人體解剖學(xué)中英名詞對(duì)照表人體解剖學(xué)中英名詞對(duì)照表人體解剖學(xué)中英名詞對(duì)照表xxx公司人體解剖學(xué)中英名詞對(duì)照表文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度人體解剖學(xué)英漢名詞對(duì)照表注：用星號(hào)（*）標(biāo)注的名詞為最常用的詞匯，必須熟記掌握。一、總論（一）解剖學(xué)分類(ClassificationofAnatomy)anatomy解剖學(xué)humananatomy,anthropotomy人類解剖學(xué)systematicanatomy系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)regional(topographic)anatomy,topology局部解剖學(xué)gross(macroscopic)anatomy大體解剖學(xué)，巨視解剖學(xué)microscopicanatomy顯微解剖學(xué)macro-microscopicanatomy巨-微解剖學(xué)sectionalanatomy斷面解剖學(xué)pathological(morbid)anatomy病理解剖學(xué)neuroanatomy神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)chemicalneuroanatomy化學(xué)解剖學(xué)developmentalanatomy發(fā)生(或發(fā)育)histologicanatomy組織解剖學(xué)histology組織學(xué)embryology胚胎學(xué)anthropology人類學(xué)（二）一般解剖學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)(GeneralAnatomicalTerms)dissection，dissect(v.)解剖，解剖標(biāo)本normality，normal(a.)正常abnormality,abnormal異常variation變異deformity,malformation畸形specimen標(biāo)本model模型（三）方位術(shù)語(yǔ)(PositionalTerms)1.anatomicalposition解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)2.方位術(shù)語(yǔ)(termsofdirection)superior,upper上inferior,lower下anterior前側(cè)posterior后側(cè)ventral(dorsal)腹(背)側(cè)medial(lateral)內(nèi)(外)側(cè)intermediate中間internal,interior,inner,inside內(nèi)external,exterior,outer,outside外superficial淺deep,profound深proximal(distal)近(遠(yuǎn))側(cè)ulnar(radial)尺(橈)側(cè)tibial(fibular)脛(腓)側(cè)palmar掌側(cè)plantar足底left左right右middle中median正中3.軸和面(AxesandPlanes)axis(pl.axes),axial(a.)軸vertical(perpendicular)axis,longitudinalaxis垂直軸,縱軸coronal(frontal)axis冠(額)狀軸sagittalaxis矢狀軸plane(平)面horizontal(transverse)plane水平面,橫平面coronal(frontal)plane冠(額)狀面sagittalplane矢狀面mediansagittalplane正中矢狀面transversesection橫切面longitudinalsection縱切面（四）人體的分部和分區(qū)(ToponymandZonationoftheHumanbody)1.頭(Head)head頭(的)Skull，craniun，cranial(a.)顱front,frontal,region額區(qū)perietalregion頂區(qū)occiput,occipitalregion枕區(qū)Face,facial(a.)面orbit,orbitalregion眶區(qū)nose,nasalregion鼻區(qū)mouth,oralregion口區(qū)chin,mentalregion頜區(qū)ear,auditoryregion耳區(qū)2.頸(Neck)neck,collum,cervical&jugular(a.)頸anteriorregionofneck,anteriorofneck頸前區(qū)carotidtriangle頸動(dòng)脈三角musculartriangle肌三角,肩胛舌骨肌氣管三角sternocleidomastoidregion胸鎖乳突肌區(qū)supraclaviculartriangle鎖骨上三角posteriorregionofneck,nuchalregion頸后區(qū),項(xiàng)區(qū)nape,nucha,nuchal(a.)項(xiàng)rootofneck頸根部3.