書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParagraphI?

3.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparalleltothatof（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress.

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotdisturbed

B.datafromexperimentsindicatethatovercrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathology

C.thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowding

D.Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeople

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.

B.Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.

C.Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.

D.Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.cruel,powerfulpeople

B.peoplewhoabandonedtheirchildren

C.hyperactivepeople

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞stabilizedtheratpopulation定位至第一段:...stabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers(拋棄幼崽，讓其失去母親的照顧，以此來(lái)穩(wěn)定種群數(shù)量)，因此B項(xiàng)正確。

2.推斷題。第一段：Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.卡爾霍恩能得出結(jié)論：過(guò)度擁擠導(dǎo)致鼠群中正常的社會(huì)關(guān)系斷裂，這是一種社會(huì)疾病。因此B與C都是正確的。B:種群數(shù)量過(guò)多導(dǎo)致鼠群出現(xiàn)病態(tài)行為。C:在過(guò)度擁擠的情況下，鼠群就會(huì)出現(xiàn)壓力。第一段：...experimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologists,JohnCalhoun.：心理學(xué)家約翰?卡爾霍恩用老鼠作實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究老鼠種群數(shù)量過(guò)剩對(duì)整個(gè)群體的影響,因此推斷D:卡爾霍恩曾經(jīng)用老鼠作實(shí)驗(yàn)，正確。故選擇A:卡爾霍恩的實(shí)驗(yàn)仍舊重要，無(wú)從推斷。

3.主旨題。B項(xiàng):實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)表明過(guò)度擁擠是導(dǎo)致社會(huì)疾病的一個(gè)重要原因,符合文章主旨。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段：Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.處于統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠幾乎不會(huì)受到種群數(shù)量過(guò)多的影響。因?yàn)槊恳恢粡?qiáng)壯的雄性老鼠都霸占了屬于它自己的封閉空間。...thedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace：統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠有足夠的生活空間。故A:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠有合適的生活空間，正確。第三段：...theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.這些個(gè)體不曾嘗到其他個(gè)體所經(jīng)歷的過(guò)度擁擠。故B:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻體會(huì)到其他老鼠所嘗到的過(guò)度擁擠的滋味，正確第三段：Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale：它們的反社會(huì)行為包括攻擊弱勢(shì)雄性老鼠。故C:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠攻擊弱勢(shì)老鼠，正確。所以選擇D:強(qiáng)壯的雄性老鼠總能適應(yīng)惡劣環(huán)境，文章未提及。

5.推斷題。最后一段指出：Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.鼠群的行為與人類(lèi)的行為相似。PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.人口密度大的地區(qū)的人也會(huì)出現(xiàn)反常行為，而這些行為與卡爾霍恩實(shí)驗(yàn)中老鼠的反常行為是相似的。因此推斷A項(xiàng)(殘忍且強(qiáng)有力的人)正確。

2.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

AscientificpanelconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedguidelinesonFridayfordoctorconductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients.Thepanelurgeddoctorstoapplytheguidelinesinanalyzingthemassesofpotentiallyusefulinformationaboutvarioustherapiesthatwerecollectedinthisyear’sepidemic.Muchofthatinformationhasnotbeenpublishedoranalyzed.

“Itisamatterofurgencytogetbetteranalysisandreview,”saidDr.SimonMardel,aWHOofficialwholedthetwo-daymeetingthatendedonFriday.HesaidthousandsofpotentialtherapiesandcompoundshadbeentestedsofarasresearcherstrytodeterminetreatmentsforSARS,orsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome.“WerecognizethathavingnotreatmentforSARSishinderingourabilitytocontrolanepidemicinsomanyways,”Hesaid.

Intheepidemicearlierthisyear,varioustreatments,likedrugstofightthevirusorstrengthentheimmunesystem,aswellastraditionalChinesemedicine,weredeliveredunderemergencyconditions,inwidelydifferentsettingandcountriestopatientssufferingfromvaryingstagesoftheillness.Thoseconditions—generallywithoutstandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituations—havemadeithardtointerpretresults.

