書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南工程職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)是20世紀(jì)美國最重要的本土法學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，不僅對(duì)美國的法學(xué)教育和學(xué)術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響，而且對(duì)美國的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響）可知A選項(xiàng)“美國法律教育”，B選項(xiàng)“美國法律學(xué)術(shù)”，C選項(xiàng)“美國法律改革”符合原文；D選項(xiàng)“美國律師”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

72.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.（與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同，美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者是律師（加上一些社會(huì)科學(xué)家），而不是哲學(xué)家，因此，他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是不同的）可以推測出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者們是哲學(xué)家，選A選項(xiàng)“是哲學(xué)家”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“主要是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸”錯(cuò)誤，原文只是說美國法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說的法律的延伸，沒有說斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是否是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸，B選項(xiàng)偷換概念；第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).（作為律師，他們（指的是美國的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者）與當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的“機(jī)械法學(xué)”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認(rèn)為，法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來判決案件，這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件（也許是每一個(gè)案件）中證明一個(gè)獨(dú)特的結(jié)果是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“與‘機(jī)械法學(xué)’相抵觸”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.（由于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者從未對(duì)法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學(xué)預(yù)設(shè)，因此，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者今天的重要法理學(xué)任務(wù)之一就是對(duì)這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)重構(gòu)和辯護(hù)，尤其是反對(duì)法律哲學(xué)家的批評(píng)，尤其是H.L.A.Hart）可知C選項(xiàng)“這些觀點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)重建和辯護(hù)是必要的”符合原文；第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.（相反，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者認(rèn)為，對(duì)法院如何真正判決案件進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院的判決主要不是因?yàn)榉?，而是基于（粗略地說）他們對(duì)案件事實(shí)的判斷）可知A選項(xiàng)“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律，而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明，法院決定案件主要是因?yàn)榉伞卞e(cuò)誤；第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.（法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化）可知B選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時(shí)合理化”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

74.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…（但現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也帶有知識(shí)文化的印記，它確實(shí)與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?！皩?shí)證主義”的，因?yàn)樗炎匀豢茖W(xué)視為所有真知的范式……）可知選C選項(xiàng)“以自然科學(xué)為所有真知的范式”；A選項(xiàng)“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒有通過對(duì)法院實(shí)際行動(dòng)的實(shí)際觀察而得到‘確認(rèn)’”，B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)方法”以及D選項(xiàng)“所有學(xué)科都應(yīng)該仿效自然科學(xué)的方法”并不符合題意，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Plasticsarethebestinsulatorofelectricity,rubber（

）itclosely.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.following

B.followed

C.tofollow

D.beingfollowed

【答案】A

【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞的不定式表示將來或目的，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)。句中的it指代plastic，此處表示rubber緊跟plastic后面，為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此選A。句意：塑料是最好的絕緣材料，橡膠緊隨其后。

3.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart:lateinthetwentiethcenturyanambivalentrelationexistsbecauseofthemodernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentrationonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPopduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalmodernistpaintingthatisabstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,CandinskyandMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart,photography,likePoppainting,andreassuresviewersthatartisnothard:photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthesecondparagraph？(Thesentenceinitalics.)

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(inthethirdparagraph)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth——centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

6.Accordingtothepassage,certainseriouscontemporaryphotographersexpresslymakewhichofthefollowingclaimsabouttheirphotographs?

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.paradoxical

B.mechanical

C.superficial

D.dramatic

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart

B.callattentiontoartistswhoseworksoftenbearaphysicalresemblancetotheworksofseriouscontemporaryphotographers

C.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters

D.provideacontrasttoPopartistsandotherswhocreatedworksthatexemplifytheModernistheritageinart

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.ameansofmakingpeoplefamiliarwithremotelocalesandunfamiliarthings

B.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity

C.adeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially

D.anartcomparabletopainting

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thephotographers’beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrendersoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision

B.Thephotographers’fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic

C.TheinfluenceofAbstractExpressionistpaintingandPopArtonthesubjectmatterofthemodemphotograph

D.Thephotographers’beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Theirphotographscouldbecreatedbyalmostanyonewhohadacameraandthetimetodevotetotheactivity.

