILabVIEWisusedtosynchronizemotion, vision,andinstrumentationThisprojectwouldnthavebeeneconomicallyviablewithoutLabVIEWandNIsynchronized motion,vision,andDAQproducts.EdmondAbrahamians,PresidentandCEOofGigamatEnabli

15、ngTechnologiesSynchronizedmotion,automatedvisualinspection,andmeasurementRealtime,deterministiccontrolManufacturingsiliconbasedPhotovoltaic(PV)cellsRefiningrawmaterialMelting&growingcrystalSlicing &treatmentPoly-siliconIngotWaferEtching,coating,insertingelectrodeCircuitconnecting&PackingIntegratingw

16、ith control/monitoringsystemPVCellPVModulesPlantSystemPVControl&MeasurementRequirementsPoly-silicon&IngotWaferPVcellPVmodulePlantsystemRequiredcontrol&measurementtechnologiesTemperaturemonitoringInspectionofcrystalgrowthTemperaturemonitoringMachine visionGeneratedvoltageTemperaturecontrolI-VCurveTes

17、tI-VCurvetestMeasuringinsulatedresistorInvertercontrolSuntrackingElectricalProcess controlinspection4pointprobeMicrocrackinspectionMicrocrackinspectionpowerquality monitoringProgrammableAutomationControllers(PACs)PLCruggednessandreliabilityPCopennessandperformanceSynchronizedmeasurementandmotioncont

18、rolMeasurementswithPACsVoltage,current,temperature,pressure,stress/strain,Digital,counter/timers,pulsewidthmodulation,Encoders,resolvers,LVDTs,Acquisitionspeedsbeyond800,000Samples/secondNetworkingwithPACsStandardcommunicationtoPLCs,touchpanels, handheldsSupportforindustrialnetworkssuchasEthernet,Mo

19、dbus,CANOPCServersLocalornetworkeddataloggingControlwithPACsDigitaltrue/falselogicStatechartsFPGAbasedprotectioninterlocksHighspeedPIDcontrolAdvancedandcustomcontrolalgorithms(gainscheduling,modelpredictivecontrol,)AttributesofaRealTimeSystemReliability24houroperationwithoutcrashesDeterminismEventRe

20、sponseClosed-LoopControlDiscreteManufacturingPIDProcessControlImagescourtesyofSchlumbergerLimitedandDanaCorporationDemoIntroductiontoLabVIEWRealTimeMotionControlSystemforSunTrackerKeyConcepts:TimedLoopsReadingandWritingI/OPIDcontrolDownloadingandexecutingcodeonarealtimetargetNICompactRIOPACArchitect

21、ureRealTimeProcessorReconfigurableFPGAExtremeRuggedness40to70Ctemperaturerange50gshock,5gvibrationI/OModulesI/OModuleswithbuiltinsignalconditioningforconnectiontosensors/actuatorsReconfigurableFPGAforhighspeedandcustomI/Otiming,triggering,controlRealTimeProcessorfordeterministic,standaloneoperation,

22、loggingandanalysisLowPowerConsumption9to35VDCpower,710 WtypicalIntroductiontoFieldProgrammableGateArrays(FPGAs)Whatisit?AsiliconchipwithunconnectedgatesHowitworksDefinebehaviorinsoftwareCompileanddownloadtothehardwareAdvantagesHighperformanceandreliabilityApplicationrunsindedicatedhardwareReplaceexp

23、ensivecustomPCBsExtremelyflexibleandreconfigurableFPGATechnology:UsingSoftwaretoDesignHardwareReplacecustomhardwarewithsoftware-programmableFPGAlogicHighspeedcontrol(1MHzdigital/counter-timer,200kHzmotioncontrol/analogPID)DedicatedlogicinsiliconforhighestreliabilitySignalprocessing(decodingindustria

24、lsensorsignals)33LabVIEWFPGACodeAbstractionCoutnerAnalogI/OI/OwithDMALabVIEW FPGAVHDL66Pages4000lineDemoIntroductiontoLabVIEWFPGAExploreLabVIEWFPGAmotorcontrolKeyConcepts:Pulsewidthmodulation(PWM)formotorcontrolHighspeedloopsexecutinginparallelFixedpointsignalprocessingforanalogencodersensorsMotionControlRequirementsPrecisionPositionControlMultiaxiscoordinationPickandplace,profilecuttingAutomatedtest,DUThandlingAccurateVelocityControlConveyors,variablespeedmotorsHighspeedI/OsynchronizationCustomMotionProfilesMotionControlDevicesHardwareSoftwareMotionControllersFastConfigura