Inpairsdiscussthesequestions:1Whatisanavigator?

Anavigatorexploresnewroutesacrossthesea.2Whatisthedifferencebetweenanavigatorandanexplorer?

Anavigatorexploresthesea;anexplorerdiscoversnewplacesonland.WarmingUpInpairsdiscussthesequestio3Lookatthesefamouspeople.Aretheynavigatorsorexplorers?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem?

Navigatorseanauticalinstrumentsfindnewislandsorcontinents

Navigatorissomeonewhofindsthepositionandplotsthecourseofaship,anaircraft,acar,etc,usingmapsandinstruments.3Lookatthesefamouspeopl

Explorerlanduseofcompassandlandmarksfindnewplaceswithinanalreadyidentifiedislandorcontinent

Explorerissomeonewhotravelsintoorthroughaplaceinordertolearnaboutit.

Veryoftennavigatorsarealsoexplorers.ExplorerlandLookatthepictures.Thenanswerthequestions.1Howdoyouthinkseamenfoundtheirwaybeforemodernaccuratemethodsofnavigationwereinvented?

Keptclosetotheshore,usednaturesuchasthesun,wind,birds,tide,etc,tohelpthem,andusedsomeoftheinstrumentsincludingacompass,astrolabe,etc.Pre-readingLookatthepictures.Thenans

2Whichdoyouthinkwaseasiertoworkout:latitudeorlongitude?

Latitude,becauseitwasusedtomeasurehowfaryouhadtravelledfromlandonastraightline.Itwasdiscoveredalongtimebeforelongitude.2Whichdoyouthinkwasea3Canyouidentifytheseearlynavigationalinstrumentsseamenusedandexplainhowtheyareused?

1_________________________

2_________

3_________

4________________________4Whichonesdoyouthinkarestillusedtoday?

Spass(inancientChina)astrolabesextantsea/nautical/marinechart3Canyouidentifytheseear

Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1Whatistheuseofabearingcircle,astrolabe,quadrantorsextant?()Whatistheuseofacompass?()AtosetthecourseoftheshipBtomeasurethepositionoftheshipCtomeasurethespeedoftheshipDtotellthetime

Comprehending1BAReadthepassageandan

2

Whyarespeedandtimeimportantinworkingoutthelongitudeofaship?

Speedandtimeareimportantinfindingoutthelongitudeofashipbecausetheearthmovesfifteendegreeswestwardseveryhour.Ifyouknowyourdirection,speedandtime,youcanworkouttheapproximatelongitudeorchangeinyourpositioninrelationtothestars.

2Whyarespeedandtimeim

3

Whyisthepositionofthesunandvariousstarsusefulforworkingoutlatitude?

Thepositionofthesunandstarsareusefulforworkingoutlatitudebecausetheyarefixedpointsintheskyandtheirmovementsinrelationtotheeartharealreadyknown.Sotheycanbeusedtomeasureaship'sposition.

3Whyisthepositionofth

SupposeyouwereaseacaptainaimingtosailroundAfrica.Discussingroups:

1Whatskillswouldyouseekinyoursailors?

Thesailorswouldneedtobeexcellentnavigators,abletocopewithbothhotandcoldweather,experiencedinsailingthroughverybadweatherandabletoco-operateinateam.

2Supposeyouwereaseac

2Whatproblemswouldyouanticipateforthisjourney?

Iwouldanticipateveryhotweather(aroundtheequator),coldweather(aroundtheCapeofGoodHope),verystormyseas(aroundtheCape),andproblemswithfoodandwater(unlesshelpedbylocalnativesthewatermaybecontaminatedandthefoodscarce),etc.2Whatproblemswouldyouan

Whatwouldyoudoifyoucameacrossthefollowingproblemsduringyourvoyage?Readthechartbelowandfillinyourplansofactiontodealwiththem.3Whatwouldyoudoif:Planofaction

Youwerefarfromlandandastormarose.waittillthestormisover,andthenfindyournewpositionandreturntoyouroriginalcourseWhatwouldyoudoifyouYouknewyourlatitudebutdidn'tknowyourlongitude.Youwereblownoff-course.useknotstofindyourspeedandworkoutyourapproximatelongitude

usethecompassandtheastrolabe,quadrantorsextanttofindoutyourposition,returntoyourformercourse

useknotstofindyourspeedaYouwereoffshorebutyouneededmorefoodandwater.Youwantedtokeepastraightcourse.follownestingbirdstoshore;lookforspecialcloudformationsorfogoverstreamstofindlanduseacompass

follownestingbirdstoshore;Youwerelostwithnolandinsight.measureyourpositionusingthesunorstars;lookforseabirds,cloudformations,fogorseaweedtoshowthatlandisnearbymeasureyourpositionusingth

Readthepassageagainandusetheinformationtoanalysethenavigationalskills.Writetheanswersinyourownwords.Usingnature

1Tofindtheship'spositionatseaasailorusedtheNorthStarandthesun.

4Readthepassageagaina

2Asailorknewthatlandwasnearbyifhesaw_____________________________________________________.3Sailorsused________________________toincreasetheirspeed.

freshseaweed,nestingbirdsreturninghomeintheeveningorfogseacurrentsortidesandwinds2Asailorknewthatlandwa

Usinginstruments

4Thereweretwomethodstofindlongitude:1_________________________

2___________________________________________.measuringtimeandspeedcompassandcomplicatedmathematicaltablesUsinginstrumentsmeasuring

5Writedowntheworkingprinciplesofthefollowinginstruments:Beatingcircle:_______________________________________________________________.Astrolabe:

_______________________________________________________________.tocomparetheheightofthesunnowwiththepositionofthe'sunatmidday

tocomparethepositionoftheshipinrelationtosomestarsorthesun5WritedowntheworkingprQuadrant:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.amorepreciseformoftheastrolabe,tomeasurehowhighstarsareabovethehorizon,andcomparethatmeasurementwithpreviousmeasurements(usingtheshipasoneofthefixedpointstofinditsposition)Quadrant:____________________Sextant:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Imagineyouareonaboatwithtwenty-nineotherpeople.Youhaveasmallboxforyourpersonalthingsbutitcanonlyholdtenitems.Whatwouldyouneedforaweek'sjourneyacrosstheNorthSeatoEngland?anupdatedversionofthequadrantandsoitwasmoreaccurate,tomeasuretheanglebetweentwofixedpointsoutsidetheship(usingtwomirrorstofindtheship'sposition)5Sextant:_____________________CategoryItemsCategoryItemsClothesShoesHygieneToolsBeddingMedicinesGamesBooksshirt,trouserswaterproofbootssoapscissors,knifeblanketsea-sicktablets,coldmedicine

cards,chessnovels,essaycollections

CategoryItemsCategoryItemsClot

Replacethewordsunderlinedbyonesofsimilarmeaningfromthereadingpassage.

1Seeingthedarkcloudsabovehim,Georgehurriedforhome.2SailingaboatalonefarawayfromtheshoremadeFlora'sparentsworryabouthersafety.

LearningaboutLanguage1overheadoffshoreReplacethewordsunderl

3Clare,wouldyoupleaseputyourbicyclenexttotheothersintheshed?4"Whydon'tyouplotamoresimpleroutewiththesmallestnumberofstops?"askedMary.5Settingoutonalongjourneybyseawithunskilledsailorswouldbedangerousespeciallyiftherewerenomodernnavigationalinstruments.

alongsidesimplifiedminimumvoyageseamen3Clare,wouldyoupleasepu

Findthewordsfromthereadingpassagethataretheoppositeofthesecompoundwords.____________anywhere____________upload____________inward____________unreliable____________landflower____________strongpoint

2nowheredownloadoutwardreliableseaweedshortcomingFindthewordsfromtheWritedownthewordsyouknow,whicharerelatedtonavigationandsea.3NavigationSeanavigate,navigational(instruments:compass,bearingcircle,astrolabe,quadrant,sextant),sail,sailor,voyage,latitude,longitude,equator,horizon,captain,sailor,land,island,setsail,nauticalmiddles,explore,explorationseaman,seaweed,seafood,shore,offshore,onshore,beach,beach-ballseabed,sea-bird,seagull,seashell,seaside,seawater,seasick,coast,coastline,coastal,tide,wave,current,