B.Theirphotographsarenotexamplesofartbutareexamplesofthephotographers’impartialobservationoftheworld.

C.Theirphotographsareimportantbecauseoftheirsubjectsbutnotbecauseoftheresponsestheyevokeinviewers.

D.Theirphotographsexhibitthesameagelessprinciplesofformandshadingthathavebeenusedinpainting

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.contemporaryartthatisstrugglingtobeacceptedasfineart

B.craftrequiringsensitivitybutnomeansanart

C.mechanicalcopyingofreality

D.modemartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingalmsofart

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:B

第7題:A

【解析】1.文章主旨題。A選項(xiàng)‘界定現(xiàn)代主義者對(duì)藝術(shù)的態(tài)度‘、B選項(xiàng)’解釋攝影是如何作為美術(shù)出現(xiàn)的‘和D選項(xiàng)’界定當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅攝影家對(duì)待他們藝術(shù)所具有的各種觀點(diǎn)，并評(píng)定每種觀點(diǎn)的價(jià)值‘這三項(xiàng)只是文內(nèi)提到的某些方面，不是主要的。C選項(xiàng)’說明當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家對(duì)攝影作為藝術(shù)的態(tài)度，并把他們這些態(tài)度放在歷史的進(jìn)程來觀察‘符合題意。

2.作者觀點(diǎn)題。根據(jù)文章第二段showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.顯示出他們對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義勝利強(qiáng)加給他們的藝術(shù)概念的想當(dāng)然程度:藝術(shù)越好，它對(duì)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)目標(biāo)的顛覆性就越大。所以該題作者表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是矛盾的，A選項(xiàng)“矛盾的”符合題意。B“機(jī)械的”，C“膚淺的”和D“戲劇性的”與文章不符，排除。

3.語義理解題。作者列舉這樣藝術(shù)家的例子，他們像當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家一樣拋棄了傳統(tǒng)的被接受的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)目的。文章第三段第二句提到“例如,那些假設(shè)的攝影師,通過拍照,他們越來越遠(yuǎn)離以繪畫藝術(shù)的自命不凡提醒我們的抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家想象他們擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫的知識(shí)緊縮濃度的身體行為繪畫?！彼訟選項(xiàng)‘提供一個(gè)藝術(shù)家的例子，他們像嚴(yán)肅的當(dāng)代攝影師一樣，否認(rèn)傳統(tǒng)上接受的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)目標(biāo)‘正確。B、C、D選項(xiàng)與題意不相符，排除。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文中第一段最后一句‘Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.有人指責(zé)攝影是沒有靈魂的、機(jī)械地復(fù)制現(xiàn)實(shí)，攝影師們反駁說，攝影是一種特殊的觀看方式，是對(duì)普通視覺的反抗，和繪畫一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值?！_定D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段末尾提到‘Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.那些重要攝影師不再愿意辯論是否或不是藝術(shù)攝影,除了宣稱自己的工作不涉及藝術(shù),顯示在多大程度上他們只是理所當(dāng)然的概念藝術(shù)由現(xiàn)代主義的勝利:藝術(shù)、越好越顛覆傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)?！_定D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。文章第二段第二句提到“Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.嚴(yán)肅的攝影師們聲稱自己在尋找、記錄、公正地觀察、見證事件、探索自我——但絕不是在創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品?！彼訠選項(xiàng)‘他們的照片不是藝術(shù)的例子，而是攝影師公正地觀察世界的例子?！罘?。A，B，C項(xiàng)文章沒有提及。

7.作者觀點(diǎn)題。B選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)只講究細(xì)致而不講究藝術(shù)的工藝”和C選項(xiàng)“復(fù)制現(xiàn)實(shí)的機(jī)械”與作者觀點(diǎn)相悖，排除，D項(xiàng)描述是現(xiàn)代攝影的現(xiàn)狀，排除。所以A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we（）soformally.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.needn’tdressup

B.didnotneeddressup

C.didnotneedhavedressedup

D.needn’thavedressedup

【答案】D

【解析】句意：原來是一個(gè)小型的家庭聚會(huì)，我們本沒有必要穿得那么正式。Need的否定形式為needn’t，所以首先排除選項(xiàng)B和C。needn’thavedone表示不需要做某事卻做了。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