Standardsupportivetherapylikenursing,andinseverecasestheuseofmechanicalrespirators（呼吸器）tohelppatientsbreathe,isthemainstay（主要支持）ofSARScare,andhelpedmanypatientssurvive.ButdoctorsstilldonotknowhowbesttotreatSARSpatientswhohavebreathingdifficulties.Dr.Mardelsaid.Onemethodisinvasiveventilation.Asecondmethodinvolvesblowingoxygenintothelungsthroughamask.Bothcarrytheriskoftransmittingthevirustohospitalemployees.Withoutproperanalysis,thepanelwasunabletosaydefinitivelywhichtreatmentworkedbest,orwhichcausedthemostharm.“Thereisalackofsharedinformation,”Dr.Mardelsaid,nothingthatalotofdatahavenotbeenpublished.

Thepanelalsoagreedonguidelinesthatwouldallowdoctorstoconductquickandsafeclinicaltrials,aprocessthatgenerallytakesyearstocomplete.TheworldHealthOrganization,aUnitedNationsagencydidnotreleasetheguidelines.Dr.Mardelsaidtheywereflexiblebecausenooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn.Expertsinmanycountrieshavealreadylistedthetreatmentstheywanttotest,andthehealthagencyisleavingthesedecisionstoindividualnations.

1.Guidelinesrecommendedbythescientificpanelcanbeusedfor（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,itisdifficulttointerprettheresultsofcertaintreatmentsforSARSbecause（

）.

3.Accordingtodoctors,thetwomethodstotreatSARSpatientswhohavebreathingdifficultiesboth（

）.

4.AccordingtoaWHOofficial,Dr.Mardel,theguidelineswereflexiblebecause（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.gatheringpotentiallyusefulinformationaboutvarioustherapiescollected

B.conductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients

C.determiningtreatmentforSARS

D.publishingalltheinformationaboutSARS

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.patientswereindifferentcountries

B.patientsweregivenmedicinesinwidelydifferentsettings

C.patientswereatdifferentstagesoftheillness

D.theseconditionshadnostandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituations

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.carrytheriskofinfectinghospitalemployees

B.areeffectiveincuringpatientswhohavebreathingdifficulties

C.don’truntheriskoftransmittingthevirustohospitalemployees

D.provetoworkeffectivelyandcausenoharm.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.SARSwouldreemergeinpoorcountries

B.nooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn

C.SARSwouldnotappearindevelopedcountries

D.nooneknewwhetherSARSwouldreturnornot

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.SARS,aDreadfulDisease

B.NoGoodMethodstoTreatSARS

C.SARSWillReturnOneDay

D.HealthpanelRecommendsNewGuidelinesonSARS

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：科學(xué)小組推薦的指南可以用于……。A選項(xiàng)“收集關(guān)于各種治療方法的潛在有用信息”；B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)SARS患者進(jìn)行臨床研究”；C選項(xiàng)“確定SARS的治療方法”；D選項(xiàng)“發(fā)布有關(guān)SARS的所有信息”。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句AscientificpanelconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedguidelinesonFridayfordoctorconductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients.（上周五，世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）召集的一個(gè)科學(xué)小組向醫(yī)生推薦了對(duì)SARS患者進(jìn)行臨床研究的指導(dǎo)方針。）由此可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章，解釋SARS的某些治療結(jié)果是很難的，因?yàn)椤?。A選項(xiàng)“病人在不同的國(guó)家”；B選項(xiàng)“患者在不同的環(huán)境下服用藥物”；C選項(xiàng)“患者處于不同的疾病階段”；D選項(xiàng)“這些條件沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的測(cè)量或控制情況”。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第二句話Intheepidemicearlierthisyear,varioustreatments,…,weredeliveredunderemergencyconditions,inwidelydifferentsettingandcountriestopatientssufferingfromvaryingstagesoftheillness.Thoseconditions—generallywithoutstandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituations—havemadeithardtointerpretresults.（在今年早些時(shí)候的疫情中，在不同的環(huán)境和國(guó)家，在緊急情況下，為不同階段的患者提供……各種治療。這些情況——通常沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的測(cè)量或控制的情況——使得解釋結(jié)果變得困難），由此答案選D，其他選項(xiàng)是來(lái)描述在什么情況下患者接受了什么樣的治療，不是結(jié)果難以解釋的原因。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)醫(yī)生所說(shuō)，兩種導(dǎo)致病人有呼吸困難的治療SARS的方法都……。A選項(xiàng)“有感染醫(yī)院?jiǎn)T工的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)有呼吸困難的病人有效”；C選項(xiàng)“不要冒將病毒傳染給醫(yī)院?jiǎn)T工的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)“證明有效，沒(méi)有造成傷害”。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段倒數(shù)第三句Bothcarrytheriskoftransmittingthevirustohospitalemployees（兩者都有將病毒傳播給醫(yī)院?jiǎn)T工的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)），因此答案選A。

