住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Thenumberskeeprising,thesuperlativeskeepglowing.Eachyear,selectivecollegespromotetheirapplicationtotals,alongwiththevirtuesoftheirapplicants.

Forthisfairsfreshmanclass,thestatisticsreachedremarkablelevels.Stanfordreceivedarecord32,022applicationsfromstudentsitcalled’’simplyamazing”andaccepted7percentofthem.Brownsawanunprecedented30,135applicants,wholefttheadmissionsstaff"deeplyimpressedandattimesawed."Ninepercentwereadmitted.

ThebiggestboastcamefromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Inanewsrelease,UCLAsaiditsacceptedstudentshad"demonstratedexcellenceinallaspectsoftheirlives."Citingitsrecord57,670applications,theuniversityproclaimeditself"themostpopularcampusinthenation.”

Suchannouncementstellastoryinwhichcollegesgetbetter——andstudentsgetmoreamazing-everyyear.Inreality,thenarrativeisfarmorecomplex,andtheimplicationsfarlesssunnyforstudentsaswellascollegescaughtupinthecruelcycleofselectivity

ToSomedegree,theincreasesareinevitable:thecollege-boundpopulationgrown,andso,too,hasthenumberofapplicationsstudentsfile,thanksinparttoonlinetechnology.

Butwhereveritisrainingapplications,collegeshavehelpedseedthecloudsbyrecruitingwidelyandaggressivelyforevermoreapplicants.

Admissionsofficersarechasingnotsomuchamoreperfectstudentasamoreperfectclass.Inagivenyear,thiselusiveidealmightrequiremoreviolinists,goalies,aspiringengineersorstudentswhocanpaythefullcostofattendanceCollegeseverywherewantmoreminoritystudents,moreout-of-statestudentsandmorestudentsfromoverseas.

Thepursuitrevealsthedualityofthemodemcollege:it’saplacethatservesthepublicinterestandabusinesswithabottomline.

Althoughthetensionbetweenmissionandmarketinghaslongdefinedadmissions,manybelievethebalancehastiltedtoofartowardthelatter.ManycollegeshavemadeapplyingassimpleasupdatingaFacebookpage.Somedeansandguidancecounselorscomplainthatit’stooeasy.Theyquestiontheethicsofintenserecruitmentbycollegesthatrejecttheoverwhelmingmajorityofapplicants.

"It’slikeneedinganewstereoandbuyingthewholeRadioShack,saysMarkSpeer,directorofcollegecounselingattheColumbiaGrammarandPreparatorySchoolinNewYork."Withthesebiggerpools,collegesaregettingalotofstudentswhohavenochance."

FredHargadon,formerdeanofadmissionsatPrincetonandStanford,doubtsthatmoreandmoreapplicantsmakeforastrongerclass,

“Icouldn’tpickabetterclassoutof30000applicantsthanoutof15.000hesays,"I’djustenduprejectingmultiplesofthesamekid.”

【答案】斯坦福大學(xué)收到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的32,022份來自學(xué)生的申請(qǐng)，斯坦福稱這些申請(qǐng)“簡(jiǎn)直太棒了”，并接受了其中7%的申請(qǐng)。

在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，故事要復(fù)雜得多，對(duì)于陷入殘酷的選擇性循環(huán)的學(xué)生和大學(xué)來說，其含義也遠(yuǎn)沒有那么光明

但是，只要有大量的申請(qǐng)，大學(xué)就會(huì)通過廣泛而積極地招收更多的申請(qǐng)者，為申請(qǐng)埋下伏筆。

這種追求揭示了現(xiàn)代大學(xué)的兩面性:它是一個(gè)為公眾利益服務(wù)的地方也是一個(gè)有底線的企業(yè)。

“在3萬(wàn)名申請(qǐng)者中，我找不到比15.000名更好的了,”他說道，我只是最終拒絕同樣的孩子。

2.翻譯題

世界上最幸福的十種工作很多職場(chǎng)新人都曾夢(mèng)想找到一份理想工作，做喜歡的事，享受那份喜悅。而現(xiàn)實(shí)往往不盡人意，人們總是抱怨著自己的工作。本文為你盤點(diǎn)了十種最幸福的工作。

神職人員：最不諳世事的工作據(jù)說是最幸福的工作。

消防員：消防員的工作能給人們提供幫助，而80%的消防員都表示對(duì)自己的工作“非常滿意”。

理療師:社會(huì)互動(dòng)和幫助他人明顯使得這份工作是最幸福的工作之一。

作家：對(duì)于大多數(shù)作家來說，他們的報(bào)酬少得可憐，或者根本沒有，但是寫下自己心中所想顯然會(huì)帶來快樂。

特殊教育老師：如果你不在乎金錢，特殊教育老師這個(gè)工作或許是個(gè)幸福的職業(yè)。

教師：盡管當(dāng)前存在著教育經(jīng)費(fèi)和教室條件的問題，一般來說教師們還是感到自己的工作很幸福的。

這一職業(yè)繼續(xù)吸引著年輕的理想主義者，盡管有50%的新教師都在5年以內(nèi)選擇轉(zhuǎn)行了。

藝術(shù)家：雕刻家和畫家據(jù)稱是工作滿意度最高的職業(yè)，盡管在這一職業(yè)上謀生有著相當(dāng)大的困難。

心理學(xué)家：心理學(xué)家不一定能解決其他人的問題，但是似乎他們已經(jīng)解決了自己的問題。

金融理財(cái)銷售代理:據(jù)報(bào)道65%的金融理財(cái)銷售代理認(rèn)為自己的工作很幸福。這大概是因?yàn)樗麄冎械囊恍┤嗽谑娣霓k公環(huán)境中工作，每周工作40個(gè)小時(shí)，平均每年掙9萬(wàn)多美元。

施工工程師：擺弄那些大型玩具可能是很有趣的，比如推土機(jī)、前載車、反鏟挖土機(jī)、刮土機(jī)、平地機(jī)、裝載機(jī)、起重機(jī)、大型水泵以及空氣壓縮機(jī)。同時(shí)施工工程師的工作供不應(yīng)求，這使他們感覺很幸福。

【答案】Formostauthors,thepayisridiculouslylowornon-existent,buttheautonomyofwritingdownthecontentsofyourownmindapparentlyleadstohappiness.

Despitethecurrentissueswitheducationfundingandclassroomconditions,teachersingeneralreportbeinghappywiththeirjobs.

Thecareercontinuestoattractyoungidealists,although50percentofnewteacherswillswitchtoanotherjobwithinfiveyears.

Sculptorsandpaintersaresaidtobethemostsatisfiedjob,despitethegreatdifficultyinmakingalivingfromit.

Thatcouldhavethereasonthatsomeofthemareclearingmorethan$90,000dollarsayearonaveragefora40-hourworkweekinacomfortableofficeenvironment.

3.單選題

To（

）thisstateofaffairs,thereportrecommendedaunifiedscheme,onaregionalbasis,withinwhichbothcommonandspecializedunitswouldcaterforthevariousneedsofpart-timeteachers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fortify

B.denominate

C.assimilate

D.rectify

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)，（在物質(zhì)或道義上）支持某人”；B選項(xiàng)“命名”；C選項(xiàng)“吸收，同化”；D選項(xiàng)“糾正”；根據(jù)句子的意思‘為了穩(wěn)定事態(tài)，該報(bào)告建議按地區(qū)實(shí)施一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的方案，普通和專門單位將滿足兼職教師的各種需求’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheframesofgoodandevil.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.external

B.eternal

C.central

D.internal

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“外部的；表面上的；（藥物）外用的”；B選項(xiàng)“不朽的，永恒的，無休止的”；C選項(xiàng)“中心的；主要的；中樞的”；D選項(xiàng)“內(nèi)部的，內(nèi)在的”；根據(jù)句意‘一些人將生活看作善惡勢(shì)力之間永恒的沖突’確定B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問“作者提及AAAA汽車與Zodiac汽車的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.眾所周知，在顧客瀏覽他們的電話薄時(shí)，被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”與第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個(gè)潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)繁榮”確定A選項(xiàng)“一種被忽視的不平等”正確；

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘從前三段我們可以推斷出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個(gè)潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)在繁榮”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太為人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A開始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)”可知生活中的這種現(xiàn)象常被人忽視，所以D選項(xiàng)“一些形式的歧視太隱約而不易引人注意”正確。A選項(xiàng)“無論在東方還是西方，名字對(duì)于成功都是必要的”、B選項(xiàng)“字母表對(duì)ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）的失敗應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任”和C項(xiàng)“消費(fèi)者經(jīng)常很關(guān)注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出有啟發(fā)性的問題”確定C選項(xiàng)“教師應(yīng)該關(guān)注自己所有的學(xué)生”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘作者所說的“大多數(shù)人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求職面試名單、選票、會(huì)議發(fā)言者和參加人名單都傾向于按字母順序地被擬定，而它們的接受者卻在費(fèi)力地閱讀它們時(shí)失去了興趣?！迸c第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大學(xué)畢業(yè)的典禮”這個(gè)場(chǎng)景的對(duì)應(yīng)確定B選項(xiàng)“他們正在鼾聲隆隆地打瞌睡”符合語(yǔ)境，正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)文章，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?’。全文圍繞“alphabetism字母順序主義”論述其帶來的各種偏見、歧視和不平等。如被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出的啟發(fā)性的問題?！彼訢選項(xiàng)“按照字母順序安放事情可能導(dǎo)致非故意的偏見”正確。

6.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中國(guó)，筆(brush)、墨(inkstick)、紙、硯(inkslab),就是人們所說的“文房(thestudy)四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。作為文化藝術(shù)工具，以其獨(dú)特性能催生了漢字特有的書法藝術(shù)，也促使中國(guó)畫形成了獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。文房四寶不僅有實(shí)用價(jià)值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和寫作的人越來越少了，但是在中國(guó)的書法，繪畫，收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動(dòng)中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔谩?/p>

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

7.單選題

LinesoflatituderunhorizontallyandareparalleltotheEquatorandlinesoflongituderunvertically.They（

）attheNorthandSouthPoles.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.converge

B.convoke

C.convoy

D.convulse

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意‘緯線水平平行于赤道和經(jīng)線相垂直。它們?cè)谀媳眱蓸O聚集?！芍@里是說經(jīng)線和緯線的位置，根據(jù)常識(shí)可知經(jīng)線和緯線相互垂直，在南極和北極兩個(gè)地方是聚集的，A選項(xiàng)converge"聚集，靠攏”；B選項(xiàng)convoke“召集”；C選項(xiàng)convoy“護(hù)送”；D選項(xiàng)convulse“震撼”。根據(jù)句意確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析題。exhaust“排出，耗盡，使精疲力盡，詳盡論述”；interest“使感興趣，使關(guān)心，使注意，使參與，使有利害關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻礙，妨礙，成為阻礙”；C選項(xiàng)的divert“使轉(zhuǎn)向，使繞道，轉(zhuǎn)移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、態(tài)度），喚醒某人，激發(fā)，行動(dòng)起來“；D選項(xiàng)的veto“否決，禁止，反對(duì)”；irritate“刺激，使興奮，激怒”。根據(jù)句意‘迄今為止，還沒有任何植物類型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對(duì)它們的研宄能達(dá)到如此詳盡無遺的地步，以致它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學(xué)家的興趣’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

"Museum"isaslipperyword.Itfirstmeant(inGreek)anythingconsecratedtothe

Muses:ahill,ashrine,agarden,afestivalorevenatextbook.BothPlato'sAcademyandAristotle’sLyceumhadamouseion,amusesshrineAlthoughtheCreeksalreadycollecteddetachedworksofart,manytemples-notablythatofHeraatOlympiabeforewhichtheOlympicflameisstilllithadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhichwereworksofartbywellknownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculpturesintheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.

TheRomansalsocollectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtemples,aswellasmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplunderedsculpturesandpaintings"(mostlyGreek)forexhibition.Meanwhile,theGreekwordhadslippedintoLatinbytransliteration(thoughnottosignifypicturegalleries,whichwerecalledpinacothecae)andmuseumstillmoreorlessmeant“Muses-shrine”.

Theinspirational-collectionsofpreciousandsemi-preciousobjectswerekeptinlargerchurchesandmonasteries-whichfocusedonthegold-enshrined,bejeweledrelicsofsaintsandmartyrsprinces,andlatermerchants,hadsimilarcollections,whichbecamethedepositsofnaturalcuriosities:largelumpsofamberorcoral,irregularpearls,unicornhorns,ostricheggs,fossilbonesandsoon.Theyalsoincludedcoinsandgems-oftenantiqueengravedones-aswellas,increasingly,paintingsandsculptures.Astheymultipliedandexpanded,tosupplementthem,theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined.

Atthesametime,visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthechurches,palacesandcastles;theywerenot"collected"either,but’’site-specific”，andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothoffabricofthebuildingsandofthewayoflifewhichwentoninsidethem-andmostofthebuildingwerepublicones.However,duringtherevivalofantiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantiquesculptureweregivenhigherstatusthantheworkofanycontemporarysothatdisplaysofantiquitieswouldinspireartiststoimitation,orevenbetter,toimitation,andsocouldbe]consideredMuses-shrinesintheformersense.TheMedicigardennearSanMarcoinFlorence,TheBelvedereandtheCapitalinRomewerethemostfamousofsuchearly"inspirational"collections.Soontheymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplary"modem"workswerealsoaddedtosuchgalleries

