學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測試題Chapter1 IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________A.contact B.communication C.relation

D.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriter C.crash

D.bangThefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade. ”is .A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikely tosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安 ”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?______.A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.RecreationalWhichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?______.A.Transferability B.DualityC.Displacement D.Arbitrariness學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn ’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshereandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomestloloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.Psycholinguistics B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10.__________dealswith languageapplication to other fields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.Comparativelinguistics學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare ’stimeisexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’languesandChomsky’s__________.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Designfeature32.Displacement33.Competence34.SynchroniclinguisticsV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?Key:I.1~5BACCC

6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF

16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal23.metalingualfunction25.scientific

22.productivity/creativity24.yo-he-ho26.descriptive學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載27.speech 28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue 30.competenceIV.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeakerknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivity andfollow thescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Chapter2 SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesof學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載articulation?A.[n] B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishable學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載simplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.__________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Soundassimilation32.Suprasegmentalfeature33.Complementarydistribution34.DistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatisacousticphonetics?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphonetic學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載descriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowellateralliquidvelarnasalvoicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5ACDAA6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced22.friction23.tongue24.height25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes30.airstreamIV.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachother學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載andarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfrom thelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish

–iseand–tionarecalled__________.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy9.Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorphII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectional學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載affixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-classword34.MorphologicalruleV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載36.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNIIIII(1)acronyma.foe(2)freemorphemeb.subconscious(3)derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO(4)inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculationKey:I.1~5AACBB6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme25.close,open26.back-formation27.conversion28.morpheme學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載29.derivative,compound 30.affix,boundrootIV.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g–.lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)bChapter4 SyntaxI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載1.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear B.onlyhierarchicalC.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large B.small C.finite D.infiniteThe________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic D.combinationalAsentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammaticalA__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator6.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.Theheadofthephrase ty“Rometheci”is__________.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載A.thecity

B.Rome

C.city

D.thecityRome9.ThephraseA.endocentric

“ontheshelfB.exocentric

”belongsto construction.C.subordinate D.coordinate10.Thesentence “yThewerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.A.simple

s”aiB.coordinate

sentence.C.compound

D.complexII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitive學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載phrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.__________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.__________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnatural languages.Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Syntax32.ICanalysis33.Hierarchicalstructure34.TracetheoryV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?36.Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof “morebeautifulflowers ”meansofICanalysis.VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:I.1~5DCDDD 6~10ADDBAII.11~15TTTTF 16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple 22.sentence23.subject 24.plex 26.embedded27.open 28.Adjacency29.Parameters 30.CaseIV.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediate學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載constituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.V.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.more|beautifulflowersmorebeautiful|flowersChapter5MeaningI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?_______.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載A.issynonymouswith B.isinconsistentwithC.entails D.presupposes___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis B.ComponentialanalysisC.Phonemicanalysis D.Grammaticalanalysis6.“Alive”and “dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove_________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense8.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.Hyponymy9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonyms10.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules D.semanticfeaturesII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesen