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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南財經(jīng)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

問題1選項

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

問題2選項

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

問題3選項

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobe

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthem

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpoverty

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoor

問題4選項

A.sympathetic

B.conspicuous

C.identifiable

D.unbridgeable

問題5選項

A.analyzingaproblem

B.providingasolution

C.definingasituation

D.outliningaproposal

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.根據(jù)作者的說法,研究精英階層也有助于貧困研究,因為____。

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoorA.他們和窮人是同一個社會的成員

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpovertyB.他們在制造和再造貧窮方面發(fā)揮著重要作用

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercyC.貧困問題的解決取決于他們

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroupsD.他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件

【答案】B

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theelites和povertyresearch定位到原文第二段第一句,該句提到“精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用(theirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpoverty),與窮人本身一樣,都是貧困研究中有趣而重要的研究對象(anobjectforpovertyresearch)。”由此可知,研究精英階層也有助于貧困研究,是因為他們在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用是貧困研究的研究對象。因此,B選項“他們在制造和再造貧窮方面發(fā)揮著重要作用”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“他們和窮人是同一個社會的成員”,原文并未提及,且與題干無關(guān),該選項屬于無中生有;

C選項“貧困問題的解決取決于他們”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。

第2題:【選項釋義】

Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.雖然社會科學(xué)家們正致力于貧困研究,但是____。

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoorA.沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoorB.他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實際的救濟(jì)項目

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearchC.他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對象的作用

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffortD.窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞povertyresearch定位到原文第一、二段。原文第一段介紹了“貧困研究的一些關(guān)注點(someofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch)”;第二段第一句提到“精英階層(Theelites)在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用,是貧困研究的研究對象(anobjectforpovertyresearch)”;第二句提到“精英們對窮人和貧困的印象(imagesofthepoorandofpoverty)影響了他們的決策和行動”;第三句提到“到目前為止,人們對這些形象知之甚少(littleisknownaboutthoseimages)”。綜上所述,關(guān)于“精英們對窮人和貧困的印象”,社會科學(xué)家們了解得很少,那么關(guān)于“這些印象對精英們決策和行動的影響作用”的研究也很少,即社會科學(xué)家們很少研究精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用。因此,C選項“他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對象的作用”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;

B選項“他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實際的救濟(jì)項目”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項釋義】

Intheeyesofthesociety,____.在社會的眼中,____。

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobeA.窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthemB.窮人不值得社會對他們的同情

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpovertyC.經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoorD.非窮人應(yīng)該對窮人表示更多的同情

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thesociety定位到原文第三段。本段最后一句提到“貧窮和窮人發(fā)揮著重要的象征作用,它提醒公民,如果不遵守(donotheed)節(jié)儉、勤奮和愛干凈的(thrift,diligenceandcleanliness)價值觀,將會遭遇厄運,并提醒他們粗魯、不道德和暴力(therough,theimmoralandtheviolent)對社會構(gòu)成的持續(xù)威脅?!庇纱丝芍谏鐣难壑?,窮人的形象是“不節(jié)儉、不勤奮、不愛干凈、粗魯、不道德、暴力”,因此,A選項“窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“窮人不值得社會對他們的同情”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;

C選項“經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙”。原文雖然提到了窮人被迫從事一些有辱人格或不干凈的工作,也只能享受得起質(zhì)量不高的服務(wù),但是,原文并沒有說,在社會看來,這是解決貧困問題的障礙,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“非窮人應(yīng)該對窮人表示更多的同情”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。

第4題:【選項釋義】

Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.文章最后一句中的“pronounced”可能是____的意思。