Writedownthewordsyouk

Completethefollowingparagraphwiththewordsbelow.Samuelthesailorwasextremelygoodatplottinghiscourseusingthestarsasa_______.Onedayhewasdeterminedtosetoutona_______acrossanunknownseatoanunknowncontinent.Hesetoutwithhisinstrumentssohewouldnotbeatthe_____ofthesea.Hefoundonhis________journeyarockyisland.Itseemedtobecoveredinnests.Suddenly,asSamuellooked,anenormousbirdswoopeddown4referencevoyagemercyoutwardCompletethefollowingp

andpickedhimupasifhewerea/an______parcel.It________itsspeedandrosestraightupintotheairsoastoreachthe_______placeontherockswhereitsnestlay.Oncethere,itshookitselfandthrewSamuelinthe__________directionofthenest.Thereseemedtobe________tohidebutthenhenoticedlotsof________onhisleftandquicklyhidunderit.Thebirdlandednearbyandpecked_________attherocks.Samuelrolledoverswiftlyandfoundhimselfattheedgeofthecliff.Helookedawkwardacceleratepreciseapproximate

nowhereseaweedrandomlyandpickedhimupasifhedownslowlywithabeatingheart.Belowhimwashisboatlying________theshore!"HowluckyIam!"Samuelthoughttohimself.Hethengaveamightyleapandlandedinit.Onceinsidehecouldsafelysailaway.alongsidedownslowlywithabeating

RevisingusefulstructuresReadtheinformationbelowandlearnmoreaboutCaptainCook.Thenunderlinethepredicatesinthesentences.1JamesCookwasagreatEnglishnavigatorandPacificOceanexpeditionleader.2Hehadnotonlyanoutstandingabilityinnavigationandexploration,butalsoarealconcernforsailors'health.Hecarriedoutcompulsorydietaryreformsthatwerecopiedbymanyothershipcaptains.1Revisingusefulstructures1

3HehadledthreegreatPacificvoyagesduringhislife.4InhisfirstPacificvoyagein1769,JamesCookroundedCapeHorn,thenspentsixmonthschartingNewZealand,andfinallyexploredandclaimedpossessionofeasternAustralia.5In1772,CaptainCooksetsailtolookfora"theorizedgreatsoutherncontinent".AlthoughtheycouldnotmanagetoreachtheAntarcticowingtotheice,hepredictedthatifitdidexist,itwouldhavetobeawasteland.3HehadledthreegreatPac

6In1776,CaptainCookstartedhisthirdPacificvoyage,searchingfortheNorthwestPassagefromthePacificOceantotheAtlanticOcean.Unfortunately,hewaskilledinadisputewithHawaiiannativesandhismen'sattemptattheNorthwestPassagewasunsuccessful.However,thisvoyageisstillrecognizedasespeciallysignificantinthehistoryofthediscoveryofthewestcoastofNorthAmerica.6In1776,CaptainCookstar

Completethefollowingdialogue,usingverbsintheirproperforms.Remembertoreadtheconversationbeforeandaftereachblankbeforeyoufillitin.Susan:Doyouthinkyou'llbegoingtothatpopconcertnextweek?Clare:No.Let'sforgetaboutthatasit'llsoonbetimeforourexams.Susan:____________________________2Doyouneedtodomorerevision?Completethefollowingdi

Clare:Idon'treallythinkIneedtodomorerevision.I'vedoneenoughbutit'llhelpmeforgettheconcertyou'llbeenjoying.Susan:_________________________________________________________Clare:Actuallythereisareason.Idon'tthinkI'mgoingtohaveenoughmoneyeventhoughI'vebeensavingespeciallyforthisoccasion.Susan:_____________________________________________________________________________________________.Isthereanotherreasonwhyyoudon'twanttocometotheconcert?PerhapsIcanhelpyou.Ialwaysearnextramoneybycleaningcars.MyfatheralwayspaysmewhenIcleanhis

Clare:Idon'treallythinkIClare:Well,thankyouforofferingtohelpme.I'llhappilycleanyourfather'scarifhe'llpaymetoo.Susan:_______________________________________________________________Clare:Ihopeyou'llthankhimforme.I'dneverbeallowedtocleanmyfather'scar.Heissoproudofithewon'tletanyonetouchit.Susan:_______________________________________________________________I'msurehewill.He’salwaysbeenkindtomyfriends.Ohthisismyfather'sfourthcarsotheexcitementhaswornoffalittle.Clare:Well,thankyouforoffClare:Hisfourthcar?Mygoodness.Hemusthavebeenearningalotofmoneytohaveownedsomany.Susan:_____________________________________________________________Clare:OhIsee!Thatexplainsthings.Pleasewouldyouphonehimnowandaskhimwhenitwouldbeconvenientformetocleanit?Susan:___________________________Isupposeso.Hehashisownbusinesssoheneedsacarforhiswork.OfcourseI'lldothatrightaway.Clare:Hisfourthcar?MygoodClare:That'ssokindofyou.NowwhileI'mdoingthecleaningperhapsyoucanorderourticketsfortheconcert.I'llgoandgetreadytobeginwork.Seeyousoon.Thanksandgoodbye.Clare:That'ssokindofyou.

WhenCaptainBlighreturnedhomehewastreatedasahero.Itwasdiscussedwhetherheshouldreceiveaspecialmedalornot.Getintogroupsoffouranddiscussthesequestions.Thenrole-playthedialogue.USINGLANGUAGE1WhenCaptainBlighretur1Sampledialogue

LiPei(LP),DuZhou(DZ),WenFuqing(WF)andLiuYongfu(LY)arediscussingthejourneyandCaptainBligh'sleadershipqualities.LP:Whyareyouconvincedthatthisjourneyshowsthegreatestnavigationalskill?I'msuretheremusthavebeenothersthatwereasgood,ifnotbetter!DZ:Doyouknowofmanyotherseavoyagesofthiskind?1SampledialogueWF:Well,there'sthatjourneybyShackletonfromElephantIslandintheAntarctictogethelpfromanotherislandwithawhalingstation.Hewantedtorescuehismen.Theweatherwasterribleandhewasinanopenboat,too.LY:Howcanyouthinkthatjourneywasmoredifficult?Itdidn'tlastverylong.Captain'sBligh'sjourneylastedoverfortydays,wasveryhotandtheyhadverylittlefoodandwater.ItwasbecauseCaptainBlighwasagreatleaderthattheysurvived.WF:Well,there'sthatjourney

DZ:NowthatI'veheardaboutitIamveryimpressed.Allthosemenpushedtogetherinaverysmallboat,itmusthavebeenterribleforthemtostayfriendly.Meanwhiletheywerebeingdrivenmadbylackoffreshwaterandtherewasallthatsaltwaterallaroundthem.That'sthereasonIthinkitwasthegreatestseaescape.DZ:NowthatI'veheardaboutLP:WhenyouputitthatwayIsupposeitwasagreatachievement.CaptainBlighwascertainlyexcellentinthewayhekeptthemenoccupiedandtriedtotaketheirmindsofftheirtroubles.Inadditionhetreatedeveryonethesamewhenitcametofoodorwater.SoIthinkyouarerightanditwasthegreatestexampleofnavigationalskillagainsttheodds!Doyouagree?DZ,WFandLY(together):Yes.Wedo.LP:WhenyouputitthatwayI

2SampledialogueDZ:WhatleadershipqualitiesdoyouthinkCaptainBlighshowed?LP:Sincehehadsuchviolentdisagreementswithhiscrew,Ithinkhewasabadleader.WF:Doyoureally?Hedoesseemtohavehadabadtempersothathasgivenhimabadreputation.However,hewasalsokindtohismenatothertimessoIthinkhewasareasonableleader.LY:Whatdidhedo?2Sampledialogue

WF:Heprovidedcabbagesothesailorswouldnotgetillandmadethemdancesothattheywouldstayhealthy.Thatshowshewasagoodleader.DZ:Yesindeed.Thatisonegoodquality.Howeverhavingabadtemperandgettingangryquicklyshowsabadquality.WF:NowthinkaboutthevoyagetoTimor.Onthatjourneyhewasfairwiththefood,kepteveryoneoccupiedworkingouttheboat'sposition,andkeptthecrewcheerful.Thefactthathetriedsohardtobuildco-operativebehaviorshowsgoodleadershipqualities.WF:HeprovidedcabbagesothLP:Indeedhedid.Thatiswhysomepeopleregardhimasahero.LY:Well,heseemscontradictory.Heisagoodleaderinacrisisandabadonetherestofthetime.DZ:No,no!Thatseemsabitcruelalthoughitwasduetohisbadtemperthecrewtookovertheship.Itwasalsoduetohisgoodtemperthatthecrewsurvivedinthesmallboat.IthinkLiuYongfuisright.LP:Indeedhedid.Thatiswhy

Hewasgoodinacrisisbecausehewasfairwiththefood,encouragedteamspirit,madepeoplecheerfulandusedhisskillstogetthemhome.Buthewasabadleaderinageneralsituationbecausehegotangryoversmallthings(likeaccusingpeopleofstealingfoodordisobeyinghim)andwastooeasy-goinginTahiti(whereheletthemenrelaxtoomuchsotheydidnotwanttogobacktoEngland).LP:Hewasastrangemixtureindeed!Hewasgoodinacrisisbec

AsampleletterreportDearSir,IthinkCaptainBlighshouldcertainlyreceiveaspecialmedalforhisamazingvoyageacrosstheseatoTimor.Thisisajourneythatcouldnothavebeencompletedwithoutgreatnavigationalskill.InadditionCaptainBlighdidnotloseoneman.First,heshowedhisleadershipqualitiesbysharingthefoodandwaterfairlywiththemenintheboat.Everyonewastreatedequallyandthismadeforgoodfeelingbetweenthemembersoftheboat.Asampleletterreport

Second,hekepteveryoneintheboatcheerfulbydiscussingwhattheywoulddowhentheyarrivedsafely.Noonewasallowedtothinkaboutwhatmighthappeniftheydidnotarrive!Third,hekeptthemoccupiedbyorganizingthecomplicatedmathematicalcalculationsneededtofindtheirpositionatsea.Thecrewwhohadtakenoverthe"Bounty"hadleftCaptainBlighwithonlyaquadrantandacompass.Thismeantthatnumerous:calculationswereneededtofindtheircorrectSecond,hekepteveryonposition.CaptainBlighencouragedthecrewintheboattotakemeasurementsregularlyandeachpersonwasgivenadifferentresponsibilityforworkingoutthesemeasurements.Thisactivitywasimportantbecauseitstoppedthemenfromthinkingabouthowlittlefoodandwatertherewas.SoIhopeyouwillgiveCaptainBlighthismedal.Hehasshownleadership,fairnessandconcernforhiscrewandhelpedthemreturntoEnglandsafely.Yours,(yourname)position.CaptainBlighenc

Readthesewordsandthenlistentothetape.Circlethoseaidsthatearlysailorsusedtofindtheirway.Listeningandspeaking1compassmapsfishmovementsstarsweatherwavescurrentscloudsrainfallbirdsothershipsmountainsReadthesewordsandtheListentothetapeagainandfillinthechart.2SailorsfromSeaorOceanSkillsPhoeniciaMediterra-neanUsedtheskytofindtheirwayNorthPolynesiaNorwayWatchedbirdstofindland.PacificStudiedthewavesoftheocean.Listentothetapeagaina

ThesearesomeVikingsailingdirectionsfromNorwaytoGreenland.

Usetheinformationfromthelisteningtoexplainthesesailingstrategies.1_________________________________________________________________________________________________________2______________________________________________________________________3

Vikingsusedtoprefertosailfollowingthecoastlinesotheycouldcheckthattheywereonthecorrectroute.Vikingsusedbirds,andnaturalfeatureslikemountains,todirecttheirships.ThesearesomeVikingsai

Polynesianseamenhadtraditionalsayingstohelpthemwiththeirsailing.Canyouexplainwhattheymean?1"Ifyoucanreadtheocean,youwillneverbelost.”

Studythewavessothatyoucanreadwhatwillhappenintheweatherorwhenlandisclose.2"Watchforwhenthesungrows.”

Thepositionofthemorningsunonthehorizoncanhelpyoucheckyourcourse.4*Polynesianseamenhadt

3"ThestarsaretheeyesofHeaven.”Thestarscangiveyouinformationaboutyourpositionandcanhelpyou"see"whereyouare.4"Whenthebirdfliesouttosea,theseawillgrowcalm.”Birdsdonotflyouttoseaifastormiscomingsoabirdflyingawayfromtheshoremeansgoodweather.3"ThestarsaretheeyesoInpairsdiscussthesequestions:1Whatisanavigator?

Anavigatorexploresnewroutesacrossthesea.2Whatisthedifferencebetweenanavigatorandanexplorer?

Anavigatorexploresthesea;anexplorerdiscoversnewplacesonland.WarmingUpInpairsdiscussthesequestio3Lookatthesefamouspeople.Aretheynavigatorsorexplorers?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem?

