書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)銀川學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Hesaiditwasimportantthateverymember（）hissubscriptionbytheendofthemonth.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sends

B.end

C.sent

D.hadsent

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他說(shuō)，重要的是每個(gè)會(huì)員都要在月底前提交注冊(cè)資料。

考查常用句型。在itisimportantthat引導(dǎo)的句型中，后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形。

2.單選題

Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon（擾亂）Europeans’privatelives.

Europe'sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today'stech-savvy（精通技術(shù)的）workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.

Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.

Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.

Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn'tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”O(jiān)nlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon'tlastlong—iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe'dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,"I'vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife."

1.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause（

）.

2.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare

（

）.

4.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat

（

）.

5.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualism

B.theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierage

C.theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstability

D.theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.

B.ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.

C.Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.

D.Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.warmandlighthearted

B.oneithersideofmarriage

C.negativeandgloomy

D.healthyandwealthy

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedom

B.thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEurope

C.someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonely

D.mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.

B.Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.

C.Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.

D.Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題需要找越來(lái)越多年輕歐洲人單身的原因。第一段第三句說(shuō)到“Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.一位法國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，從家庭生活到獨(dú)居生活的轉(zhuǎn)變是上個(gè)世紀(jì)“不可抗拒的個(gè)人主義勢(shì)頭”的一部分?！盇選項(xiàng)“他們被強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)人主義所驅(qū)使”符合文意。

2.判斷推理題。A選項(xiàng)“它助長(zhǎng)了小家庭的趨勢(shì)”文章未提及，可排除；C選項(xiàng)“盡管市場(chǎng)自由，但消費(fèi)者的選擇有限”與文意相反，人們現(xiàn)在選擇越來(lái)越獨(dú)立自主，并不受限制；D選項(xiàng)“它正受到不可抗拒的私有化的威脅”文中未提及。B選項(xiàng)“它越來(lái)越接近美國(guó)式的資本主義”，對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二段第二句“Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.當(dāng)前這一代的獨(dú)居者是在歐洲從社會(huì)民主主義向更尖銳、更個(gè)人主義的美國(guó)式資本主義氣候轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的”，Thecurrentgenerationofhome-aloners現(xiàn)在這一代的獨(dú)居者正代表了歐洲社會(huì)的趨勢(shì)，因此B選項(xiàng)符合文意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“thenewestgroupofsingles最新的單身群體”定位到第三段第二句“Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.盡管領(lǐng)養(yǎng)老金的人，尤其是老年女性，在獨(dú)居人群中占了很大比例，但最新一批單身人士都是三四十歲的高收入者，他們?cè)絹?lái)越把獨(dú)居視為一種生活方式的選擇。”且在第四段補(bǔ)充說(shuō)到“Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!他們年輕，美麗，強(qiáng)壯！”說(shuō)明最新的單身群體是D選項(xiàng)“身心健康者與高收入者”

4.作者意圖題。由關(guān)鍵詞Eppendorf定位到文章最后一段中“Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe'dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,‘I'vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.’埃彭多夫是一名金發(fā)碧眼的柏林人，皮膚被曬得黝黑，她上午在小學(xué)教書(shū)。下午她曬日光浴或睡覺(jué)，休息后去跳舞。年僅50歲的她說(shuō)，她從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)要做她母親曾經(jīng)做過(guò)的事——放棄職業(yè)來(lái)養(yǎng)家糊口。相反，‘我一直在做自己想做的事：過(guò)一種自主的生活?！边@是為了說(shuō)明像Eppendorf一樣的現(xiàn)代女性正過(guò)著自己喜歡的自由自主的生活。因此A選項(xiàng)“一些現(xiàn)代女性更喜歡個(gè)人自由的生活”符合文意。

5.作者意圖題。本文主要講述的是歐洲年輕人傾向于獨(dú)身主義這一現(xiàn)象，且花了大篇幅探索其原因。C選項(xiàng)“調(diào)查年輕人獨(dú)居的趨勢(shì)”符合作者意圖。A選項(xiàng)“回顧女性成為高收入者的影響”文章未提及；B選項(xiàng)“思考個(gè)人主義背后的哲學(xué)”與第一段第二句“thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplation這不是悲觀的哲學(xué)思考”相悖；D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)重建人際關(guān)系”文中未提及。

3.單選題

Dieselenginesprovideexcellentmileage,buttheyarerelativelynoisyandtheiraccelerationissluggish.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.uneven

