1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-西北工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a clust

2、er of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same dis

3、ease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic e

4、tiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms.Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous ind

5、ividual, social, financial, and physic implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling

6、someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurersbut it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessi

7、bility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schoolsnominalist and essentialist or reductionist-have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms wi

8、th a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.It has be

9、en suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for a

10、dverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic coun

11、seling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960s to be an example of which of the following?3.According to the

12、passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?4.Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?5.It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be m

13、ost problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?問題1選項(xiàng)A.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB.describing a way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC.assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodD.predicting a change in future taxonomy問題2選項(xiàng)A.A dis

14、ease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification.B.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classification.C.A disease which satisfies modern methods of class

15、ification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method.D.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method.問題3選項(xiàng)A.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classif

16、y it by establishing variations in their symptoms.B.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.D.She would describe the patients sympt

17、oms, compare them to patients whohave had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.問題4選項(xiàng)A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synt

18、hesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.問題5選項(xiàng)A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated.B.A patien

19、t suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments.C.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified.D.A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two

20、 known diseases of different sources.【答案】第1題:B第2題:D第3題:D第4題:C第5題:A【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章第一二段提到在確診疾病的依據(jù)時(shí)，有兩個(gè)不同的派別：唯名論者（nominalist）和本質(zhì)主義者（essentialist），前者用疾病名稱來(lái)標(biāo)記癥狀（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name），后者認(rèn)為每一種疾病都有病理病因（While essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying patho

21、logical etiology）；文章在最后一段提出在確診時(shí)，臨床癥狀和基因都應(yīng)該考慮（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），選項(xiàng)B“提出一種解決疾病分類進(jìn)退兩難處境的方法”符合題意。第2題:推理判斷題。文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句話提到“對(duì)精神分裂癥的定義從20世紀(jì)60年代的精神疾病演變成一種疑似遺傳病因的疾病，盡管這種病因還不確定”（The definition of schizophrenia c

22、ontinues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain），由此可知選項(xiàng)D“一種滿足傳統(tǒng)分類方法的疾病，但是科學(xué)家更愿意通過現(xiàn)代方法來(lái)分類”符合題意。第3題:推理判斷題。文章第二段提到“唯名論者用疾病名稱來(lái)標(biāo)記各類癥狀，例如精神分裂癥，并且沒有對(duì)潛在的病因作任何解釋”（Nominalists label symptom

23、s with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology），選項(xiàng)D“她會(huì)描述患者的癥狀，跟那些有同樣癥狀的病人比較，然后將他們定義為患同一種疾病”符合題意。第4題:推理判斷題。文章最后一段提到“但是在確診一種疾病時(shí)，臨床癥狀和基因異常都應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)”（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (

24、genetic abnormality)），由此可知選項(xiàng)C“提出綜合兩種正在使用的病理分類方法”符合題意。第5題:推理判斷題。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本質(zhì)主義者認(rèn)為每種疾病都有一個(gè)病理學(xué)上的病因，而且現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為決定病情最本質(zhì)的病變是基因異?！保╳hile essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic a

25、bnormality），選項(xiàng)A“一名明顯是由病毒感染而引起發(fā)燒的病人”符合題意。2.單選題The police chief announced that the deaths of two young girls would soon be inquired（ ）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.aboutB.ofC.intoD.after【答案】C【解析】考查詞組辨析。inquire about “詢問；查問；打聽 ”；inquire of “詢問；打聽” inquire into “ 調(diào)查；追究”； inquire after “問候；詢問起”。句意：警察局長(zhǎng)宣布著兩位年輕女孩的死因?qū)ⅠR上被調(diào)查。選項(xiàng)C符合

26、題意。3.單選題In the accident three men were trapped in a submerged vehicle, and their only hope was another man whose legs were broken.問題1選項(xiàng)A.wreckedB.burntC.overturnedD.sunk【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：在這次事故中，三個(gè)人被困在一輛被水淹沒的汽車中，而另外一位腿受傷的男性是他們唯一的希望。wrecked “失事的，遇難的”；burnt “燒焦的”；overturned “傾覆的”；sunk “下沉的”。劃線單詞sub

27、merge的意思是“水下的”，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。4.單選題To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived; the cellophane wrapper has to be tom off，the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped fr

28、om its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.A machine has been developed that pulps paper then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes a

29、nd cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in p

30、aper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, washed out, and refilled. But both glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic. More an