Navigatorseanauticalinstrumentsfindnewislandsorcontinents

Navigatorissomeonewhofindsthepositionandplotsthecourseofaship,anaircraft,acar,etc,usingmapsandinstruments.3Lookatthesefamouspeopl

Explorerlanduseofcompassandlandmarksfindnewplaceswithinanalreadyidentifiedislandorcontinent

Explorerissomeonewhotravelsintoorthroughaplaceinordertolearnaboutit.

Veryoftennavigatorsarealsoexplorers.ExplorerlandLookatthepictures.Thenanswerthequestions.1Howdoyouthinkseamenfoundtheirwaybeforemodernaccuratemethodsofnavigationwereinvented?

Keptclosetotheshore,usednaturesuchasthesun,wind,birds,tide,etc,tohelpthem,andusedsomeoftheinstrumentsincludingacompass,astrolabe,etc.Pre-readingLookatthepictures.Thenans

2Whichdoyouthinkwaseasiertoworkout:latitudeorlongitude?

Latitude,becauseitwasusedtomeasurehowfaryouhadtravelledfromlandonastraightline.Itwasdiscoveredalongtimebeforelongitude.2Whichdoyouthinkwasea3Canyouidentifytheseearlynavigationalinstrumentsseamenusedandexplainhowtheyareused?

1_________________________

2_________

3_________

4________________________4Whichonesdoyouthinkarestillusedtoday?

Spass(inancientChina)astrolabesextantsea/nautical/marinechart3Canyouidentifytheseear

Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1Whatistheuseofabearingcircle,astrolabe,quadrantorsextant?()Whatistheuseofacompass?()AtosetthecourseoftheshipBtomeasurethepositionoftheshipCtomeasurethespeedoftheshipDtotellthetime

Comprehending1BAReadthepassageandan

2

Whyarespeedandtimeimportantinworkingoutthelongitudeofaship?

Speedandtimeareimportantinfindingoutthelongitudeofashipbecausetheearthmovesfifteendegreeswestwardseveryhour.Ifyouknowyourdirection,speedandtime,youcanworkouttheapproximatelongitudeorchangeinyourpositioninrelationtothestars.

2Whyarespeedandtimeim

3

Whyisthepositionofthesunandvariousstarsusefulforworkingoutlatitude?

Thepositionofthesunandstarsareusefulforworkingoutlatitudebecausetheyarefixedpointsintheskyandtheirmovementsinrelationtotheeartharealreadyknown.Sotheycanbeusedtomeasureaship'sposition.

3Whyisthepositionofth

SupposeyouwereaseacaptainaimingtosailroundAfrica.Discussingroups:

1Whatskillswouldyouseekinyoursailors?

Thesailorswouldneedtobeexcellentnavigators,abletocopewithbothhotandcoldweather,experiencedinsailingthroughverybadweatherandabletoco-operateinateam.

2Supposeyouwereaseac

2Whatproblemswouldyouanticipateforthisjourney?

Iwouldanticipateveryhotweather(aroundtheequator),coldweather(aroundtheCapeofGoodHope),verystormyseas(aroundtheCape),andproblemswithfoodandwater(unlesshelpedbylocalnativesthewatermaybecontaminatedandthefoodscarce),etc.2Whatproblemswouldyouan

Whatwouldyoudoifyoucameacrossthefollowingproblemsduringyourvoyage?Readthechartbelowandfillinyourplansofactiontodealwiththem.3Whatwouldyoudoif:Planofaction

Youwerefarfromlandandastormarose.waittillthestormisover,andthenfindyournewpositionandreturntoyouroriginalcourseWhatwouldyoudoifyouYouknewyourlatitudebutdidn'tknowyourlongitude.Youwereblownoff-course.useknotstofindyourspeedandworkoutyourapproximatelongitude

usethecompassandtheastrolabe,quadrantorsextanttofindoutyourposition,returntoyourformercourse

useknotstofindyourspeedaYouwereoffshorebutyouneededmorefoodandwater.Youwantedtokeepastraightcourse.follownestingbirdstoshore;lookforspecialcloudformationsorfogoverstreamstofindlanduseacompass

follownestingbirdstoshore;Youwerelostwithnolandinsight.measureyourpositionusingthesunorstars;lookforseabirds,cloudformations,fogorseaweedtoshowthatlandisnearbymeasureyourpositionusingth

Readthepassageagainandusetheinformationtoanalysethenavigationalskills.Writetheanswersinyour