Unit1CulturalHeritageDiscoveringUsefulStructures限制性定語從句

FROMPROBLEMSTOSOLUTIONSEconomicdevelopmentisnecessaryifwewanttoimprovesociety.Therecomesatimewhentheoldmustgivewaytothenew,anditisnotpossibletopreserveeverythingfromourpastaswemovetowardsthefuture.Findingandkeepingtherightbalancebetweenprogressandtheprotectionofculturalsitescanbeabigchallenge.Bigchallenges,however,cansometimesleadtogreatsolutions.Inthe1950s,theEgyptiangovernmentwantedtobuildanewdamacrosstheNileinordertocontrolfloods,produceelectricity,andsupplywatertomorefarmersinthearea.Buttheproposalledtoprotests.WaterfromthedamwouldlikelydamageanumberoftemplesanddestroyculturalrelicsthatwereanimportantpartofEgypt'sculturalheritage.Afterlisteningtothescientistswhohadstudiedtheproblem,andcitizenswholivednearthedam,thegovernmentturnedtotheUnitedNationsforhelpin1959.AcommitteewasestablishedtolimitdamagetotheEgyptianbuildingsandpreventthelossofculturalrelics.Thegroupaskedforcontributionsfromdifferentdepartmentsandraisedfundswithintheinternationalcommunity.Expertsinvestigatedtheissue,conductedseveraltests,andthenmadeaproposalforhowthebuildingscouldbesaved.Finally,adocumentwassigned,andtheworkbeganin1960.Theprojectbroughttogethergovernmentsandenvironmentalistsfromaroundtheworld.Templesandotherculturalsitesweretakendownpiecebypiece,andthenmovedandputbacktogetheragaininaplacewheretheyweresafefromthewater.In1961,Germanengineersmovedthefirsttemple.Overthenext20years,thousandsofengineersandworkersrescued22templesandcountlessculturalrelics.Fiftycountriesdonatednearly$80milliontotheproject.Whentheprojectendedin1980,itwasconsideredagreatsuccess.Notonlyhadthecountriesfoundapathtothefuturethatdidnotrunovertherelicsofthepast,buttheyhadalsolearntthatitwaspossibleforcountriestoworktogethertobuildabettertomorrow.ThespiritoftheAswanDamprojectisstillalivetoday.PerhapsthebestexampleisshownbyUNESCO,whichrunsaprogrammethatpreventsworldculturalheritagesitesaroundtheworldfromdisappearing.Ifaproblemseemstoodifficultforasinglenation,theglobalcommunitycansometimesprovideasolution.Howdoestheauthordescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailusingrelativeclauses?Lookatthesentencesbelowandunderlinetherelativepronounsandadverbs.Afterlisteningtothescientists

whohadstudiedtheproblem,andcitizens

wholivednearthedam,thegovernmentturnedtotheUnitedNationsforhelp.Templesandotherculturalsitesweretakendownpiecebypiece,andthenmovedandputbacktogetheragaininaplace

wheretheyweresafefromthewater.DiscoveringtherulesFindmoresentencescontainingrelativeclausesfromthetextonpage4.Therecomesatime

whentheoldmustgivewaytothenew.Waterfromthedamwouldlikelydamageanumberoftemplesanddestroyculturalrelics