B.loud

C.slow

D.hard

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。sluggish表示“蕭條的，遲鈍的”；A項(xiàng)uneven“不均勻的，不平坦的”，B項(xiàng)loud“大聲的，喧鬧的”，C項(xiàng)slow“慢的，減速的”，D項(xiàng)hard“努力的，硬的”。句意：柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供優(yōu)良的里程，但它們相對(duì)嘈雜，加速緩慢。根據(jù)句意可知，sluggish在句子中表示“緩慢的”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有slow符合。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Ifonlythepatient（

）adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadreceived

B.received

C.shouldreceive

D.werereceiving

【答案】A

【解析】句意:要是這位病人接受一種不同的治療而不是使用抗生素，他現(xiàn)在可能仍然活著。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾楸硎九c過(guò)去情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。由句中關(guān)鍵詞“insteadofusingtheantibiotics而不是使用抗生素”與“hemightstillbealivenow他現(xiàn)在可能仍然活著”可知這里表示“與過(guò)去情況相反的虛擬”，表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬條件句中,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

5.單選題

Sincehisinjurywasserious,thedoctorsuggestedthathe（）inthegame.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.didnotplay

B.mustnotplay

C.notplay

D.nottoplay

【答案】C

【解析】suggest表建議時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

6.單選題

Thefirstthathehadtodowasto（）theEnglishthoroughly;andyoumustknowthathiswasathingnoteasytodo.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.defeat

B.overcome

C.vanquish

D.conquer

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他得做的第一件事是徹底戰(zhàn)勝英語(yǔ)，并且你必須知道這不是件容易的事。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。defeat擊敗，打敗，戰(zhàn)勝（對(duì)手）；overcome戰(zhàn)勝（某人），克服，解決（事情）;vanquish征服，徹底擊敗，戰(zhàn)勝;conquer占領(lǐng)，攻克，（比賽中）擊敗?？崭裉巹?dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)為English(英語(yǔ))，因此B符合搭配跟句意。

7.單選題

Inthepastdecade,alotofcaloricpowerstationshavebeenbuilt,usingcoalasfuel.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hydraulic

B.wind

C.solar

D.thermal

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.hydraulic（通過(guò)水管等）液壓的；水力的

B.wind風(fēng)

C.solar太陽(yáng)的D.thermal熱量的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息usingcoalasfuel（以煤為燃料）可知，caloricpowerstations指的是熱電站，caloric是“熱量的”的意思，D項(xiàng)詞義與之相近，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)詞義不符合句中所選詞匯。

【句意】在過(guò)去的十年里，人們建造了許多以煤為燃料的熱電站。

8.單選題

Inscientificstudies,supportingevidenceismuchmoresatisfyingtoreportthanarediscreditedhypotheses,but,infact,the（）oferrorsismorelikelytobe（）thanistheestablishmentofprobabletruth.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.formulation,permitted

B.correction,ignored

C.detection,useful

D.accumulation,agreeable

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞與形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)formulation，permitted“制訂，規(guī)劃；系統(tǒng)闡述；表達(dá)方式；制劑，配方”，“被允許的，可能的”；B選項(xiàng)correction，ignored“改正，修正”，“被忽視的；被忽略的”；C選項(xiàng)detection，useful“偵查，探測(cè)；發(fā)覺(jué)，發(fā)現(xiàn)；察覺(jué)”，“有用的，有益的；有幫助的”；D選項(xiàng)accumulation，agreeable“積聚，累積；堆積物”，“令人愉快的；適合的；和藹可親的”。句意：在科學(xué)研究中，報(bào)告支持的證據(jù)比不可信的假設(shè)更令人滿意，但事實(shí)上，錯(cuò)誤的積累比可能真理的建立更容易令人滿意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Somecompanieshaveintroducedflexibleworkingtimewithlessemphasisonpressure（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.andmoreonefficiency

B.thanmoreonefficiency

C.andmoreefficiency

D.thanefficiency

【答案】A

【解析】考查and前后成分的一致性。and是一個(gè)并列連詞，所以前后成分表達(dá)應(yīng)該保持一致，所以介詞on不能缺少，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