A.sympatheticA.同情的

B.conspicuousB.出色的

C.identifiableC.可辨認(rèn)的

D.unbridgeableD.無法彌合的

【答案】C

【考查點】詞匯推測題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞pronounced和thelastsentence定位到原文最后一句,該句提到“在精英和窮人之間,這種分離更為____?!庇纱丝芍?,pronounced修飾的是“分離”。前文講的是窮人和非窮人在物理、社會以及概念上的分離,而定位句講的是精英與窮人之間的分離,根據(jù)常識,這種分離應(yīng)該是更明顯的。另外,pronounced的本意是“明顯的”,因此,C選項“可辨認(rèn)的”最符合原文。

【干擾項排除】A選項“同情的”、B選項“出色的”、D選項“無法彌合的”,不符合原文語義銜接。

第5題:【選項釋義】

Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.在本文中,作者主要關(guān)注的是____。

A.analyzingaproblemA.分析問題

B.providingasolutionB.提供解決辦法

C.definingasituationC.明確一個狀況

D.outliningaproposalD.概述一項提議

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】原文第一段主要內(nèi)容,研究人員對窮人進(jìn)行了研究并列出了貧困研究的一些關(guān)注點;第二段主要內(nèi)容,精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用也是貧困研究的研究對象,但是精英們很可能會忽視或否認(rèn)他們自己的行為(和疏漏)對窮人生活條件的外部影響,接著介紹了一些不好的影響;第三段主要內(nèi)容,貧窮的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能;第四段的主要內(nèi)容,窮人與非窮人(以及精英)之間的分離。綜上所述,本文主要圍繞貧困研究的研究對象之一精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用展開,著重介紹了精英們的行為的影響下,窮人及貧困的現(xiàn)狀。因此,C選項“明確一個狀況”更符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“分析問題”,雖然說原文“明確精英們的行為的影響下,窮人及貧困的現(xiàn)狀”也算是在分析貧困問題,但是C選項“明確一個狀況”表述更準(zhǔn)確,作者主要關(guān)注的是貧困問題研究中的這一個現(xiàn)狀。如果說作者主要關(guān)注的是分析問題的話,就會詳細(xì)分析這個問題的原因、解決辦法等,而原文并沒有這么做,該選項屬于推理過度。

B選項“提供解決辦法”,原文并未提出任何解決辦法,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“概述一項提議”,原文并未提出任何提議,該選項屬于無中生有。

2.單選題

Ifnooneasksanyquestion,I______everybodyunderstands.

問題1選項

A.deduce

B.presume

C.pretend

D.presuppose

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項deduce“推論,推斷”;B選項presume“假設(shè),認(rèn)為”;C選項pretend“假裝,偽裝”;D選項presuppose“假設(shè),以……為前提”。根據(jù)Ifnooneasksanyquestion可知B選項符合邏輯搭配。句意:如果沒有人問任何問題,那么我認(rèn)為大家都能理解。

3.單選題

Peoplearelivinglongerandnotsavingenough,whichmeanstheywilleitherhavetowork______longer,live____lessinretirementorbailed______bythegovernment.

問題1選項

A.in...for...up

B.for...on...out

C.by...in...on

D.on...for...out

【答案】B

【解析】考查語義和固定搭配。前半句提到:人們活得越來越長,儲蓄卻不夠。順應(yīng)的工作時間更長,退休后可依賴的資本更少,只能靠政府幫助拜托困境。for后面接“一段時間”,liveon“以……為生”,bailout“幫助擺脫困境”。因此B選項符合題意。

4.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

Today,theworldalsoneedsaparadigmshiftoneconomysystem.Butthistimeitistheprevailingeconomicmodelthatmustbetransformed.(1)By2030,theglobalmiddleclasswilltotalnearlyfivebillionpeople,allofwhomwillexpectthesamekindsofopportunities.

andcomfortsthatwealthypopulationshavelongenjoyed.Thiswillputincreasingstrainontheenvironmentanddepletetheworld’sstockofresources.