軀干(Trunk)trunk,truncus軀干Mediananteriorline前正中線sternalline胸骨線parasternalline胸骨旁線midclavicularline鎖骨中線anterior(posterior)axillaryline腋前(后)線midaxillaryline腋中線scapularline肩胛線medianposteriorline后正中線Back,dorsal背vertebralregion脊柱區(qū)sacralregion骶區(qū)scapularregion肩胛下區(qū)lumbarregion腰Chest,thorax,thoracic(a.)胸sternalregion胸骨(前)區(qū)infraclavicularfossa鎖骨下窩Abdomen,abdominal(a.)腹Hypochondriac季肋區(qū)epigastricregion腹上區(qū)lateralregionofabdomem腹外側(cè)區(qū)umbilicalregion臍區(qū)inguinalregion,iliacregion,腹股溝區(qū)，髂區(qū)inguinaltriangle腹股溝三角，海氏三角pubicregion,hypogastricregion恥區(qū)，腹下區(qū)Pelvis,pelvic(a.)盆部Perineum,perineal(a.)會(huì)陰analregion肛區(qū)urogenitalregion尿生殖區(qū)4.四肢(Limbs)limbs,extremities四肢Upperlimbs(extremities)上肢Shoulder肩axilla,axillaryregion腋區(qū)Freeupperlimb自由上肢arm,brachial(a.)臂anterior(posterior)brachialregion臂前(后)區(qū)elbow,cubital,(a.)肘forearm,antebrachial(a.)前臂anterior(posterior)antebrachialregion前臂前(后)區(qū)hand,manual(a.)手wrist,carpal(a.)腕palm,palmar,metacarpal(a.)掌back(palm)ofhand手背(掌)finger,digital(a.)手指thumb拇指indexfinger示指middlefinger中指ringfinger環(huán)指littlefinger小指Lowerlimb下肢hip,coxal(a.)髖buttock,glutealregion臀區(qū)Freelowerlimb自由下肢anterior(posterior)regionofthigh股前(后)區(qū)femoraltriangle股三角medialregionofthigh股內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)knee,geniculate(a.)膝anterior(posterior)regionofknee膝前(后)區(qū)leg,crural(a.)小腿anterior(posterior)cruralregion小腿前(后)區(qū)foot,pedal(a.)足dorsumoffoot足背sole,planta(pl.plantae)足底toes足趾greattoe足母趾二、各章解剖學(xué)詞匯*(一)運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(LocomotorSystem)1．骨學(xué)(Osteology)（1）概述osteology骨學(xué)*bone，bony骨skeleton，skletal(a.)骨骼long(short，flat)bone長(zhǎng)(短，扁)骨irregularbone不規(guī)則骨pneumaticbone含氣骨sesamoidbone籽骨，shaft，diaphysis骨干，骨體bony(osseous)substance骨質(zhì)compact(spongy)bone骨密(松)質(zhì)trabeculae骨小梁periosteum(外)膜endosteum骨內(nèi)膜medullary髓腔red(yellow)bonemarrow紅(黃)骨髓（2）中軸骨骼(AxialSkeleton)軀干骨(BonesofTrunk)*Vertebral(spinel)column脊柱*vertebralcanal椎管intervertebralforamen椎間孔cervical(thoracic,lumbar,sacral)curvature頸(胸，腰，骶)曲vertebra(pl.vertebrae)椎骨vertebralbody(arch)椎體(弓)pedicleofvertebralarch椎弓根laminaofvertebralarch椎弓板vertebralforamen椎孔spinousprocess棘突transverseprocess橫突superior(inferior)articularprocess上(下)關(guān)節(jié)突cervicalvertebrae頸椎atlas寰椎axis樞椎prominentvertebrae隆椎thoracicvertebrae胸椎lumbarvertebrae腰椎sacrum,sacralbone骶骨coccyx尾骨thoraciccavity胸腔superior(inferior)apertureofthorax胸廓上下口costalarch肋弓intercostalsspace肋間隙infrasternalangle胸骨下角*ribs,costa(costae)肋*sternum胸骨Sternalmanubrium胸骨柄Sternalangle(body)胸骨角(體)Xiphoidprocess劍突顱