5.單選題

Theyoungmathteachergaveherstudentsextraworktodobecauseshewas______byallthenoiseandthetalkingintheclassroom.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exasperated

B.aggregated

C.perturbed

D.assailed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)exasperate“激怒，使惱怒”，B項(xiàng)aggregate“集合，聚集”，C項(xiàng)perturb“擾亂，使……混亂”，D項(xiàng)assail“攻擊，質(zhì)問”。由Theyoungmathteachergaveherstudentsextraworktodo（這位年輕的數(shù)學(xué)老師給她的學(xué)生布置了額外的作業(yè)）和noiseandthetalkingintheclassroom（教室里的噪音和講話聲），結(jié)合常識(shí)，可知空格處填入A項(xiàng)符合。句意：這位年輕的數(shù)學(xué)老師給她的學(xué)生布置了額外的作業(yè)，因?yàn)樗唤淌依锏脑胍艉椭v話聲激怒了。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

France's（

）ofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpolitical

debatesandmassdemonstrations.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assumption

B.consumption

C.presumption

D.resumption

【答案】D

【解析】上個(gè)月法國在南太平洋恢復(fù)核測試引起了政治討論和大規(guī)模示威活動(dòng)。

名詞辨析題。assumption“假定，設(shè)想，擔(dān)任；采取”；consumption“消費(fèi)，消耗”；presumption“放肆，傲慢；推測”；resumption“恢復(fù)，取回，重獲”。由句中“triggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.引起了政治討論和大規(guī)模示威活動(dòng)”可知空格處的含義是“上個(gè)月法國在南太平洋恢復(fù)核測試”，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Themostsuccessfulpost-careerathletesarethosewhocantaketheidentityandlifeskillstheylearnedinsportsand（）themtoanotherareaoflife.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.utilize

B.employ

C.apply

D.exert

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。utilize“利用”；employ“使用，采用”；apply“申請，應(yīng)用”；exert“運(yùn)用，發(fā)揮”。句意：最成功的退役后的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是那些將他們從運(yùn)動(dòng)中學(xué)到的技巧和同一性運(yùn)用到生活的其他領(lǐng)域的人。C項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Asmanyas100speciesoffish,some（

）tothesewaters,mayhavebeenaffectedbythepollution.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.unusual

B.particular

C.typical

D.unique

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。unusual“不尋常的”；particular“特別的，詳細(xì)的”；typical“典型的”；unique“獨(dú)一無二的”。句意：在這片水域有100多種魚類，有些是獨(dú)一無二的，已經(jīng)被污水影響了。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

9.單選題

Thoughsteamengineshavenowpassedthe______oftheirusefulness,theirheritageremains.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prime

B.era

C.epoch

D.date

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.prime年富力強(qiáng)的時(shí)期；鼎盛時(shí)期B.era時(shí)代；年代

C.epoch紀(jì)元；時(shí)期D.date日期；日子

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息passedthe______oftheirusefulness（過了它們使用的______）和主句theirheritageremains（但它的傳統(tǒng)依然存在）可推知，該句表示的是“即使蒸汽機(jī)過了當(dāng)初的鼎盛時(shí)期，但它的傳統(tǒng)依然存在至今”，空格處表示“鼎盛時(shí)期”符合句意，故該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、C項(xiàng)都是指歷史上的一段時(shí)期，尤指發(fā)生重要事件或變化的時(shí)期，不符合句意；

D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】盡管蒸汽機(jī)現(xiàn)在已不再有用，但它的傳統(tǒng)依然存在。

10.單選題

Thedirectorwascritical______thewayweweredoingthework.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.of

B.with

C.at

D.in

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查固定搭配。句意：主任對(duì)我們工作的方式提出了批評(píng)。becriticalofsb./sth.“對(duì)某人/某事批判”，A選項(xiàng)of符合題意。其余選項(xiàng)用法錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Wedon't（

）anydifficultiesincompletingtheprojectsolongaswekeepwithinourbudget.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.foresee