(2)Theproblemisthattheworldhaslongmaintainedamyopicfocusonproducingandconsuminggoodsascheaplyaspossible,thusleadingtoaresultasalineareconomybasedontherapiduse,disposal,andreplacementofgoods.Sustainingthecurrentmodelwouldrequireunlimited,easilyaccessibleresourcesandinfinitespaceforwaste—somethingthatclearlyisnotpossible.(3)

Indeed,theconsequencesofourdisposableeconomy—skyrocketingCO2emissions,unmanageablewastestreams,andtheincreasingdifficultyofextractingresources,

tonameafewarealreadyapparent.Tofindasustainablealternative,oneneedonlylooktonature,wherenothingiswasted.Forests,forexample,arecompletelyefficientsystems,withspecies’lifecyclesoccurringinperfectharmonywiththeseasons.Thisunderpinslevelsofresilienceandlongevitythateconomicsystemsshouldstrivetoemulate.(4)Justasecosystemsreuseeverythinginanefficientandpurposefulcycle,a“circular”economicsystemwouldensurethatproductsweredesignedtobepartofavaluenetwork,withinwhichthereuseandrefurbishmentofproducts,components,andmaterialswouldensurethecontinualre-exploitationofresources.

Ofcourse,buildingacirculareconomywouldrequireafundamentalrestructuringofglobalvaluechains.Insteadofsellingproducts,businesseswouldretainownership,sellingtheuseofthegoodstheymakeasaservice.(5)

Sellingaproduct’sbenefitsinsteadoftheproductitselfwouldcreateapowerfulincentivefortheproducerstodesignforlongevity,repeatedreuseandeventualrecycling,whichwouldenablethemtooptimizetheiruseofresource.

【答案】1.到2030年,全球中產(chǎn)階級總數(shù)將接近五十億人,他們期待與富人長期享有的同樣的機會和舒適。

2.問題在于,長期以來,世界一直短視地專注于以盡可能低的成本生產(chǎn)和消費商品,從而導(dǎo)致了一種后果——以商品的快速使用、處置和替代為基礎(chǔ)的線性經(jīng)濟(jì)的出現(xiàn)。

3.的確,我們一次性經(jīng)濟(jì)的后果(僅僅舉幾個例子,如高漲的二氧化碳排放量、難處理的廢水、開采資源難度的日益增加等)已經(jīng)很明顯了。

4.正如生態(tài)系統(tǒng)以一種高效且有目的的循環(huán)重復(fù)使用一切,一種“循環(huán)的”經(jīng)濟(jì)體系將確保產(chǎn)品被設(shè)計成一個價值網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分,在該經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中產(chǎn)品、部件和材料的重復(fù)使用和翻新將確保資源持續(xù)不斷地被再度開采。

5.銷售一件產(chǎn)品所帶來的的好處而不是該產(chǎn)品本身,將為生產(chǎn)者帶來強有力的動力,使其為了產(chǎn)品的持久使用、反復(fù)再次使用和最終回收而進(jìn)行設(shè)計,而這將使他們能夠優(yōu)化自身對資源的使用。

5.單選題

Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworld'spopulationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.

Butthatdoesn’thavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.

Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.

Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycropland.

Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowateruse.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocalregional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,countriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.

1.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?

2.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem().

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould().

4.Theauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisableto().

5.Inordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento().

問題1選項

A.Onlyhalfoftheworld'swatercanbeused.

B.Theworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfaster.

C.Halfoftheworld'swaterresourceshavebeenserioilslypolluted.

D.Humanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwaterresources.

問題2選項

A.isalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworld

B.hasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefield

C.posesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreservoirs

D.isunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevels

問題3選項

A.bereducedtotheminimum

B.stimulatedomesticdemand

C.correspondtoitsrealvalue

D.takeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughts

問題4選項

A.buildbiglakestostorewater

B.constructbigpumpingstations

C.buildsmallandcheapirrigationsystems

D.channelwaterfromnearbyriverstocropland

問題5選項

A.guaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironment

B.centralizethemanagementofwaterresources

C.increasethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevels

D.encouragelocalandregionalofcontrolwaterresources

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】

1.根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.”如果我們開始比過去更重視水資源,水資源短缺就不會給世界帶來麻煩。由此可知,水資源短缺真正的原因是人們不重視水資源,選項D符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第一段第二句“Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,...”一些地區(qū)的水資源短缺正在造成饑荒和不幸。由此可知選項A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第三段第一句“Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.”相反,除了貧困人口的家庭用水之外,所有用途的水,政府都應(yīng)該根據(jù)其實際價值來定價。選項C符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第四段的第二句“Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycrop-land.”例如,在干旱地區(qū)建設(shè)小型的、廉價的灌溉體系,比如在洼地收集降雨,并將其抽到附近的農(nóng)田。選項C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句“Ratherthanspreadcontrol...tocoordinatewaterpolicy.”國家應(yīng)設(shè)立中央政府集中管理水資源,而不是由若干個當(dāng)?shù)夭块T分散管理。選項B符合原文。

6.單選題

Thesonofthepresidentemerged()fromthecourtafterallthechargesagainsthimweredroppedbecauseofalackofevidence.

問題1選項

A.downhearted

B.unfavorable

C.despicable

D.triumphant

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在所有指控因缺乏證據(jù)而被撤銷后,總統(tǒng)的兒子得意洋洋地從法庭走了出來。

考查形容詞辨析。downhearted沒精打采的,垂頭喪氣的;unfavorable不宜的,令人不快的,不順利的;despicable可恥的;triumphant成功的,得意洋詳?shù)?。因此D符合句意。

7.單選題

Thelong-termfortunesofthemoderneconomydependinpartonthestrengthandsustainabilityofthefamily,bothinrelationtofertilitytrendsandtomarriagetrends.Thisbasic,butoftenoverlooked,principleisnowatworkinthecurrentglobaleconomiccrisis.

Thedeclineofmarriageandfertilityisonefactorintheglobaleconomiccrisis.Thatis,onereasonthatsomeofthe,world’sleadingeconomies—fromJapantoItalytoSpaintotheEurozoneasawhole—arefacingfiscalchallengesisthattheirfertilityrateshavebeenbelowreplacementlevels(2.1childrenperwoman)fordecades.Persistentsub-replacementfertilityeventuallytranslatesintofewerworkersrelativetoretirees,whichputstremendousstrainsonpublicoffersandtheeconomyasawhole.Indeed,onerecentstudyfindsthatalmosthalftherecentrun-upinpublicdebtintheWestcanbeattributedtorapidagingoverthelastdecades.

EvenChinamayseeitssky-highgrowth“comedowntoearthinthenextfewdecadesasitsworkforceshrinks”becauseofitsone-childpolicy,asCarlosCavalleandIarguesinarecentreport—TheSustainableDemographicDividend.Bycontrast,arecentRandstudysuggeststhatIndiawillhavemorefavorabledemographicsthanChinaoverthenextfewdecades,insofarasitsworkforceispoisedtogrow.Infact,theRandstudysuggeststhatIndiamaybeabletousethisdemographicadvantagetooutpaceChina’seconomicgrowthratesbytheendofthecentury.Finally,it’snotjustfertilitythatmatters,it’salsomarriage.Atleastinthewest,childrenaremorelikelytoacquirethehumanandsocialcapitaltheyneedtothriveinthemoderneconomywhentheyareraisedinanintact,marriedfamily.IntheU.S.,forinstance,childrenaremorelikelytograduatefromhighschool,completecollegeandbegainfullyemployedasyoungadultsiftheywereraisedinanintact,marriedfamily.

Andaroundtheglobe,menaremorelikelytogivetheirworktheirfullesteffortandattentionwhentheyaremarried;thisisonereasonmenworldwideenjoy“marriagepremium”intheirincome,rangingfromabout14percent(Mexico)to19percent(UnitedStates)to35percent(Russia).So,atleastwhenitcomestomenresearchsuggeststhatmarriagehasimportantimplicationsforworkerproductivity.