10.單選題

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國(guó)際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如庫(kù)茨所指出，將成員納入和排除在集體行動(dòng)之外的問(wèn)題“總是規(guī)范性和事實(shí)性的”，因?yàn)椤斑x擇適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋鏊健比匀皇且粋€(gè)法律政策問(wèn)題）可知選C選項(xiàng)“在選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平方面的困難”；A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的刑事責(zé)任”；B選項(xiàng)“等級(jí)設(shè)置過(guò)嚴(yán)的缺陷”以及D選項(xiàng)“水平設(shè)置過(guò)松的缺陷”都是為了證明選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平的困難，是這一觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，不足以概括第一段的內(nèi)容。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情況下，集體意圖檢驗(yàn)都是必要的，以便能夠追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任，而不是將所有人歸為一個(gè)極端，或?qū)w因于另一種不確定的原因）可知選A選項(xiàng)“追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“追究每個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，D選項(xiàng)“將傷害歸因于不確定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德責(zé)備一節(jié)所論證的那樣，如果沒(méi)有集體意圖的概念，集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮也是不可能的，這對(duì)于道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的）可知集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮對(duì)道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的，而不是對(duì)集體意圖必要，C選項(xiàng)“考慮決策方法”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集體罪責(zé)的“浪漫”論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問(wèn)題）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問(wèn)題”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或國(guó)家官員豁免的問(wèn)題有時(shí)仍然是起訴侵犯人權(quán)行為的相關(guān)法律障礙）對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)“追溯中止法律秩序有時(shí)與侵犯人權(quán)有關(guān)”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（這種“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)涉嫌違反國(guó)際公法的反人類(lèi)罪（通過(guò)“國(guó)家和組織政策”）和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪）對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)“集體有罪的論點(diǎn)源于國(guó)際公法”；D選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)通過(guò)國(guó)家責(zé)任來(lái)處理成員問(wèn)題”未在第三段提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各種消極或不確定的事實(shí)，如軍事文化、宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)、意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操縱，將集體行動(dòng)與歷史、自然甚至超自然原因相結(jié)合）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“軍事文化”，B選項(xiàng)“宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)”以及C選項(xiàng)“意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律體系”；不涉及D選項(xiàng)“集體行動(dòng)”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.寫(xiě)作題

Haveyoueverattemptedtoquestionacademicauthorityinyourlearningandresearchprocess?Whatdoyouthinkaretheappropriateattitudestowardsacademicauthority?Writeanessayofnolessthan150wordstoexplainyouropinionsonthisissue.

【答案】ACriticalAttitudeTowardsAcademicAuthority12.單選題

Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidence（）abreathtaking15pointslastmonth,toitslowestlevelintenyears.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted

D.fluctuated

【答案】C

【解析】soared飆升；mutated突變，變異；plummeted驟然下跌；fluctuated波動(dòng)。根據(jù)下句“l(fā)owestlevelintenyears”可推測(cè)，這里指下跌，所以選項(xiàng)C符合語(yǔ)境。

13.單選題

Theheroofthebook,Charles,isaconventionalnineteenth-centurygentleman;theheroineSarah,______byherlover,isa“fallenwoman”,whomCharlestriestohelp.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobediscarded

B.tohavebeenabandoned

C.havingcastaway

D.havingbeendeserted

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.tobediscarded被拋棄B.tohavebeenabandoned被遺棄

C.havingcastaway丟掉D.havingbeendeserted被拋棄

【考查點(diǎn)】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)修飾theheroineSarah（女主人公莎拉），通過(guò)介詞by可知，此處表示被動(dòng)，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知是表示“拋棄”，desert強(qiáng)調(diào)“違背允諾、誓言或責(zé)任”違，尤其指“背叛、擅離職守”，所以D項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)discard強(qiáng)調(diào)拋棄、丟棄無(wú)用的事物或永遠(yuǎn)放棄某個(gè)信念；

B項(xiàng)abandon強(qiáng)調(diào)完全、永遠(yuǎn)地遺棄，尤其指遺棄以前負(fù)有責(zé)任的人或物；

C項(xiàng)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且castaway（丟掉）不符合句意。

【句意】書(shū)中的主人公查爾斯是一位傳統(tǒng)的19世紀(jì)紳士；被愛(ài)人拋棄的女主人公莎拉是一個(gè)“墮落的女人”，查爾斯試圖幫助她。

14.單選題

Mygrandpagavemeawatch,whichismadeofgold,（）Ikeeptothisday.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.andthus

B.and

C.so

D.andwhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。題目中有兩個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)也需用關(guān)系代詞which，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，所以也不能省略，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

15.單選題

AntiwarchampionRep.JohnMurthawantstoattachconditionsontheimpendingsupplemental_______billtofundthewar.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.approbations

B.approximations

C.apprehensions

D.appropriations

【答案】D

【解析】approbation官方批準(zhǔn),認(rèn)可;approximation接近,近似值;apprehension理解,恐懼,逮捕；appropriation挪用,撥款。句意：反戰(zhàn)派共和黨員JohnMurtha希望對(duì)即將通過(guò)的為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)提供資金的追加撥款法案附加條件。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

16.問(wèn)答題

ThequestionIamaskedmostoftennowadaysisthis:arewebackto2008andanotherglobal

A

financialcrisisandrecession?Myanswerisastraightforwardno,butthattherecentepisodeof

B

C

globalfinancialmarketturmoilisliketobemoreseriousthananyperiodofvolatilityandrisk-off

D

behaviorsince2009.

【答案】試題答案：D;likely

【解析】考查固定搭配。belikelyto意為“可能”。

17.單選題

Thecountrycarriedonnucleartestswithoutfeelingapprehensiveabouttheconsequences.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.optimistic

B.anxious

C.uncertain

D.scared

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。apprehensive表示“憂慮的，不安的”；A項(xiàng)optimistic“樂(lè)觀的”，B項(xiàng)anxious“焦慮的”，C項(xiàng)uncertain“不確定的”，D項(xiàng)scared“害怕的”。句意：這個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行了核試驗(yàn)，并不擔(dān)心其后果。根據(jù)句意可知，選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Student:HowlongcanIkeepthebook?

Librarian:_______________

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Anyperiodlongerthanfourweeks,youwillbefined.

B.Youcancheckitonthecomputeroverthere.

C.Fourweeks,butyoucanrenewitifyouneeditlonger.

D.Atmostfourweeksifyoudon’tmind.

【答案】C

【解析】考查句意理解。這是發(fā)生在學(xué)生與圖書(shū)管理員之問(wèn)的對(duì)話，學(xué)生問(wèn)及“圖書(shū)能保留多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，只有C選項(xiàng)最合適：“四周，但如果需要的話可以續(xù)借”故選C。A項(xiàng)“任何超過(guò)四周的時(shí)間，你都將被罰款”，B項(xiàng)“你可以在那邊的電腦上查一下”，D項(xiàng)“如果你不介意的話最多四個(gè)星期”，均不符合。

19.單選題

InItaly,itisgoodmannersforaman[A]togreetanothermanwithanembraceandakiss[B]oneverycheek.[C]NotsoinSouthTexas,wheremenstand3feetapartand[D]at90degreeanglestoconversewithoneanother.Allcultureshaverulesandifyouviolatethem,youwillbeexcluded.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.greetanotherman

B.oneverycheek

C.NotsoinSouthTexas

D.at90degreeangles

【答案】B

【解析】考查代詞用法。B選項(xiàng)中的every指三個(gè)或以上的人或事物的全體，而一個(gè)人的臉頰只有兩邊，應(yīng)將every改為each。

20.單選題

Therepublication(再版)ofthepoet’smostrecentworkswillcertainly（

）hisnationalreputation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.magnify

B.enlarge

C.strengthen

D.enhance

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。magnify放大；enlarge擴(kuò)大；strengthen鞏固，加強(qiáng)；enhance提高，增加。

句意：這位詩(shī)人最新作品的再次出版必將提高他在全國(guó)的聲譽(yù)。選項(xiàng)D更符合語(yǔ)境。

21.單選題

China’s（

）culturalheritageshouldbebetterprotectedthroughincreasedeffortstopreserveendangeredart.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.indivisible

B.intelligible

C.intangible

D.inalienable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)indivisible“分不開(kāi)的，不可分割的”；B選項(xiàng)intelligible“易懂的，容易理解的”；C選項(xiàng)intangible“難以形容（或理解）的，無(wú)形的（指沒(méi)有實(shí)體存在的資本性資產(chǎn)）”；D選項(xiàng)inalienable“不可剝奪（或分割）的”。由culturalheritage（文化遺產(chǎn)）及語(yǔ)境可知選C。句意：中國(guó)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)應(yīng)該通過(guò)加大努力保護(hù)瀕危藝術(shù)而得到更好的保護(hù)。

22.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美國(guó)政府工作人員屬于工會(huì)而現(xiàn)在是36%。而由最后兩句“In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.”可知，2009年，美國(guó)公共部門(mén)工會(huì)成員的數(shù)量超過(guò)了私營(yíng)部門(mén)工會(huì)成員的數(shù)量。在英國(guó)，超過(guò)一半的公共部門(mén)員工加入了工會(huì)，但只有15%的私營(yíng)部門(mén)員工加入了工會(huì)。由此可以判斷，這么多年來(lái)，公共部門(mén)的工會(huì)成員人數(shù)有所增加，所以C選項(xiàng)表述正確。原文只是說(shuō)明JimmyHoffa如果活著可能會(huì)代表公務(wù)員，并不是說(shuō)他真的是公務(wù)員，因此A選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容不符。B選項(xiàng)“卡車(chē)司機(jī)成員不斷增加”與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文只是說(shuō)1960年卡車(chē)司機(jī)處于巔峰時(shí)期，故表述錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“政府改善了它與工會(huì)的關(guān)系”，在原文中并未提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)：根據(jù)第二段可以得出……。原文第二段主要介紹了工會(huì)興盛的三個(gè)原因，原因一：他們可以在不承擔(dān)后果的情況下解決事情；原因二：他們大多聰明且受過(guò)良好的教育；原因三：他們現(xiàn)在主導(dǎo)著中間偏左的政治。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)表述正確，withoutsufferingmuch說(shuō)明他們很少惹上麻煩，即seldomgetintrouble。原文第二段第四句指出“AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree”，所以并不是所有的公共部門(mén)工會(huì)成員都被要求擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位?？膳袛郃選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。由原因三可知，工黨一直和工會(huì)聯(lián)系在一起，工黨領(lǐng)袖的當(dāng)選部分原因歸功于公共部分工會(huì)的投票，可判斷B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)的表述在原文中并未提及，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)：從第四段可以得知，國(guó)營(yíng)部門(mén)的收入是……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通過(guò)Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.可知，政客們一再“加碼”公共部門(mén)的薪酬協(xié)議，要保持適度的工資增長(zhǎng)，但要增加假期，尤其是已經(jīng)很豐厚的養(yǎng)老金。由此可知，國(guó)營(yíng)部門(mén)的收入需要間接進(jìn)行提高?？膳袛郈選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)表示“公平調(diào)整”，B選項(xiàng)表示“非法獲得”，D選項(xiàng)表示“過(guò)度增加”，均與原文內(nèi)容不符，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)：我們可以從威斯康辛州工會(huì)的例子中了解到，工會(huì)應(yīng)該……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor”，根據(jù)句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工會(huì)集結(jié)了數(shù)千支持者，反對(duì)共和黨強(qiáng)硬派州長(zhǎng)ScottWalker。由此可知B選項(xiàng)“工會(huì)是公共部門(mén)改革的障礙”表述正確。A選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常與當(dāng)前的政治體制相抵觸”屬于推斷過(guò)度，而C選項(xiàng)“能改變?nèi)藗兊恼螒B(tài)度”和D選項(xiàng)“在政府中占主導(dǎo)地位”在原文中均為提及。因此，本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問(wèn)：JohnDonahue對(duì)公共工會(huì)部門(mén)的態(tài)度是……。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.”可知，銀行家豐厚的薪水引來(lái)了許多批評(píng)，但公共部門(mén)系統(tǒng)不獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)高成就者，這對(duì)美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)可能是一個(gè)更大的問(wèn)題。由此可見(jiàn)，JohnDonahue對(duì)于美國(guó)的公共部門(mén)持有不支持的態(tài)度，因此B選項(xiàng)Disapproval最符合原文內(nèi)容，故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)表示“容忍”，C選項(xiàng)表示“漠不關(guān)心”，D選項(xiàng)表示“贊賞”。

23.單選題

Thedoctortoldthestudentsthata(n)（

）diseasewasonethatcouldbepassedfromonepersontoanother.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.effective

B.infectious

C.coherent

D.inherent

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)effective“有效的，起作用的”；B選項(xiàng)infectious“傳染的”；C選項(xiàng)coherent“連貫的，一致的”；D選項(xiàng)inherent“固有的，內(nèi)在的”。

句意：醫(yī)生告訴學(xué)生傳染病是一種可以從一個(gè)人傳染給另一個(gè)人的疾病。infectiousdisease意為“傳染病”，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

24.單選題

Lindawas（

）theexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tostart

B.tohavestarted

C.tobestarting

D.tohavebeenstarting

【答案】B

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。wasto表示將來(lái)過(guò)去時(shí)，havedone表示本來(lái)要做而沒(méi)有做，根據(jù)句意選B。

句意：Linda本來(lái)在一個(gè)月前要做實(shí)驗(yàn)的，但她最后改變了主意。

25.填空題

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,thereisonepartthatisgrammaticallyincorrect.Markouttheerroneouspartandthenputthecorrectforminthebracketsfollowingthesentence.

36.Basingontheresearchoftheforeignlanguage,thispaperconcludesthewaystolearnEnglishwell.（）

37.Nations,sensingathreatoftheireconomies,triedtotakeactionstoprotectthemselves.（）

38.Thefundwasdesignedtoencouragingthegrowthofinternationaltradebystabilizingcurrencies.（）

39