B.fabricate

C.infer

D.inhibit

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)foresee“預(yù)見；預(yù)知”；B選項(xiàng)fabricate“制造；偽造；裝配”；C選項(xiàng)infer“推斷；推論”；D選項(xiàng)inhibit“抑制；禁止”。句意：只要我們不超出預(yù)算，我們就無法……完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目就沒有什么困難。完成項(xiàng)目的困難在于預(yù)算不夠，不超預(yù)算則不應(yīng)有困難，也就是現(xiàn)在“看不到有什么困難”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Havingfinishedtheirmorningwork,theclerksstoodupbehindtheirdesks,（

）themselves.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.expanding

B.prolonging

C.stretching

D.extending

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)expand“擴(kuò)大，增加”；B選項(xiàng)prolong“延長，拉長”；C選項(xiàng)stretch“伸展”；D選項(xiàng)extend“延伸”。此處表示“伸展身體”，因此選C。句意：早上的工作做完后，職員們站在桌子后面伸展身體。

13.單選題

Throughouthistorymanhaschangedhisphysicalenvironmentinordertoimprovehiswayoflife.

Withthetoolsoftechnologyhehasalteredmanyphysicalfeaturesoftheearth.Hehastransformedwoodlandsintofarmland,andmadelakesandreservoirsoutofriversforirrigationpurposeorhydroelectricpower.Manhasalsomodifiedthefaceoftheearthbydrainingmarshesandcuttingthroughmountainstobuildroadsandrailways.However,man’schangestophysicalenvironmenthavenotalwayshadbeneficialresults.Today,pollutionoftheairandwaterisanincreasingdangertothehealthoftheplanet.Eachdaythousandsoftonscomeoutoftheexhaustsofmotorvehicles;smokefromfactoriespollutestheairofindustrializedareasandthesurroundingareasofcountryside.Theairincitiesisbecomingincreasinglyunhealthy.

Thepollutionofwaterisequallyharmful.Inthesea,pollutionfromoilisincreasingandiskillingenormousnumbersofalgae（水藻）,fishandbirds.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheseaisbeingchanged.Thesameproblemexistsinrivers.Industrialwasteshavealreadymademanyriverslifeless.

Conservationistsbelievethatitisnownecessaryformantolimitthegrowthoftechnologyinordertosurviveonearth.

1.Manhaschangedhisphysicalenvironmentwithaviewto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,pollutionoftheairandwateriscausedby（）.

3.Theecologicalbalanceoftheseaislostwhen（）.

4.Whowouldmostprobablydisagreewithconservationists??

5.Thepurposeofthewriteris（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.alteringthephysicalfeatureoftheearth

B.betteringhiswayoflife

C.improvinghissurroundings

D.modifyingthefaceoftheplanet

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thousandsoftonsofgasescomingoutoftheexhaustsofmotorvehicles

B.thechangesoftheenvironmentthattechnologyhasbroughttoman

C.theincreasingamountofoilthathasbeenproduced

D.industrialwastesdischargedintorivers

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.peopleconsumemorefishthantheyusedto

B.theecologicalbalanceoftheriverislost

C.largenumbersofalgae,fishandbirdsarekilled

D.theproductionofmarinepetroleumisincreased

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Industrialists.

B.Ecologists.

C.Businessmen.

D.Environmentalists.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.toreducemoderntechnology