31、d more dairies are experimenting with plastic bottles, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that

32、it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs.1.“This in

33、sane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” (line 4) means（ ）.2.The “l(fā)ocal authorities” are（ ）.3.If paper is to be recycled（ ）.4.British dairies are（ ）.5.The environmentalists think that（ ）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB.more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary

34、 productsC.it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD.the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary問題2選項(xiàng)A.the Town CouncilB.the policeC.the paper manufacturersD.the most influential citizens問題3選項(xiàng)A.more forests will have to be plantedB.the use of paper bags will have to

35、 be restrictedC.people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD.the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper問題4選項(xiàng)A.producing enough plastic tubing in less than a weekB.giving up the use of glass bottlesC.increasing the production of plastic bottlesD.re-using their old g

36、lass bottles問題5選項(xiàng)A.more plastic packaging should be usedB.plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC.too much plastic is wastedD.shops should stop using plastic containers【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段最后兩句話提到“但是這種瘋狂的大量包裝并不僅僅限于奢侈品?，F(xiàn)在很難買到?jīng)]有被玻璃紙、聚乙烯或者紙包裝的東西了”（But this insane am

37、ount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper），因此選項(xiàng)C“不僅奢侈品被包裝，普通商品也一樣”符合題意。第2題:推理判斷題。文章第二段第三句話提到“這種機(jī)器很容易為local authority 所用。它意味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質(zhì)或非紙質(zhì)垃圾”（It would mean that people would have to

38、separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each），這個(gè)authority管理居民分垃圾的事情，說(shuō)明是相關(guān)政府機(jī)構(gòu)，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第二段第一句話提到“有一個(gè)機(jī)器能夠把紙熔化成紙漿再加工成外包裝紙，比如裝雞蛋的箱子，和紙板盒”（A machine has been developed that pulps paper then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons）；第三句話提到“它意

39、味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質(zhì)或非紙質(zhì)垃圾”（It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each），選項(xiàng)C“人們將用不同的垃圾桶來(lái)裝垃圾”符合題意。第4題:推理判斷題。文章第三段提到“越來(lái)越多的乳制品正在嘗試塑料瓶，如果所有牛奶瓶相關(guān)材料都使用塑料制品，可以預(yù)計(jì)英國(guó)乳制品五六天生產(chǎn)的塑料管就可以圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈”（More and more dairies are experimenting with plas

40、tic bottles, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days），選項(xiàng)A“在不到一周的時(shí)間里生產(chǎn)足夠的塑料管”符合題意。第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章最后一段提到“一些環(huán)保人士認(rèn)為解決這個(gè)問題的唯一辦法是制止商店使用塑料

41、”（Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。5.翻譯題Translate the following passage into English.騰訊新聞制作的一段視頻刻畫了中國(guó)人職場(chǎng)焦慮的根源：財(cái)務(wù)煩惱，人際關(guān)系，還有 沒完沒了的加班。這段視頻包括了中國(guó)職場(chǎng)壓力的事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)，但聚焦的卻是個(gè)體

42、的故事： 一個(gè)認(rèn)為自己永遠(yuǎn)也買不起房子的26歲青年和一個(gè)夢(mèng)想移民的下級(jí)白領(lǐng)。中國(guó)越來(lái)越把自 己的焦慮和夢(mèng)想當(dāng)成個(gè)人的事情，而不是集體的問題。文章認(rèn)為，隨著中國(guó)增長(zhǎng)放緩，民族復(fù)興用官方的話來(lái)說(shuō)就是中國(guó)夢(mèng)與普通中國(guó)人的希望和恐懼發(fā)生沖突，導(dǎo)致進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)知失調(diào)。國(guó)家媒體和政府機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)關(guān)注官方取得的成就和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展等正面消息，大多數(shù)中國(guó)人卻越來(lái)越關(guān)心食品安全、商品質(zhì)量和醫(yī)藥安全等問題?！敬鸢浮緼 piece of video produced by Tencent News portrays the root of workplace anxiety in China, namely, financia

43、l worries, interpersonal relationship, and endless overwork. This video contains the fact and data of workplace stress in China, but focuses on individuals story: a 26-year-old young man who thinks he cannot afford a house, and a subordinate white-collar who has dreams. China is increasingly taking