Intheseventeenthcentury,scientificandprestigecollectingbecamesowidespreadthatthreeorfourcollectorsindependentlypublisheddirectoriestomuseumsallovertheknownworld.Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhichproducedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceived:thefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquarianstosheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonumentsFrancoiswasthemostfamousThen,inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,museumfundingtookoff,alliedtotheriseofnewwealth:LondonacquiredtheNationalGalleryandtheBritishMuseum,theLouvrewasorganized,theMmseum-InselwasbeguninBerlin,andtheMunichgallerieswerebuilt.InVienna,thehugeKunsthistorischesandNaturhistorischesMuseumstookovermuchoftheimperialtreasure.Meanwhile,thedeclineofcraftsmanship(andofpublictastewithit)inspiredthecreationof"improving”collections.TheVictoriaandAlbertMuseuminLondonwasthemostfamous,aswellasperhapsthelargestofthem.

1.Thesentence"Museumisaslipperyword”inthefirstparagraphmeansthat（

）.

2.Paintingsandsculpturesondisplayinchurchesinthe15thcenturywere

（

）.

3.Modemmuseumscameintoexistenceinorderto

（

）.

4.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.themeaningoftheworddidn'tchangeuntilafterthe15thcentury

B.themeaningofthewordhadchangedovertheyears

C.theGreekshelddifferentconceptsfromtheRomans

D.princesandmerchantsaddedpaintingstotheircollections

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.collectedfromelsewhere

B.boughtbychurches

C.donatedbypeople

D.madepartofthebuildings

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.protectroyalandchurchtreasures

B.improvecollations

C.stimulatepublicinterest

D.raisemorefunds

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.CollectionandCollectors

B.ModemMuseumsandTheirFunctions

C.TheEvolutionofMuseums

D.TheBirthofMuseums

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.句義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章大意可知文章主旨在于介紹museum一詞隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展在詞義方面的演變，所以題干中的“Museumisaslipperyword”意指museum一詞的意思隨著歲月的變遷發(fā)生了改變，B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第四段的第二句‘"theywerenot‘collected’either,but‘site-specific’，andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothofthefabricofthebuildingsand...”“他們不是從其他地方收集起來的而是地方性的并且和建筑物是一體的……”可以排除A選項(xiàng)“從其他地方收集的”并且確定D選項(xiàng)“作為建筑物的一部分”正確。B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)沒有在文章中提到。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的第二句“Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhichproducedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceivedthefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquarianstosheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonumentsFrancaiswasthemostfamous.”“工業(yè)革命時(shí)代社會(huì)仇視皇室和教堂的紀(jì)念物，這促使古文物收藏家們將它們放到了可以起保護(hù)作用的收藏館，其中最有名的收藏館就是MuseedesMonumentsFrancais”確定A選項(xiàng)‘保護(hù)王室和教會(huì)的財(cái)富’正確。

4.標(biāo)題歸納題。全文介紹了museum一詞意義的變化過程，以及museum一詞現(xiàn)代意義的由來。所以C選項(xiàng)正確。其它三項(xiàng)都只是介紹museum一詞的意義變化時(shí)提到的例子，不能作為全文標(biāo)題。

10.單選題

Politicians,environmentalistsandbusinessmenfromallovertheworldassembledtodiscussthewayof（

）atmospherepollution.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cuttingup

B.cuttingdown

C.cuttingoff

D.cuttingout

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。根據(jù)句意‘來自世界各地的政治家、環(huán)保人士和商人們都聚集在一起來討論減少大氣污染的方法?！芍颂幨侵敢懻摐p少大氣污染的方法，因此應(yīng)填表示“減少”的含義，A選項(xiàng)cutup“切碎”;B選項(xiàng)cutdown“砍倒，減少”；C選項(xiàng)cutoff“切斷，隔絕”；D選項(xiàng)cutout“切斷，刪掉”。B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheBarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinpast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.

ThelargecraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesesofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcrater,Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“bracciation”intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.

Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnatal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontofromtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.

Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatmorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.

WeagreewithDonnatal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.

Amarebasinis（

）.

Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat

（

）.

Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith

（

）.

Sialicmaterialrefersto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcraters

B.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearth

C.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoon

D.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.