第4題:【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織官員馬戴爾博士所說(shuō)，這份指導(dǎo)方針很靈活因?yàn)椤?。A選項(xiàng)“SARS將在貧窮國(guó)家重新出現(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有人知道非典會(huì)在什么地方、什么時(shí)候、在什么情況下卷土重來(lái)”；C選項(xiàng)“非典不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家”；D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有人知道非典是否會(huì)卷土重來(lái)”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一段第三句話Dr.Mardelsaidtheywereflexiblebecausenooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn.（馬戴爾博士說(shuō)，他們是靈活的，因?yàn)闆](méi)人知道非典會(huì)在什么時(shí)候、在什么地方卷土重來(lái)。），所以答案選B。

第5題:主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)“SARS，一個(gè)可怕的病毒”；B選項(xiàng)“治療SARS沒(méi)有好的方法”；C選項(xiàng)“SARS總有一天會(huì)卷土重來(lái)”；D選項(xiàng)“健康小組推薦新的SARS指南”根據(jù)第一段第一句話和最后一段第一句話AscientificpanelconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedguidelineson…（由世界衛(wèi)生組織召集的一個(gè)科學(xué)小組建議的指導(dǎo)方針……）和Thepanelalsoagreedonguidelinesthat…（該小組還贊同指導(dǎo)方針……）可知全文圍繞的主題是指導(dǎo)方針，而不是如何治療SARS，所以答案選D。

3.單選題

Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,itisunderstandablethatsomeoftheefficient,highlyadaptable,warm-bloodedmammalsthatevolvedonlandshouldhavereturnedtothesea.Thosethatdiddothathaveflourished.Withinabout50millionyears—notimeatall,geologicallyspeaking—oneofthefourkindsofmammalsthathasreturnedtoamarineenvironmenthasdevelopedintothelargestofallanimalforms,thewhale.Asecondkind,theseal,hasproducedwhatisprobablythegreatestpopulationoflargecarnivorousmammalsonEarth.Thissuggeststhatthese“topdogs”oftheoceanareprosperingandmultiplying.However,suchhasnotbeenthecase,atleastnotforthelast150years.Troublehasclosedinonthesemammalsintheformofequallywarm-bloodedandevenmoreefficientandadaptablepredators,humans.Atsea,asonland,humanshavenowpositionedthemselvesontopofthewholegreatpyramidoflife,andtheyhavecausedseriousproblemsforthemammalsofthesea.

Thereisasimplereasonforthis.Marinemammalshavethemisfortunetobeswimmingaggregatesofcommoditiesthathumanswant:fur,oil,andmeat.Evenso,theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.Everyyearhumanstakemorethan50milliontonsoffishfromtheoceanswithoutcriticallydepletingthepopulationofanyspecies.Buttheslow-breedingmammalsoftheseahavebeenallbutwipedoutbyhumansseekingtosatisfytheirwantsandwhims.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmarinemammalsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Whatadvantagedidsomelandmammalsgainbyreturningtothesea?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatduringthelast150yearshumanshave（）

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmarinemammalsarelikehumansinwhichofthefollowing

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhavetheiroriginsonland.

B.Theyhaveevolvedsuccessfullybutarenowthreatenedbyhumans.

C.Theycompetewithoneanotherfortheocean’sfoodsupply.

D.Theyhavemanyofthebiologicaltraitsofhumans.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Fewerpredatorsexistinthesea.

B.Morespaceisavailableinthesea.

C.Thereisagreatersupplyoffoodinthesea.

D.Theclimateismorehospitableinthesea.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.constructedsubmarines

B.learnedhowtoswim

C.threatenedtheexistenceofsomemarinemammals

D.beguntoharvestcertainplantsfromtheoceanasfood

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thewhale’sancestorsweredrivenintotheseabyhumans.

B.Thefoodsupplyofsealsisbeingdepletedbyhumans.

C.Thewhaleevolvedfromaspeciesofland-dwellingmammal.

D.Whalesareamoreefficientandadaptablespeciesthanhumans.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theysurvivedespitechangesintheirmetabolicrates.

B.Theyreproduceslowly.

C.Theyareprosperingandmultiplying.

D.Theyaredepletingthevegetationoftheseas

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文主要講人類(lèi)對(duì)海洋哺乳動(dòng)物造成了威脅，選項(xiàng)B符合原文。選項(xiàng)A表述錯(cuò)誤，海洋哺乳動(dòng)物的起源不是陸地而是海洋；選項(xiàng)C和D在文中沒(méi)有提及。所以本題選項(xiàng)B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,...havereturnedtothesea.”可知選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段的后半部分，在過(guò)去的150年里，情況并非之前提到的那樣，是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)把自己置于整個(gè)生命金字塔的頂端，這給海洋哺乳動(dòng)物帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。選項(xiàng)A和B在文中沒(méi)有提及；選項(xiàng)C鯨是從一種陸棲哺乳動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來(lái)的，根據(jù)原文可知鯨是從陸地返回到海洋的物種之一，所以選項(xiàng)C正確；選項(xiàng)D很明顯是錯(cuò)誤的，所以本題選項(xiàng)C。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的第三句“theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.”如果它們不像人類(lèi)那樣繁殖如此緩慢，它們可能就不會(huì)那么容易受到人類(lèi)的掠奪。由此推斷，海洋哺乳動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)一樣繁殖很慢，選項(xiàng)B正確。

4.單選題

TheassessmentreportsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehaveprovidedthescientificevidenceofhumanimpactontheclimate,andaglimpseofwhatthefuturemayholdifwedon’tactfast.Butwhiletheconsensusmaybegrowingontheneedforchangesinbehavior,we’renoclosertounderstandinghowwe’regoingtodoit.Attemptinganunprecedentedshiftinhumanbehaviorwithouttheinputofpsychologistsislikesettingsailforafarawaylandwithouttheaidofnauticalmaps.

PsychologicalresearchshowsthatmostpeopleintheUKdon’tfeelpersonallythreatenedbyclimatechangebecauseitisvague,abstractanddifficulttovisualize.Thismeansthatdoomsdayscenariosandapocalypticlanguageareunlikelytowork—althoughfearcanmotivatebehaviorchange,itonlyworkswhenpeoplefeelpersonallyvulnerable.

AnAmericanstudyplayedpeoplerecordingsofactorsdeliveringspeechesaboutclimatechange.Theversionthatpeoplerespondedtothebesttalkedabout“airpollution”ratherthan“climatechange”—becausepollutionissomethingvisiblethattheycouldrelateto,withstrongconnotationsofdirtinessandpoorhealth.Climatechangeisaboutmuchmorethanjustdirtyair,butfindingwaysofmakingclimatechangemorevisibleiscritical.Peoplesimplydon’tworryaboutthingstheycan’tsee(orevenimagine).Oneapproachthathasbeenusedtoincreasetheamountthatpeopleusepublictransportbreaksdownhabitsintosimple“if…then”plans.Tochangeahabitualbehavior,apersonhastoidentifyagoal(driveless,forexample),abehaviortheywanttoperforminpursuitofthatgoal(getthebustoworkonFridays)andasituationthatwilltriggerthebehavior(havingenoughtimetocatchthebus).

Ofcourse,somepeoplearecautiousaboutcommittingthemselvestochangesintheirpersonalbehavior.Theyarguethatpoliticalagreementsandtechnologicaladvanceswilldomoretoreducegreen-housegasesthananythinganindividualcouldachieve.Butwhileitiscomfortingtodrawsharpdistinctionsbetweenpolitics,technologyandindividuals,therealityisthathumanbehaviorsupportsitall.Politicalpartieswillnotpasslegislationthatispatentlyunpopularamongtheelectorate.Technologycanprovidelow-carbonalternativeslikeelectricbuses.Butazero-emissionsbuswillhavezeropassengersunlesspeopledecidetouseit.

IfthethoughtofpsychologicallyinformedlifestylechangecampaignssoundsabittooBigBrotherforyourliking,thenconsiderthealternative:millionsofpoundsspentontechnologythatisnevertakenup,andamarket-basedsystemofeconomiccoercionthatpenalizesthepoorwhiletherichkeeppolluting.Withoutanunderstandingofwhatdrivespeople’senvironmentalbehavior,thedreamofalow-carbonsocietywillremainforeveroutofreach.

16.Infaceofclimatechange,mostpeople（）.

17.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesmightbethemosteffectivewaytomotivateenvironmentalbehaviors?

18.TheauthorwritesParagraph4to（）.

19.Thephrase“BigBrother”(Line1,Paragraph5)probablymeans（）.

20.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.turnablindeyetotheapproachingthreat

B.feelunabletotakesuchabigresponsibility

C.endeavortofindoutasolutionwithpsychology

D.takenoenvironmentallyfriendlyaction

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Watchingadisasterfilm.

B.Holdingaspeechonclimatechange.

C.Appealingforgreenlights.

D.Publicizinglawnadoption.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.denytheroleofpoliticsandtechnologyinenvironmentalprotection

B.explainhowtodivideresponsibilitiesinenvironmentalprotection

C.showindividuals,politicsandtechnologyareindispensableinenvironmentalprotection

D.displaytheimportanceofhumanbehaviorinenvironmentalprotection

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.manipulative

B.troublesome

C.insightful

D.progressive

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Behaviorchangeisthemostimportantlinkinenvironmentalprotection.

B.Psychologyisthemissinglinkintheclimatechangedebate.

C.Themotivationofpeople’senvironmentalbehavior.

D.Thepsychologicalwaytochangehumanbehavior.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：面對(duì)氣候變化，大多數(shù)人___________。通過(guò)文章第二段第一句話PsychologicalresearchshowsthatmostpeopleintheUKdon’tfeelpersonallythreatenedbyclimatechangebecauseitisvague,abstractanddifficulttovisualize.（心理學(xué)研究表明，大多數(shù)英國(guó)人感覺(jué)不到氣候變化的威脅，因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓悄：?、抽象的、難以想象的。），可知，A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)臨近的危險(xiǎn)熟視無(wú)睹”，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“感到不能承擔(dān)如此重大的責(zé)任”，C選項(xiàng)“用心理學(xué)的方法努力找出解決辦法”，D選項(xiàng)“不采取環(huán)保行動(dòng)”在文中均未提及。所以本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A選項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。題干：以下那個(gè)行動(dòng)可能是激發(fā)環(huán)境保護(hù)行為最有效的方法？通過(guò)第三段首句的內(nèi)容AnAmericanstudyplayedpeoplerecordingsofactorsdeliveringspeechesaboutclimatechange.Theversionthatpeoplerespondedtothebesttalkedabout“airpollution”ratherthan“climatechange”—becausepollutionissomethingvisiblethattheycouldrelateto（美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究給人們播放了演員就氣候變化發(fā)表演講的錄音。人們反應(yīng)最好的版本談?wù)摰氖恰翱諝馕廴尽薄倍皇恰皻夂蜃兓薄驗(yàn)槲廴臼撬麄兛梢月?lián)系到的可見(jiàn)的東西），可以推斷，A選項(xiàng)“看災(zāi)難片”，B選項(xiàng)“就氣候變化問(wèn)題發(fā)表演講”，都不可能刺激人們做出環(huán)境保護(hù)的行為。第三段倒數(shù)第二句話Tochangeahabitualbehavior,apersonhastoidentifyagoal(driveless,forexample)（要改變習(xí)慣性行為，一個(gè)人必須確定一個(gè)目標(biāo)(例如少開(kāi)車(chē))），說(shuō)明方法必須是具體化而且有目的的，只有D選項(xiàng)“宣傳草坪采用”，具體到了某一事件。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。題干：作者寫(xiě)第4段，是為了_________。第四段的主要內(nèi)容是人們認(rèn)為政治協(xié)議和技術(shù)進(jìn)步在減少溫室氣體排放方面所起的作用比任何個(gè)人都要大。但現(xiàn)實(shí)是如果法律不夠民眾歡迎，政黨不會(huì)通過(guò)。說(shuō)明政治，技術(shù)和環(huán)境自然界限清楚，但是在環(huán)境保護(hù)中缺一不可。所以C選項(xiàng)“表明個(gè)人、政治和技術(shù)在環(huán)境保護(hù)中是不可或缺的”，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“否認(rèn)政治和技術(shù)在環(huán)境保護(hù)中的作用”，作者在第四段并沒(méi)有否認(rèn)政治和技術(shù)在環(huán)境保護(hù)中的重要性，排除A選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)“解釋在環(huán)境保護(hù)中如何劃分責(zé)任”，第四段表明，政治、技術(shù)、個(gè)人在環(huán)境保護(hù)中界限清晰，但是并沒(méi)有劃分清楚各自的責(zé)任，所以B選項(xiàng)也不正確。D選項(xiàng)“表明人類(lèi)行為在環(huán)境保護(hù)中的重要性”，人類(lèi)行為在環(huán)境保護(hù)中固然重要，但這也離不開(kāi)政治和技術(shù)的支持。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。題干：詞組“BigBrother”(第五段第一行)的意思可能是________。第五段第一句話IfthethoughtofpsychologicallyinformedlifestylechangecampaignssoundsabittooBigBrotherforyourliking,thenconsiderthealternative：millionsofpoundsspentontechnologythatisnevertakenup,andamarket-basedsystemofeconomiccoercionthatpenalizesthepoorwhiletherichkeeppolluting.（如果從心理上改變生活方式的運(yùn)動(dòng)聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)太老大哥了，那就考慮另一種選擇。數(shù)百萬(wàn)英鎊花在了從未被使用的技術(shù)上，以及一個(gè)以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)制體系上，這個(gè)體系懲罰窮人，而富人卻繼續(xù)造成污染。），所以這里“BigBrother”指的是獨(dú)裁的方法，因此A選項(xiàng)“操作的，操縱的”，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“麻煩的，討厭的”，C選項(xiàng)“有深刻見(jiàn)解的，富有洞察力的”，D選項(xiàng)“進(jìn)步的，先進(jìn)的”均不是文章想表達(dá)的意思。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

5.主旨大意題。題干：以下那個(gè)選項(xiàng)是文章最好的標(biāo)題？文章開(kāi)頭表明，人類(lèi)對(duì)于氣候改變帶來(lái)的影響沒(méi)有太多的危機(jī)意識(shí)，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為氣候變化是模糊的難以想象出來(lái)的。之后展開(kāi)說(shuō)明人們對(duì)習(xí)慣性行為的改變，需要明確目標(biāo)，才能觸發(fā)行為。政府、科技和個(gè)人對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)同等重要。如果不了解是什么驅(qū)使人們做出環(huán)境保護(hù)，那么低碳社會(huì)的夢(mèng)想將永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。所以說(shuō)個(gè)人做出行為改變的動(dòng)機(jī)尤其重要，C選項(xiàng)“人們環(huán)境行為的動(dòng)機(jī)”，可以很好的總結(jié)全文。A選項(xiàng)“行為改變是環(huán)境保護(hù)中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)”，B選項(xiàng)“心理學(xué)是氣候變化辯論中缺失的一環(huán)?！盌選項(xiàng)“改變?nèi)祟?lèi)行為的心理學(xué)方法?！比齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)文章內(nèi)容及主旨的概括不是那么全面。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

5.單選題

Hisremarksfinally____methatIhadmadetherightdecision.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assured

B.ensured

C.reassured

D.insured

【答案】C

【解析】

【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.assured（向……）保證B.ensured確保

C.reassured使……安心；打消……的疑慮D.insured投保

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】句意：他的話最終……我做了正確的決定。根據(jù)邏輯，他的話應(yīng)該是打消了我的顧慮，我做了正確的決定。因此選C。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)assured“（向……）保證”，并不是他的話保證我的決定是正確的，而是他的話使我安心，從而讓我覺(jué)得我的決定是正確的，該選項(xiàng)不符合邏輯；

B選項(xiàng)ensured“確?！保⒉皇撬脑挻_保我的決定是正確的，該選項(xiàng)不符合邏輯；

D選項(xiàng)insured“投?！?，該選項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)境。

【句意】他的話最終打消了我的疑慮，我做了正確的決定。

6.單選題

Itisamazingthattworesearchesworkingindependentlymadethesamediscovery______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.spontaneously

B.simultaneously

C.collaboratively

D.conscientiously

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)spontaneously“自發(fā)地”；B選項(xiàng)simultaneously“同時(shí)地”；C選項(xiàng)collaboratively“協(xié)作地”；D選項(xiàng)conscientiously“良心上”。句意：令人驚訝的是，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立工作的研究人員______獲得同樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，這里指兩個(gè)研究人員在研究時(shí)互不聯(lián)系，沒(méi)有任何外部的干涉，卻有相同的發(fā)現(xiàn)，A選項(xiàng)spontaneously“自發(fā)地”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestormonFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”inEngland.Hissuggestion,thoughcarefullyqualified,promptedmorethan250articlesintheworldpresswithinamonth,thevastmajoritydenouncingit.England,hiscriticscharged,willbebesetby“l(fā)icensedpolygamy,”barbaricprocedures,andbrutalviolenceagainstwomenencasedinsuffocatingburkas(穆斯林婦女穿的長(zhǎng)袍).CriticsproclaimedthatMuslimcitizensofaWesterndemocracywillbesubjecttolegallyghettoizedMuslimcourtsimmunefromcivilappealorconstitutionalchallenge.ConsiderNigeria,Pakistan,andotherformerEnglishcoloniesthathavesoughttobalanceMuslimShari’a(伊斯蘭教法)withthecommonlaw,othercriticsadded.Thehorrificexcessesandchronichumanrightsviolationsoftheirreligiouscourts—evenorderingthefaithfultostoneinnocentrapevictimsfordishonoringtheirfamilies—provethatreligiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist.Caseclosed.

Thiscasewon’tstayclosedforlong,however.TheArchbishopwasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland,letalonetheenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts.Hewas,instead,raisingawholeseriesofhardbut“unavoidable”questionsaboutmarital,cultural,andreligiousidentityandpracticeinWesterndemocraticsocietiescommittedtohumanrightsforall.Whatformsofmarriageshouldcitizensbeabletochoose,andwhatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsberequiredtorespect?HowshouldMuslimsandotherreligiousminoritieswithdistinctivefamilynormsandculturalpracticesbeaccommodatedinasocietydedicatedtoreligiouslibertyandself-determination,andtoreligiousequalityandnon-discrimination?Arelegalpluralismandeven“personalfederalism”necessarytoprotectMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieverswhoareconscientiouslyopposedtotheliberalvaluesthatinformmodernstatelawsonsex,marriage,andfamily?IseveryconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstepontheslipperyslopetowardempoweringthatfaith,someofwhoseleaderssubverttheverydemocraticandhumanrightsvaluesthatnowofferthemprotection?Theseandotherhardquestionsarebecoming“un?avoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocracieswithgrowinganddiverseMuslimcommunities,eachmakingnewandeverlouderdemands.IfcurrentgrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue,agenerationfromnowtheDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay.

75.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

76.Theauthorthinksthatthe“casewon’tstayclosedforlong”becausetheArchbishop___.

77.WhichofthefollowingquestionsdoestheauthorNOTaskinthesecondparagraph?

78.Thequestionsraisedbytheauthorarebecoming“unavoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocraciesNOTbecause____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ArchbishopRowanWilliamssetsaninternationalfirestorm

B.CriticstoArchbishopRowanWilliams’suggestion

C.EnglandcannotacceptMuslimfamilylaw

D.Religiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.wasraisingfundamentalquestionsofhumanrightsforall

B.wasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland

C.wasnotcallingforenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts

D.raisedquestionsrelatingtomarital,cultural,andreligiousidentity

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Cancitizenschoosetheirmarriageforms?

B.ShouldMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieversbeprotectedbylegalpluralism?

C.Whatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsrespect?

D.IsconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstep?

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theMuslimcommunitiesaregrowinganddiverse

B.eachoftheMuslimcommunitiesismakingnewandeverlouderdemands

C.theDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay

D.thegrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】75.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段中心句AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestorm1onFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”i