Thebottom-linemessageisthatwhathappensinthehomedoesnotstayathomerather,thesizeoffamilies,andtheirstabilityandquality,hasimportantimplicationforthehealthoftheglobaleconomy.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat().

2.Onereasonthattheworld’sleadingeconomiesarefacingfiscalchallengesisthat().

3.“...itsworkforceispoisedtogrow”(Para.3)probablymeans().

4.Fromthepassageweknowthat().

5.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingcanaffecteconomyEXCEPT().

問題1選項

A.暫缺

B.bothmarriageandfertilityaffectacountry’seconomy

C.marriagehasimportantimplicationsforworkerproductivity

D.IndiawilloutpaceChina’seconomicgrowthratebytheendofthecentury

問題2選項

A.thereisaglobaleconomiccrisisinrecentyears

B.therearefewerbabies,andconsequently,peoplespendlessonmanycommodities

C.peopleinthesecountrieshavefewerchildrenthanneededtoreplacethepopulationformanyyears

D.therearetremendousstrainsonpubliccoffersandtheeconomyasawhole

問題3選項

A.itsworkforcepausestogrow

B.itsworkforcecontinuestogrowfast

C.itsworkforcecontinuestogrowsteadily

D.itsworkforcegrowsslowly

問題4選項

A.childrenfromanintact,marriedfamilyaremorelikelytohaveabetterlife

B.themorepeopleacountryhas,thestrongereconomyitwillhave

C.thehealthoftheglobaleconomydependsentirelyonindividualfamilies

D.menarelikelytoworkharderwhentheyaregoingtohavechildren

問題5選項

A.thesizeoffamilies

B.thestabilityoffamilies

C.thequalityoffamilies

D.menandwomenratiowithinthefamilies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。在第二段的第一句話Thedeclineofmarriageandfertilityisonefactorintheglobaleconomiccrisis.(婚姻和生育率的下降是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機的一個因素。)之后的段落也是就這一點進(jìn)行了具體闡釋,因此B選項“婚姻和生育都會影響一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)”正確。C選項“婚姻對工人的生產(chǎn)力有重要的影響”,與原文不符;D選項“到本世紀(jì)末,印度的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率將超過中國”,在原文的第三段Infact,theRandstudysuggeststhatIndiamaybeabletousethisdemographicadvantagetooutpaceChina’seconomicgrowthratesbytheendofthecentury.(事實上,蘭德公司的研究表明,到本世紀(jì)末,印度可能會利用這一人口優(yōu)勢超過中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度。)確實有提到,但是并不是文章的主旨。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Thatis,onereasonthatsomeofthe,world’sleadingeconomies—fromJapantoItalytoSpaintotheEurozoneasawhole—arefacingfiscalchallengesisthattheirfertilityrateshavebeenbelowreplacementlevels(2.1childrenperwoman)fordecades.(世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體——從日本到意大利,西班牙對歐元區(qū)作為一個整體所面臨的財政挑戰(zhàn)的是,他們的生育率已經(jīng)低于人口更替水平(平均每個婦女生育2.1個孩子)幾十年了。)因此C選項“這些國家的人生育的孩子比替換人口所需的要少的事情持續(xù)了多年”正確。A選項“近年來,全球出現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)危機”,文章沒有說這是原因之一;B選項“嬰兒越來越少,因此,人們在許多商品上花的錢越來越少”,文章沒有提出這個觀點;D選項“國庫和整個經(jīng)濟(jì)都承受著巨大的壓力”這也不是財政面臨問題的原因。

3.語義推測題。首先定位到句子后面說Bycontrast,arecentRandstudysuggeststhatIndiawillhavemorefavorabledemographicsthanChinaoverthenextfewdecades,insofarasitsworkforceispoisedtogrow.(相比之下,蘭德公司(Rand)最近的一項研究表明,在未來幾十年里,印度的人口結(jié)構(gòu)將比中國更有利,因為它的勞動力將繼續(xù)增長。)根據(jù)句子說印度的人口結(jié)構(gòu)更加有利,可以知道他們的勞動力將會繼續(xù)穩(wěn)步上升,因此C選項“勞動力持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長”正確。A選項“它的勞動力暫停增長”不合題意;B選項“它的勞動力繼續(xù)快速增長”快速是沒有提到的;D選項“它的勞動力增長緩慢”與原文不符。

4.判斷推理題。定位到倒數(shù)第三段IntheU.S.,forinstance,childrenaremorelikelytograduatefromhighschool,completecollegeandbegainfullyemployedasyoungadultsiftheywereraisedinanintact,marriedfamily.(例如,在美國,如果孩子在一個完整的已婚家庭中長大,他們更有可能從高中畢業(yè),完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè),并在年輕時獲得有收入的工作。)因此A選項“來自完整的已婚家庭的孩子更有可能擁有更好的生活”正確。B選項“一個國家的人口越多,它的經(jīng)濟(jì)就會越強”,不符合題意,是要人口結(jié)構(gòu)更好,才會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展更快;C選項“全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康完全取決于單個家庭”,絕對化表達(dá),并且不符合題意;D選項“男人在要孩子的時候可能會更努力工作”,與原文不符,原文是說的“婚后”,并不是“要孩子的時候”。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干和選項定位到最后一段Thebottom-linemessageisthatwhathappensinthehomedoesnotstayathomerather,thesizeoffamilies,andtheirstabilityandquality,hasimportantimplicationforthehealthoftheglobaleconomy.(最重要的信息是,家庭的規(guī)模、家庭的穩(wěn)定性和質(zhì)量對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康有著重要的影響。)因此只有D選項“家庭中的男女比例”是沒有提及的。A選項“家庭的規(guī)模”;B選項“家庭的穩(wěn)定性”;C選項“家庭的質(zhì)量”都是原文提到了的。

8.單選題

Afterthedispute,theatmosphereinthemeetingroomwasgettingmoreandmore___.

問題1選項

A.critical

B.frustrated

C.tense

D.light

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.critical至關(guān)重要的B.frustrated懊惱的;沮喪的

C.tense緊張的D.light輕的;明亮的;輕松的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)dispute“辯論、爭吵”和會議室的氣氛的邏輯可知:空白處的形容詞應(yīng)該滿足爭吵后會議室緊張氣氛的邏輯。C選項tense“緊張的”滿足此句所需的邏輯。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。并且D選項light的比較級是lighter不用moreandmore。

【句意】爭論過后,會議室的氣氛變得越來越緊張。

9.單選題

WhatyouoverheardthatdaydidhavesomethingtodowithMartin(

).

問題1選項

A.inaway

B.intheway

C.ontheway

D.outoftheway

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。inaway意為“在某種程度上”;intheway意為“妨礙”;ontheway意為“在途中,接近”;outoftheway意為“偏遠(yuǎn)”。句意:你那天無意中聽到的事確實與馬丁在某種程度上有關(guān)。

10.翻譯題

輸出隨輸入的變化是很大的。

【答案】Theoutputvariesgreatlyfromtheinput.

11.單選題

InSecondNature,NobelPrize-winningneuroscientistGeraldEdelmanarguesthatthebrainandmindareunified,buthehaslittlepatiencewiththeclaimthatthebrainisacomputer.Fortunatelyforthegeneralreader,hisexplanationsofbrainfunctionareaccessible,reinforcedbyconcreteexamplesandmetaphors.