B.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributed

C.theearth,atonetime,hadcraters

D.oceanwereformerlycraters

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theoriginofcontinents

B.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoon

C.differencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologists

D.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearth

B.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearth

C.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearth

D.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A選項(xiàng)“是測(cè)定隕石坑深度和寬度的公式”，B選項(xiàng)“某一天體與月球或地球撞擊時(shí)填入的深谷”，C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)隕星撞擊月亮?xí)r，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星體”和D選項(xiàng)“月球上的一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)，一度認(rèn)識(shí)是海，現(xiàn)在知道是平原。根據(jù)文章第二段的前兩句“ThelargecraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesesofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.”“鮑德溫所列出的月球上最大的隅#坑直徑為285公里?？墒?，如果我們接受了某些由于撞擊而形成海盆地的結(jié)構(gòu)假設(shè)，那么月球上最大隕石坑的直徑可能有650公里。”由此可以推斷出marebasin為月球上的隕石坑，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第四段講到了Gilvarry用隕星撞擊來解釋海洋盆地的形成，這一模式的最大困難在于大多數(shù)海洋盆地結(jié)構(gòu)和撞擊情況不符，由此可以推斷出D選項(xiàng)‘作者不相信海洋是以前的隕石坑’正確。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章在第一段前三句“Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.”“大陸核起源長(zhǎng)期以來一直是個(gè)謎。進(jìn)展到現(xiàn)在的理論一般都不能說明大陸生長(zhǎng)的第一步情況，或者遭到嚴(yán)厲的反對(duì)。這篇文章的目的就是要研究大隕星或小行星的撞擊在地球核生成中可能起的作用”推斷出A選項(xiàng)‘大陸的起源’正確。

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Donnatal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontofromtheoriginalcontinents.”“例如，Donnatal.提出大陸區(qū)域大小的，硅鋁結(jié)構(gòu)的天體撞擊形成最初的大陸塊的設(shè)想”可以推斷C選項(xiàng)“地球大陸地區(qū)特有的巖石構(gòu)成”符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“由于隕星撞擊地球形成破碎的巖石”、B選項(xiàng)“存在于地球之外其它星球的材料”和D選項(xiàng)“人造材料模擬存在于遙遠(yuǎn)地質(zhì)史上的材料”均沒有在文中提及。

12.單選題

Somecinema-goersinLeipzigevenconfessedthatthefilmhadmadethemfeelemotionalandslightly（

）fortheirrecentpast.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.nostalgic

B.instinctive

C.intuitive

D.mirthful

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“鄉(xiāng)愁的，懷舊的”；B選項(xiàng)“本能的，天生的，直覺的”;C選項(xiàng)“直覺的”;D選項(xiàng)“愉快的，高興的”；根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞emotional和theirrecentpast以及句意‘萊比錫的一些電影觀眾甚至承認(rèn)，這部電影觸動(dòng)了他們的情感，有點(diǎn)懷念他們的過去’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.outofquestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofthequestion

【答案】D

【解析】短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)“毫無疑問，沒問題”；C選項(xiàng)“毫無疑問”；D選項(xiàng)“不可能，根本談不上”；B選項(xiàng)不是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)；根據(jù)句意‘在兩黨之間有了這樣的沖突后，和解是不可能的了’確定D選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Theneedforsolarelectricityisclear.Itissafe,ecologicallysound,efficient,continuouslyavailable,andithasnomovingparts.Thebasicproblemwiththeuseofsolarphotovoltaicdevicesiseconomics,butuntilrecentlyverylittleprogresshadmadetowardthedevelopmentoflow-costphotovoltaicdevices.Thelargerpartofresearchfundshasbeendevotedtothestudyofsingle-crystalsiliconsolarcells,despitetheevidencethatthistechniqueholdslittlepromise.Thereasonforthispatternisunderstandableandhistorical.Crystallinesilicon,however,isparticularlyunsuitabletoterrestrialsolarcells.

Crystallinesiliconsolarcellsworkwellandsuccessfullyusedinthespaceprogram,wherecostisnotanissue.Whilesinglecrystalsiliconlmbeenproveninextraterrestrialusewithefficienciesashighas18percent,andothermoreexpensiveandscarcematerialscanhaveeverhigherefficiencies,costsmustbereducedbyafactorofmorethat100tomakethempracticalforcommercialuses.Besidethefactthatthestartingcrystallinesiliconisexpensive,95percentofitiswastedanddoesnotappearmthefinaldeviceRecently,therehavebeensomeimaginativeattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbonsiliconwhicharelowerincostthanhigh-qualitysinglecrystals;buttodatetheefficienciesoftheseapparentlylower-costmaterialshavebeenunacceptablysmallMoreover,thesematerialsarecheaperonlybecauseoftheintroductionofdisorderingincrystallinesemiconductors,anddisorderdegradestheefficiencyofcrystallinesolarcells.

Thisdifficultycanbeavoidedbypreparingcompletelydisorderedoramorphousmaterials.Amorphousmaterialshavedisorderedatomicstructureascomparedtocrystallinematerials:thatis,theyonlyshort-rangeorderratherthattheling-rangeperiodicityofcrystals.Theadvant