that

wereanimportantpartofEgypt’sculturalheritage.Notonlyhadthecountriesfoundapath

tothefuturethat

didnotrunovertherelicsofthepast,…PerhapsthebestexampleisshownbyUNESCO,which

runsaprogramme

thatpreventsworldculturalheritagesitesaroundtheworldfromdisappearing.定語從句是在句子中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句。這種從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導，并作句子成分。定語從句的位置：通常在先行詞（在主句中）后。定語從句的引導詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞指人指物who(主語、賓語)，whom(賓語)，that(主語、賓語),whose(定語)that(主語、賓語),which(主語、賓語)whose(定語)where(地點狀語)when(時間狀語)why(原因狀語)1.先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。2.關(guān)系詞:引導定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。3.關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用:(1)引導定語從句;(2)代替先行詞;(3)在定語從句中擔當一個成分。4.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語;關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。先行詞與關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的判斷方法:用法依據(jù)根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中作的成分若是及物動詞,后面若無賓語,用關(guān)系代詞;若是不及物動詞,則用關(guān)系副詞把關(guān)系詞放進定語從句中,若作主語或賓語用關(guān)系代詞;若作狀語用關(guān)系副詞限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。Doyouknowthegirlwhowalkedintothemuseum?你認識那個走進博物館的女孩嗎？(若把從句去掉，則不明白是哪個女孩)Theoldwoman，wholivesonherown，hasacatforcompany.這個老婦人一個人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。(若把從句去掉，仍然知道是哪個老婦人)一、只用that不用which的情況1．先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthepainting?關(guān)于那幅畫你有什么要說的嗎？2．先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或theonly，thevery(恰恰，正好)，thelast，all，no，few，little，any等修飾時。ThisisoneofthemostexcitingmoviethatIhaveeverseen.這是我見過的最激動人心的電影之一。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。3．先行詞既有人又有物時。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.你告訴我的那位科學家和他所取得的成就為我們所有人所欽佩。4．當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也作表語時。Beijingisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.北京不再是過去的那座城市了。5．當主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。Whoisthepersonthatisstandinginfrontofthetemple?站在寺廟門口的那個人是誰？thatthatwhich二、只用which不用that的情況1．引導非限制性定語從句。Jennywasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers，which，ofcourse，madetheothersenvyhim.珍妮對她最小的兒子比對其他的兒子好得多，這當然使其他的兒子很嫉妒她的小兒子。2．關(guān)系代詞充當介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前。Thisisthehouseinwhichthefamousartistoncelived.這是那位著名的藝術(shù)家曾住過的房子。3．引導的定語從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體或部分概念。Theresultwasnotthesameastheyhadexpected，whichwasratherdisappointing.結(jié)果與當初預料的不一樣，這令人很失望。三、宜用who不宜用that的情況1．當先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，如：one，ones，anyone。Anyonewholettersintheculturalsitesshouldbepunished.任何在文物景點刻字的人都應當受到懲罰。2．當先行詞是I，you，he，they等人稱代詞時(常用于諺語中)。Hewhodoesn'treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到長城非好漢。3．當先行詞為指人的those時。Thosewhohavegoodmannerswillbehighlyrespected.那些有禮貌的人會受到人們的高度尊重。4．在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是指人的名詞時。Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.有一個年輕人想見你。四、關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語時，為了使關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系更加緊湊，可以將從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，形成“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可用which，whom或whose。介詞的選用(1)根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習慣來確定。先行詞往往是表示時間、地點、原因、方式等的詞，它與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。Doyoustillrememberthedaysduringwhichwespenttheholidayintheancientcity?你還記得我們一起在古城度假的那些日子嗎？(2)根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞確定介詞。該動詞或形容詞常與某些介詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。Thesocialproblemaboutwhichthetwosidesaredebatingwitheachotherisaveryseriousone.(debatewithsb.about...就……與某人展開辯論)雙方正在展開辯論的社會問題是很嚴重的一個問題。關(guān)系代詞作間接賓語時，用to或for。ThegirlthatTomgavethedictionarytoisverypretty.湯姆給她字典的那個姑娘很可愛。Iknowtheboywhomyouboughtawhitehatfor.我認識你給他買白帽子那個男孩。(3)根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞也不是固定的動詞短語。這時，需要根據(jù)句子所要表達的意思選用不同的介詞。Waterisofgreatimportance，withoutwhichpeoplecannotlive.水是很重要的，沒有它人們就無法生存。Thisisthebookaboutwhichyouhavetalkedtome.這是你曾經(jīng)給我談起的那本書。ThisisthebookonthecoverofwhichthereisamapofChina.這是封面上有張中國地圖的那本書。whichwhichwhowhowhowithinwithout使用定語從句需要注意的事項1.定語從句中的主謂一致問題1）定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞做主語時，從句謂語要與先行詞的人稱、數(shù)一致。Ishetheman____________wantstoseeyou?2)as,which做主語引導非限定性定語從句，指全句時，從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)。As_________(be)usual,hecametoschoollatethismorning.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,_______iscalledevaporation.who/thatiswhich3).先行詞為“oneofthe+復數(shù)名詞”時，關(guān)系代詞從句主語，謂語用復數(shù)。Freddyisoneofthestudentswho____________(want)tobediplomatsinourclass.4).先行詞為“theoneofthe+復數(shù)名詞”時，關(guān)系代詞從句主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswho______(have)beenawinnerofscholarshipfor3years.wanthas1.Heshowedmeaphotoinhisroom.ItwasaphotoofafamousculturalrelicinEgypt.

Thephoto___________________.2.TheprojectteamhelpedprotectthenationalparksintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.ltwasformedbymembersfromfifteencountries.

Theprojectteam___________________.3.

WemetaprofessionalarchaeologistattheentrancetotheGreatPyramid.Heexplainedtoustheprocessofbuildingsuchadifficultstructure.

Theprofessionalarchaeologist___________________.

4.

ThistemplewasfirstbuiltduringtheQinDynasty.

Thetime___________________.5.Thedocumentsabouttheculturalrelicsfromoverseasareunderthedesk.Ifoundthemyesterday.

Theplace___________________.6.Scientistsworkedtogetherdayandnighttorescuethetemplebecausetheywantedtopreserveitforthenextgeneration.

Thereason___________________.Rewritethesentencesusingrelativeclauses.1.Heshowedmeaphotoinhisroom.ItwasaphotoofafamousculturalrelicinEgypt.Thephotothat/whichheshowedmeinhisroomwasaphotoofafamousculturalrelicinEgypt.Ihavedownloadedthatfreeapp,butitdoesn’tworkwell.Thefreeapp(which/that)Ihavedownloadeddoesn’tworkwell.vt.&n.下載2.TheprojectteamhelpedprotectthenationalparksintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.Itwasformedbymembersfromfifteencountries.Theprojectteamthat/whohelpedprotectthenationalparksintheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniawasformedbymembersfromfifteencountries.3.ThistemplewasfirstbuiltduringtheQinDynasty.ThetimewhenthistemplewasfirstbuiltisQinDynasty.4.WemetaprofessionalarchaeologistattheentrancetotheGreatPyramid.Heexplainedtoustheprocessofbuildingsuchadifficultstructure.Theprofessionalarchaeologistthat/who/whomwemetattheentrancetotheGreatPyramidexplainedtoustheprocessofbuildingsuchadifficultstructure.adj.&n.職業(yè)的;專業(yè)人員n.入口;進入n.過程vt.處理;加工5.Thedocumentsabouttheculturalrelicsfromoverseasareunderthedesk.Ifoundthemyesterday.TheplacewhereIfoundthedocumentsabouttheculturalrelicsfromoverseasyesterdayareunderthedesk.adj.海外的adv.在海外6.Scientistsworkedtogetherdayandnighttorescuethetemplebecausetheywantedtopreserveitforthenextgeneration.Thereasonwhyscientistsworkedtogetherdayandnighttorescuethetempleisthattheywantedtopreserveitforthenextgeneration.03Playagameofdefinitions.Oneasksthequestionsbelowandtheotheranswersthemwithrelativeclauses.Workouttwomorequestionsofyourown.A:Whatisanexit?B:Anexitisthedoorwhere/throughwhichyoucan