Edelmansuggeststhatthankstotherecentdevelopmentofinstrumentscapableofmeasuringbrainstructurewithinmillimetersandbrainactivitywithinmilliseconds,perceptions,thoughts,memories,willedacts,andothermindmatterstraditionallyconsideredprivateandimpenetrabletoscientificscrutinynowcanbecorrelatedwithbrainactivity.Ourconsciousness(a“first-personaffair”displayingintentionality,reflectingbeliefsanddesires,etc.),ourcreativity,evenourvaluesystems,haveabasisinbrainfunction.

Theauthordescribesthreeunifyinginsightsthatcorrelatemindmatterswithbrainactivity.First,evendistantneuronswillestablishmeaningfulconnections(circuits)iftheirfiringpatternsaresynchronized.Second,experiencecaneitherstrengthenorweakensynapses(neuronalconnections).Finally,thereisreentry,thecontinuedsignalingfromonebrainregiontoanotherandbackagainalongmassivelyparallelnervefibers.

Edelmanconcedesthatneurologicalexplanationsforconsciousnessandotheraspectsofmindarenotcurrentlyavailable,butheisconfidentthattheywillbesoon.Meanwhile,heiscomfortablehazardingaguess:“Allofourmentallife...isbasedonthestructureanddynamicsofourbrain.”Despitethisoptimismabouttheexplanatorypowersofneuroscience,Edelmanacknowledgesthepitfallsinattemptingtoexplainallaspectsofmindinneurologicalterms.Indeed,culture—notbiology—istheprimarydeterminantofthebrain’sevolution,andhasbeensincetheemergenceoflanguage,henotes.

However,IwassurprisedtolearnthatheconsidersSigmundFreud“thekeyexpositoroftheeffectsofunconsciousprocessesonbehavior.”SuchacommentignoreshowslightlyFreud’sconceptionoftheunconscious,withitsemphasisonsexualityandaggression,resemblesthecognitiveunconsciousstudiedbyneuroscientists.

Still,SecondNatureiswellworthreading.Itservesasabridgebetweenthetraditionallyseparatecampsof“hard”scienceandthehumanities.Readerswithoutatleastsomefamiliaritywithbrainsciencewilllikelyfindthegoingdifficultatcertainpoints.Nonetheless,Edelmanhasachievedhisgoalofproducingaprovocativeexplorationof“howwecometoknowtheworldandourselves”.

1.GeraldEdelmanwouldmostprobablysupporttheideathatthebrain(

).

2.Itwaspreviouslyfeltthatperceptionsandothermindmatterscouldhardlybe

).

3.Edelmanfirmlybelievesthat

).

4.AccordingtoEdelman,toprovideathoroughexplanationofhumanmind,neurosciencewillbe

).

5.Theauthordisagreeswiththeideathattheneuroscience-basedcognitiveunconsciouscanbe

).

6.Accordingtotheauthor,SecondNatureisagoodbookbecause(

).

問題1選項

A.co-functionswiththemind

B.workslikeacomputer

C.hasanaccessiblefunction

D.sendssignalstothemind

問題2選項

A.treatedasasignificantissue

B.studiedwithscientificmethods

C.separatedfrombrainactivity

D.handledwithsurgicalinstruments

問題3選項

A.brainsignalswillrepeatedlygofromonebrainregiontoanother.

B.experiencewillhaveanilleffectonneuronalconnections

C.distantneuronswillhelpsynchronizetheirfiringpatterns

D.mindmatterswillbeexplainedfromaneurologicalperspective

問題4選項

A.responsible

B.insufficient

C.impractical

D.reliable

問題5選項

A.clearlyexplainedbyFreud’stheory

B.affectedbylanguageacquisition

C.studiedrelevantlytosexualbehavior

D.examinedconcerningculturalbackgrounds

問題6選項

A.itintereststhereaderinspiritualactivities

B.itappealstothereadertostudybioscience

C.itsetsthereaderprobingintohumancognition

D.itpresentstheadvancementofnaturalscience

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:C

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