B.toimproveman’swayoflife

C.towarnpeoplenottochangethenaturalenvironment

D.tocallattentiontotheprotectionofthenaturalenvironment

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段Throughouthistorymanhaschangedhisphysicalenvironmentinordertoimprovehiswayoflife.縱觀歷史，人類改變自然環(huán)境以改善生活方式。故B項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第二段Withthetoolsoftechnologyhehasalteredmanyphysicalfeaturesoftheearth.借助科技工具，人類改變了地球的許多物理特征。以及However,man’schangestophysicalenvironmenthavenotalwayshadbeneficialresults.Today,pollutionoftheairandwaterisanincreasingdangertothehealthoftheplanet.然而，人類對(duì)自然環(huán)境的改變并不總是帶來有益的結(jié)果。今天，空氣和水的污染對(duì)地球的健康造成越來越嚴(yán)重的威脅?？芍廴竞涂諝馕廴臼怯捎谌祟惤柚萍几淖兞俗匀画h(huán)境造成的。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段“Thepollutionofwaterisequallyharmful.Inthesea,pollutionfromoilisincreasingandiskillingenormousnumbersofalgae,fishandbirds.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheseaisbeingchanged.水的污染也同樣有害。在海里,石油污染增加,造成大量的藻類(水藻),魚和鳥死亡。整個(gè)海洋的生態(tài)平衡正在被改變?！笨芍孱?、魚和鳥的大量死亡導(dǎo)致海洋生態(tài)失衡。故C項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。由最后一段“Conservationistsbelievethatitisnownecessaryformantolimitthegrowthoftechnologyinordertosurviveonearth.自然資源保護(hù)論者認(rèn)為，為了在地球上生存，人類現(xiàn)在有必要限制科技的發(fā)展?！笨芍匀毁Y源保護(hù)論者認(rèn)為要限制科技的發(fā)展，而阻礙科技的發(fā)展不利于工業(yè)的發(fā)展，所以工業(yè)家很可能會(huì)發(fā)對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

5.作者意圖題。本文主要講述了環(huán)保的重要性，從空氣污染，到水污染，再到破壞整個(gè)生態(tài)平衡。所有的這些都是在呼吁大家來保護(hù)地球，保護(hù)我們的生存壞境。故D項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Itisconsiderednot（

）tolitterinpublicplaces.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.respectful

B.respected

C.respectable

D.respective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。respectful“對(duì)……恭敬的，尊敬的”；respected“受尊敬的，德高望重的”；respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的，體面的”；respective“各自的，分別的”。句意：在公共場所亂丟東西被認(rèn)為是不被人尊敬的。C項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.單選題

Everyonehasalegal（

）toprovidethetaxofficewithdetailsoftheirearnings.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.refinement

B.constriction

C.obligation

D.impulsion

【答案】C

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)refinement“改進(jìn)，改善”；B選項(xiàng)constriction“收縮，壓縮”；C選項(xiàng)obligation“義務(wù)，職責(zé)”；D選項(xiàng)impulsion“沖動(dòng)”。

句意：每個(gè)人都有法律義務(wù)向稅務(wù)局提供他們收入的詳細(xì)情況。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

16.單選題

ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeen,untilrecently,inthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimes,sculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmen,partly,perhaps,forpurelyphysicalreasons;itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstone,carvingwood,orworkinginmetal.Ithasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartists,andithasbeenintheUnitedStates,especiallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixties,thatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates;whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940,itwasonlyafter1945——whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld——thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen.

ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelson,whointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.Onefamousandinfluentialcritic,HiltonKramer,saidofherwork.“Formyself,IthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.”

HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicasso,theSurrealisticobjectsofMiro,andtheMerzbauofSchwitters.Nevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyallofthese,aswellasbyAfricansculpture,andbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianart,butshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays,“Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhere,exceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.”

Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcrates,brokenpiecesoffurniture,andabandonedarchitecturalornaments,allofwhichshehashoardedforyears,sheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketches,shegluesandnailsobjectstogether,paintsthemblack,ormorerarelywhiteorgold,andplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblages,walls,evenentireenvironmentscreateamysterious,almostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworks,theirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitles,suchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedral,suggestsuchconnotations.Insomeways,hermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpture,blitthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory.

1.Thepassagefocusesprimarilyonwhichofthefollowing?

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationgiveninthepassage?

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieveswhichofthefollowingaboutNevelson’ssculptures?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutNevelson’ssculpturescanbeinferredfromthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ageneraltendencyintwentieth-centuryart

B.Theworkofaparticularartist

C.Theartisticinfluencesonwomensculptors

D.Criticalresponsestotwentieth-centurysculpture

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Priorto1945therewaslittlemajorsculptureproducedbymenorwomensculptorsworkingintheUnitedStates.

B.Since1950sculptureproducedintheUnitedStateshasbeenthemostoriginalandcreativesculptureproducedanywhere.

C.From1900to1950womensculptorsinEuropeenjoyedmorerecognitionfortheirworkthandidwomensculptorsintheUnitedStates.

D.Priorto1945thereweremanywomensculptorswhoseworkwasignoredbycritics.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyshowtheinfl