2022年吉林大學英語考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為!80分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位:姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意）1.Questions6to8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.WhowasfoundtobeinvolvedinthebombingoftheNationaIpoliceheadquartersAl-Qaida.Amilitantgroup.TheMuslimBrotherhood.Agroupofseparatists.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefolIowingfivequestions.NowIistentotheinterview.WhatisthepurposeofBob'striptoSriLankaTospendhisholidays.Toparticipateinabusinessnegotiation.TomeethisAustralianfriendthere.ToattractSriLankanstudentstoundertakedegreestudiesinAustraliQuestions6to8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.WhowerethemajorityofvictimsinthebombingonWednesdayCivilians.Students.Governmentofficials.Policeofficers.Questions9to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.SharonmadeacommitmentthreeyearsagothathewouldnotharmArafathewouldwithdrawhistroopshewoulddealwiththeconflictbetweenIsraelandPalestinehewouldnotoverthrowPalestiniangovernmentAnidealcollegeshouIdbeacommunity,aplaceofclose,natural,intimateassociation,notonlyoftheyoungmenwhoareitspupiIsandnovicesinvariousIinesofstudy,butalsoofyoungmenwitholdermen,withveteransandprofessionalsinthegreatundertakingoflearning,ofteacherswithpupiIs,outsidetheclassroomasweIIasinsideit.NooneissuccessfuIIyeducatedwithinthewa11sofanyparticularclassroomorlaboratoryormuseum;andnoamountofassociation,howevercloseandfamiIiaranddelightfuI,betweenmerebeginnerscaneverproducethesortofenIightenmentwhichtheyoungladgetswhenhefirstbeginstocatchtheinfectionoflearning.ThetroublewithmostofourcoIIegesnowadaysisthatthefacultyofthecoIIegeIiveoneIifeandtheundergraduatesquiteadifferentone.Theyconstitutetwocommunities.TheIifeoftheundergraduatesisnottouchedwiththepersonalinfIuenceoftheteachers:IifeamongtheteachersisnottouchedbythepersonalimpressionswhichshouIdcomefromfrequentandintimatecontactwithundergraduates.Thisseparationneednotexist,and,intheco11egeoftheideaIuniversity,wouldnotexist.ItisperfectlypossibletoorganizetheIifeofourcollegesinsuchawaythatstudentsandteachersalikewiIItakepartinit;insuchawaythataperfectlynaturaldailyintercoursewiIIbeestabIishedbetweenthem;anditisonlybysuchanorganizationthattheycanbegivenrealvitalityasplacesofserioustraining,bemadecommunitiesinwhichyoungsterswiIIcomefullytorealizehowinterestinginteIIectuaIworkis,howvital,howimportant,howcIoseIyassociatedwithalImodernachievement-onIybysuchanorganizationthatstudycanbemadetoseempartofIifeitself.Lecturesoftenseemveryformalandemptythings;recitationsgenerallyproveveryduIIandunrewarding.ItisinconversationandnaturalintercoursewithscholarschieflythatyoufindhowlivelyknowIedgeis,howittiesintoeverythingthatisinterestingandimportant,howintimateapartitisofeverythingthatis“practicalandconnectedwiththeworId.MenarenotaIwaysmadethoughtfuIbybooks;buttheyaregenerallymadethoughtfuIbyassociationwithmenwhothink.ThepresentandmostpressingproblemofouruniversityauthoritiesistobringaboutthisvitalassociationforthebenefitofthenovicesoftheuniversityworId,theundergraduates.Classroommethodsarethoroughenough;competentscholarsalreadylectureandsettasksandsuperintendtheirperformance;buttheIifeoftheaverageundergraduateoutsidetheclassroomandotherstatedappointmentswithhisinstructorsisnotverymuchaffectedbyhisstudies,andisentirelydissociatedfrominteIIectuaIinterests.AnideaIcolIege.shouldhavemature,experiencedandprofessionalmenonitsstaffshouldbemanagedbyexperiencedscholarsshouldbemanagedbyexperiencedscholarsandenergeticyoungmenD.shouldseetight,harmoniousconnectionbetweentheexperiencedandtheinexperiencedQuestions6to8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.AccordingtoSalah,continuaIterroristattackswerecausedby.thesecularcriticismthereligiouscriticismtheangeroverthegovernment?scorruptiontheantagonisticfeelingsagainsttheWestQuestions1to5arebasedonaninterview.AttheendoftheinterviewyouwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthef〇11owingfivequestions.NowIistentotheinterview.WhatarethestudentsfromSriLankamostinterestedinaccordingtoBobAccountancyandcomputing.Businessandfinance.Lawandbusiness.ArchitectureandengineerinJoyceCarolOatespubIishedherfirstcoIIectionofshortstoriesByTheNorthGates,in1962,twoyearsaftershehadreceivedherMaster1sdegreefromtheUniversityofWisconsinandbecomeaninstructorofEnglishattheUniversityofDetroit.Herproductivitysincethenhasbeenprodigious,accumuIatinginlessthantwodecadestonearlythirtytitles,includingnoveIs,colIectionsofshortstoriesandverse,pIays,andIiterarycriticism.Inthemeantime,shehascontinuedtoteach,movingin1967fromtheUniversityofDetroittotheUniversityofWindsor,inOntario,andin1978toPrincetonUniversity.Reviewershaveadmiredherenormousenergy,butfindaproductivityofsuchmagnitudedifficulttoassess.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth,DonaIdBarthelme,andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedly〇!d-fashionedinherinsistenceontheessentiallymimeticquaIityofherfiction.HersisaworIdofviolence,insanity,fracturedlove,andhopelessIoneliness.Althoughsomeofitappearstocomefromherownobservations,herdreams,andherfears.Muchmoreisclearlyformtheexperienceofothers.Herfirstnovel,WithShudderingFa11(1964),dealtwithstockcarracing,thoughshehadneverseenarace.InThem(1969)shefocusedonDetroitfromtheDepressionthroughtheriotsof1967,drawingmuchofhermaterialfromtheDepressionmadeonherbytheproblemsofoneofherstudents.Whateverthesourceandhowevershockingtheeventsorthemotivations,however,herfictiveworIdremainsstrikinglyakintothatrealonereflectedinthedailynewspapers,thetelevisionnewsandtalkshows,andthepopularmagazinesofourday.WhichofthefollowingdoesthepassageindicateaboutJoyceCarolOates'firstpubIicationItwaspartofherMAthesis.Itwasavolumeofshortfiction.Itwasnotsuccessful.ItwasaboutanEnglishinstructorinDetroit.Questions9to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.WhendidSharonmeetBushandtoldBushthathewouldreleasehimselffromthecommitmentOnApril14.Threeyearsago.LastFriday.Aweekago.AnidealcoIIegeshouldbeacommunity,aplaceofclose,natural,intimateassociation,notonlyoftheyoungmenwhoareitspupiIsandnovicesinvariousIinesofstudy,butalsoofyoungmenwitholdermen,withveteransandprofessionalsinthegreatundertakingoflearning,ofteacherswithpupiIs,outsidetheclassroomasweIIasinsideit.NooneissuccessfuIIyeducatedwithinthewaIIsofanyparticularclassroomorlaboratoryormuseum;andnoamountofassociation,howevercloseandfamiIiaranddelightfuI,betweenmerebeginnerscaneverproducethesortofenlightenmentwhichtheyoungladgetswhenhefirstbeginstocatchtheinfectionoflearning.ThetroublewithmostofourcoIIegesnowadaysisthatthefacultyofthecoIIegeIiveoneIifeandtheundergraduatesquiteadifferentone.Theyconstitutetwocommunities.TheIifeoftheundergraduatesisnottouchedwiththepersonalinfIuenceoftheteachers:IifeamongtheteachersisnottouchedbythepersonalimpressionswhichshouIdcomefromfrequentandintimatecontactwithundergraduates.Thisseparationneednotexist,and,intheco11egeoftheidealuniversity,wouldnotexist.ItisperfectlypossibletoorganizetheIifeofourcollegesinsuchawaythatstudentsandteachersalikewiIItakepartinit;insuchawaythataperfectlynaturaldailyintercoursewiIIbeestabIishedbetweenthem;anditisonlybysuchanorganizationthattheycanbegivenrealvitalityasplacesofserioustraining,bemadecommunitiesinwhichyoungsterswi11comefullytorealizehowinterestingintellectualworkis,howvital,howimportant,howcIoseIyassociatedwithalImodernachievement-onIybysuchanorganizationthatstudycanbemadetoseempartofIifeitself.Lecturesoftenseemveryformalandemptythings;recitationsgenerallyproveveryduIIandunrewarding.ItisinconversationandnaturalintercoursewithscholarschieflythatyoufindhowIivelyknowIedgeis,howittiesintoeverythingthatisinterestingandimportant,howintimateapartitisofeverythingthatis"practicalnandconnectedwiththeworId.MenarenotalwaysmadethoughtfuIbybooks;buttheyaregenerallymadethoughtfuIbyassociationwithmenwhothink.ThepresentandmostpressingproblemofouruniversityauthoritiesistobringaboutthisvitalassociationforthebenefitofthenovicesoftheuniversityworId,theundergraduates.Classroommethodsarethoroughenough;competentscholarsalreadylectureandsettasksandsuperintendtheirperformance;buttheIifeoftheaverageundergraduateoutsidetheclassroomandotherstatedappointmentswithhisinstructorsisnotverymuchaffectedbyhisstudies,andisentirelydissociatedfrominteIIectuaIinterests.Successfuleducationistheacquiringofknowledgefrom.classrooms,laboratoriesandmuseumsallsourcesavailableintimateassociationbetweenbeginnersexperiencedscholars11.PeopIeintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation,seconomywouldbringsociaIchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820,afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabiIity,theeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremeIyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.AIthoughthebirthratecontinuedtodecIinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,thepopuIationroughlydoubIedeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.AsthepopuIationgrew,itsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.GeographicandsociaImobiIity-downwardasweIIasupward-touchedaImosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopuIationintheNorthandSouth,intheemergingcitiesoftheNortheast,andintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.Asaconsequence,historianDavidDonaIdhaswritten,"SociaIatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety,"anditseemedtomanypeopIethat"alItherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded.wRapidindustriaIizationandincreasedgeographicmobiIityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspeciaIimpIicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinetions.AstheroIesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerapidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.InthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsociaIchange,thehouseholdlostmanyofitsearIierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquiIityandorder.AsthesizeoffamiIiesdecreased,therolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespecially,menparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofciviIityandculture.TheintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearIierperiodswasrent,andagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives.WhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussTheeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesintheeighteenthcentury.WaysinwhicheconomicdevelopmentledtosocialchangesintheUnitedStates.PopulationgrowthinthewesternUnitedStates.TheincreasingavailabilityofindustrialjobsforwomenintheUnitesStates.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwi11begiven10secondstoanswereachofthefolIowingfivequestions.NowIistentotheinterview.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEofthecurrentsituationinSriLankaStudentshavedifficultyinfindingjobs.Thereexistsaninternalstrife.Theeconomyisinarecession.Theeconomyisdevelopingrapidly.JoyceCarolOatespubIishedherfirstcoIIectionofshortstoriesByTheNorthGates,in1962,twoyearsaftershehadreceivedherMaster'sdegreefromtheUniversityofWisconsinandbecomeaninstructorofEnglishattheUniversityofDetroit.Herproductivitysincethenhasbeenprodigious,accumuIatinginlessthantwodecadestonearlythirtytitles,includingnoveIs,colIectionsofshortstoriesandverse,pIays,andIiterarycriticism.Inthemeantime,shehascontinuedtoteach,movingin1967fromtheUniversityofDetroittotheUniversityofWindsor,inOntario,andin1978toPrincetonUniversity.Reviewershaveadmiredherenormousenergy,butfindaproductivityofsuchmagnitudedifficulttoassess.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth,DonaIdBarthelme,andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedly〇!d-fashionedinherinsistenceontheessentiallymimeticquaIityofherfiction.HersisaworIdofviolence,insanity,fracturedlove,andhopelessIoneliness.Althoughsomeofitappearstocomefromherownobservations,herdreams,andherfears.Muchmoreisclearlyformtheexperienceofothers.Herfirstnovel,WithShudderingFa11(1964),dealtwithstockcarracing,thoughshehadneverseenarace.InThem(1969)shefocusedonDetroitfromtheDepressionthroughtheriotsof1967,drawingmuchofhermaterialfromtheDepressionmadeonherbytheproblemsofoneofherstudents.Whateverthesourceandhowevershockingtheeventsorthemotivations,however,herfictiveworIdremainsstrikinglyakintothatrealonereflectedinthedailynewspapers,thetelevisionnewsandtalkshows,andthepopularmagazinesofourday.WhichofthefollowingdoesthepassagesuggestaboutJoyceCarolOatesintermsofherwritingcareerShehasexperiencedlongnonproductiveperiodsinherwriting.Herstyleisimitativeofothercontemporaryauthors.Shehasproducedasurprisingamountoffictioninarelativelyshorttime.MostofherworksarebasedonpersonalexperiencQuestions1to5arebasedonaninterview.AttheendoftheinterviewyouwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefolIowingfivequestions.NowIistentotheinterview.WhataretheparentsinSriLankamostconcernedaboutiftheysendtheirchiIdrentoAustraliaExpenditure.Safety.Culturaldifference.D.Accommodation15.JoyceCarolOatespubIishedherfirstcoIIectionofshortstoriesByTheNorthGates,in1962,twoyearsaftershehadreceivedherMaster1sdegreefromtheUniversityofWisconsinandbecomeaninstructorofEnglishattheUniversityofDetroit.Herproductivitysincethenhasbeenprodigious,accumuIatinginlessthantwodecadestonearlythirtytitles,includingnoveIs,colIectionsofshortstoriesandverse,pIays,andIiterarycriticism.Inthemeantime,shehascontinuedtoteach,movingin1967fromtheUniversityofDetroittotheUniversityofWindsor,inOntario,andin1978toPrincetonUniversity.Reviewershaveadmiredherenormousenergy,butfindaproductivityofsuchmagnitudedifficulttoassess.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth,DonaIdBarthelme,andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedly〇!d-fashionedinherinsistenceontheessentiallymimeticquaIityofherfiction.Hersisaworldofviolence,insanity,fracturedlove,andhopelessIoneliness.Althoughsomeofitappearstocomefromherownobservations,herdreams,andherfears.Muchmoreisclearlyformtheexperienceofothers.Herfirstnovel,WithShudderingFa11(1964),dealtwithstockcarracing,thoughshehadneverseenarace.InThem(1969)shefocusedonDetroitfromtheDepressionthroughtheriotsof1967,drawingmuchofhermaterialfromtheDepressionmadeonherbytheproblemsofoneofherstudents.Whateverthesourceandhowevershockingtheeventsorthemotivations,however,herfictiveworIdremainsstrikinglyakintothatrealonereflectedinthedailynewspapers,thetelevisionnewsandtalkshows,andthepopularmagazinesofourday.WhatwasthesubjectofJoyceCarolOates1firstnovelA.Loneliness.B.Insanity.Teaching.Racin16.PeopIeintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation'seconomywouldbringsociaIchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820,afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabiIityftheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremeIyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.AccompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuraIchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.AlthoughthebirthratecontinuedtodecIinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,thepopuIationroughlydoubIedeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.AsthepopuIationgrew,itsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.GeographicandsociaImobiIity-downwardasweIIasupward-touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopuIationintheNorthandSouth,intheemergingcitiesoftheNortheast,andintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.Asaconsequence,historianDavidDonaIdhaswritten,"SociaIatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety,nanditseemedtomanypeopIethat"alItherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded.wRapidindustriaIizationandincreasedgeographicmobiIityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimpIicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinetions.AstheroIesmenandwomenpIayedinsocietybecamemorerapidlydefined,sodidtherolestheypIayedinthehome.InthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsociaIchange,thehouseholdlostmanyofitsearIierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquiIityandorder.AsthesizeoffamiIiesdecreased,therolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespecially,menparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofciviIityandculture.TheintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearIierperiodswasrent,andagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives.Accordingtothepassage,asthenineteenthcenturyprogressed,thepeopIeoftheUnitedStates.emigratedtoothercountriesoftensettledintheWesttendedtochangetheplaceinwhichtheylivedhadahigherrateofbirththaneverbefore17.AnidealcoIIegeshouldbeacommunity,aplaceofclose,natural,intimateassociation,notonlyoftheyoungmenwhoareitspupiIsandnovicesinvariousIinesofstudy,butalsoofyoungmenwitholdermen,withveteransandprofessionalsinthegreatundertakingoflearning,ofteacherswithpupiIs,outsidetheclassroomasweIIasinsideit.NooneissuccessfullyeducatedwithinthewaIIsofanyparticularclassroomorlaboratoryormuseum;andnoamountofassociation,howevercloseandfamiIiaranddelightfuI,betweenmerebeginnerscaneverproducethesortofenIightenmentwhichtheyoungladgetswhenhefirstbeginstocatchtheinfectionoflearning.ThetroublewithmostofourcollegesnowadaysisthatthefacultyofthecoIIegeIiveoneIifeandtheundergraduatesquiteadifferentone.Theyconstitutetwocommunities.TheIifeoftheundergraduatesisnottouchedwiththepersonalinfluenceoftheteachers:IifeamongtheteachersisnottouchedbythepersonalimpressionswhichshouIdcomefromfrequentandintimatecontactwithundergraduates.Thisseparationneednotexist,and,inthecoIIegeoftheidealuniversity,wouldnotexist.ItisperfectlypossibletoorganizetheIifeofourcollegesinsuchawaythatstudentsandteachersalikewiIItakepartinit;insuchawaythataperfectlynaturaldailyintercoursewi11beestabIishedbetweenthem;anditisonlybysuchanorganizationthattheycanbegivenrealvitalityasplacesofserioustraining,bemadecommunitiesinwhichyoungsterswiIIcomefullytorealizehowinterestingintellectualworkis,howvital,howimportant,howcIoseIyassociatedwithalImodernachievement-onIybysuchanorganizationthatstudycanbemadetoseempartofIifeitself.Lecturesoftenseemveryformalandemptythings;recitationsgenerallyproveveryduIIandunrewarding.ItisinconversationandnaturalintercoursewithscholarschieflythatyoufindhowIivelyknowIedgeis,howittiesintoeverythingthatisinterestingandimportant,howintimateapartitisofeverythingthatis"practicalnandconnectedwiththeworld.MenarenotalwaysmadethoughtfuIbybooks;buttheyaregenerallymadethoughtfuIbyassociationwithmenwhothink.ThepresentandmostpressingproblemofouruniversityauthoritiesistobringaboutthisvitalassociationforthebenefitofthenovicesoftheuniversityworId,theundergraduates.Classroommethodsarethoroughenough;competentscholarsaIreadylectureandsettasksandsuperintendtheirperformance;buttheIifeoftheaverageundergraduateoutsidetheclassroomandotherstatedappointmentswithhisinstructorsisnotverymuchaffectedbyhisstudies,andisentirelydissociatedfrominteIIectuaIinterests.BeginnersarenotIikelytogetthesortofenlightenmentmentionedinthepassagefrom.themselvesbooksC.scholarsD.experienceMan,sothetruismgoes,Iivesincreasinglyinaman-madeenvironment.Thisplacesaspecialburdenonhumanimmaturity,foritisplainthatadaptingtosuchvariableconditionsmustdependveryheavilyonopportunitiesforlearning,orwhatevertheprocessesarethatareoperativeduringimmaturity.ItmustalsomeanthatduringimmaturitymanmustmasterknowIedgeandskillsthatareeitherstoredinthegenepoolorlearnedbydirectencounter,butwhicharecontainedintheculturepool-knowIedgeaboutvaluesandhistory,skillsasvariedasanobiigatorynaturalIanguageoranoptionaImathematicaIone,asmuteasleversorasarticulateasmythtelIing.Yet,itwouldbeamistaketoleaptotheconclusionthatbecausehumanimmaturitymakespossiblehighflexibiIity,thereforeanythingispossibleforthespecies.HumantraitswereseIectedfortheirsurvivalvalueoverafour-tofive-miIIion-yearperiodwithagreataccelerationoftheseIectionprocessduringthelasthalfofthatperiod.Therewerecrucial,irreversiblechangesduringthatfinalman-makingperiod:recessionofformidabledentition,50percentincreaseinbrainvolume,theobstetricalparadox-bipedaIismandstrongpelvicgirdle,largerbrainthroughasmallerbirthcanal-immaturebrainatbirth,andcreationofwhatWashburnhascalledaMtechnicaI-sociaIwayofIife,“invoIvingtooIandsymboIuse.Note,however,thathorninidizationconsistedprincipallyofadaptationstoconditionsinthePleistocene.Thesepreadaptations,shapedinresponsetoearIierhabitatdemands,arepartofman'sevoIutionaryinheritance.ThisisnottosaythatcIosebeneaththeskinofmanisanakedape,thatcivilizationisonlyaveneer.Thetechnical-socialwayofIifeisadeepfeatureofthespeciesadaptation.Butwewoulderrifweassumedapriorithatman'sinheritancepIacednoconstraintonhispowertoadapt.Someofthepreadaptationscanbeshowntobepresentlymaladaptive.Man'sinordinatefondnessforfatsandsweetsnolongerserveshisindividualsurvivalwell.AndthehumanobsessionwithsexuaIityisplainlynotfittedforsurvivalofthespeciesnow,howeverwe11itmighthaveservedtopopuIationtheupperPIioceneandthePleistocene.Nevertheless,notethatthespeciesrespondstypicaIIytothesechailengesbytechnicaIinnovationratherthanbymorphologicalorbehavioralchange.ContraceptiondissociatessexuaIityfromreproduction.Wedonot,ofcourse,knowwhatkindsandwhatrangeofstressesareproducedbysuccessiveroundsofsuchtechnicalinnovation.DissociatingsexuaIityandreproduction,forexampIe,sureIyproduceschangesinthestructureofthefamily,whichinturnredefinetheroleofwomen,whichinturnalterstheauthoritypatternaffectingthechiId,etc.continuingandpossibleaccelerationchangeseemsinherentinsuchadaptation.Andthis,ofcourse,placesandenormouspressureonman'susesofimmaturity,preparingtheyoungforunforeseeablechange-themoresoifth