44、its anxiety and dream as an individual matter, not a collective one.This paper believes that as the growth slows, national rejuvenation, officially named Chinese dream conflicts with the publics hope and fear, which will lead to further cognitive dissonance. The state media and government agencies k

45、eep focusing on officials achievements, economic development and other positive news, while most Chinese people pay more attention to food safety, goods quality and medical safety and so on. 6.單選題Alfred Nobel, the famous Swedish chemist who founded the Nobel Prize, was born into a family where resea

46、rch and experimentation were almost second nature. His father Immanuel, out of work and penniless, tested his theories of explosives in a laboratory set up in their house. Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prospe

47、rous endeavor.Alfred Nobel worked alongside his father, and by 1850 when he was 17, Alfred had acquired most of his fathers knowledge of and enthusiasm for chemistry. Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine, Alfred was the one who finally managed to turn this dangerou

48、s substance into a safe and useful explosive. He succeeded in developing dynamite commercially, which laid the foundation for many of the worlds leading chemical enterprises. Aside from introducing the innovative Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents including nitroce

49、llulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well.Alfred Nobel was a dedicated scientist who became very rich applying his knowledge of chemistry.

50、His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material led him to leave some of his millions to reward individuals who made substantial contributions to certain areas of science. It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches, especially since the end of the ni

51、neteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field.1.According to the passage, what is true about Alfred Nobels father Immanuel?2.According to the passage, the power of nitroglycerine（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about Alfred Nobel can be drawn from the passage?4.According to the pa

52、ssage, Alfred Nobel made important progress in developing all of the following items EXCEPT（ ）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that Alfred Nobel later viewed his invention of dynamite（ ）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.He was never able to capitalize on his work in chemistry.B.He was not instrumental in developing his

53、 sons enthusiasm for chemistry.C.He turned his knowledge of chemistry into a profitable business.D.He shared in the work of his son Alfred.問題2選項(xiàng)A.was first recognized by Immanuel NobelB.was never utilized well by chemical enterprisesC.was most fully developed by Alfred NobelD.lay in its intrigue for

54、 many scientists問題3選項(xiàng)A.His talents lay almost exclusively in the area of explosives.B.He was reluctant to bequeath a large part of his wealth towards promoting scientific research.C.He chose to work independently of other scientists.D.He was a major contributor to the rapid progress in chemistry in

55、the late nineteenth century.問題4選項(xiàng)A.nitrocelluloseB.rubber and leatherC.synthetic silkD.safety alarm devices問題5選項(xiàng)A.with much concern for its negative effects on mankindB.as a minor achievement in his long careerC.with satisfaction regarding its impact on chemical enterprisesD.as a natural outgrowth o

56、f his fathers training【答案】第1題:A第2題:D第3題:D第4題:D第5題:A【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知下列哪項(xiàng)關(guān)于諾貝爾父親的描述是正確的？”文章第一段最后一句提到“不幸的是，老諾貝爾并未能用自己天生的發(fā)明精神來(lái)完成這項(xiàng)偉大的事業(yè)”（Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prosperous endeavor），因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。第2題:

57、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知硝化甘油是什么？”文章第二段提到“盡管硝化甘油一直吸引了很多其他科學(xué)家的目光”（Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。第3題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“下列哪項(xiàng)關(guān)于諾貝爾的總結(jié)可以從文章中得出？”文章最后一段最后一句提到“他將化學(xué)包括在那些尤其是從19世紀(jì)末以來(lái)為這個(gè)領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)了進(jìn)步的分支中”（It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches,

58、 especially since the end of the nineteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知，諾貝爾在很多領(lǐng)域起了很大作用，除了下列哪項(xiàng)？”文章倒數(shù)第二段提到“諾貝爾申請(qǐng)了355項(xiàng)專利，包括硝化纖維、皮革和橡膠的替代品，他研究出一種生產(chǎn)合成絲的好方法，還參與到電化學(xué)、通訊以及安全警報(bào)系統(tǒng)的研究中”（Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents i

59、ncluding nitrocellulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well），由此可知，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。第5題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文章中可以知道諾貝爾后期對(duì)炸藥的看法是什么？”文章最后一段提到“他對(duì)創(chuàng)造一種有潛在致命危險(xiǎn)的材料感到

60、愧疚”（His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material），選項(xiàng)A “擔(dān)心它對(duì)人類有消極影響”符合題意。7.單選題The first navigational lights in the New World were probably lanterns hung at harbor entrances. The first lighthouse was put up by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1716 on Little Brewster Island at the en