骨(skull)cerebralcranium腦顱cranialcavity顱腔calvaria顱蓋pterion翼點(diǎn)jugularforamen頸靜脈孔internalsurfaceofbaseofskull顱底內(nèi)面anterior(middle,posterior)cranialfossa顱前中，后)窩facialcranium面顱orbit眶bonynasalcavity骨性鼻腔piriformaperture,anteriornasalaperture梨狀孔，鼻前孔posteriornasalaperture鼻后孔bonyseptumofnose骨鼻中隔superior(middle,inferior)meatusofnose上(中,下)鼻道temporalfossa顳窩zugomaticarch顴弓infratemporalfossa顳下窩pterygopalatinefossa翼腭窩cranialfontaelles顱囟anterior(posterior)fontanelle前(后)囟anterolateral(posterolateral)fontanelle前(后)外側(cè)囟cranialbones腦顱骨occipitalbone枕骨largeforamenofoccipitalbone枕骨大孔externaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸superior(inferior)nuchalline上(下)項(xiàng)線sulcusfortransversesinus,transversesulcus橫竇溝sphenoidbone蝶骨hypophysealfossa垂體窩opticcanal視神經(jīng)管round(oval,spinous)foramen圓(卵圓，棘)孔temporalbone顳骨petrouspart巖部mastoidprocess乳突carotidcanal頸動(dòng)脈管tympanictegmen鼓室蓋arcuateeminence弓狀隆起trigeminalimpression三叉神經(jīng)壓跡internalacousticpore(port)內(nèi)耳門(mén)internalacousticmeatus(canal)內(nèi)耳道jugularfossa頸靜脈窩styloidprocess莖突stylomastoidforamen莖乳孔facialcanal面神經(jīng)管externalacousticpore(canal)外耳門(mén)(道)parietal,parietalbone頂骨parietaltuber(foramen)頂結(jié)節(jié)(孔)frontalbone額骨frontalsquama(tuber)額鱗(結(jié)節(jié))superciliaryarch眉弓supraorbitalnotch(foramen)眶上切跡fossaforlacrimalgland淚腺窩ethmoidbone篩骨cribriformplate(foramen)篩板(孔)facialbones面顱骨inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲lacrimalbone淚骨nasalbone鼻骨vomer梨骨*maxilla上頜骨palatinebone腭骨zygomaticbone顴骨*mandible下頜骨ramous(angle)ofmandible下頜支(角)masseterictuberosity咬肌粗隆coronoidprocess冠突condylarprocess髁突hyoidbone舌骨（3）附肢骨骼(Appendicularskeleton)shouldergirdle上肢帶骨，肩帶骨scapula肩胛骨acromion肩峰superior(medial,lateral)border上(下，外側(cè))緣coracoidprocess喙突superior(inferior,lateral)angle上(下，外側(cè))角glenoidcavity關(guān)節(jié)盂*clavicle鎖骨bonesoffreeupperlimb自由上肢骨*Humerus肱骨headofhumerus肱骨頭anatomical(surgical)neck解剖(外科)頸greater(lesser)tubercle大(小)結(jié)節(jié)crestofgreater(lesser)tubercle大(小)結(jié)節(jié)嵴sulcus(groove)forradialn.橈神經(jīng)溝deltoidtuberosity三角肌粗隆trochleaofhumerus肱骨滑車(chē)olecranon(coronoid,radial)fossa鷹嘴(冠突，橈)窩medial(lateral)epicondyle內(nèi)(外)上髁sulcusforulnarnerve尺神經(jīng)溝*radius橈骨head(neck)ofradius橈骨頭(頸)articularcircumference環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面radialtuberosity橈骨粗隆interosseousborder骨間緣styloidprocess莖突ulnalnotch尺切跡carpalarticularsurface腕關(guān)節(jié)面*uana尺骨olecranon鷹嘴coronoidprocess冠突ulnaltuberosity尺骨粗隆trochleal(radial)notch滑車(chē)(橈)切跡headofulna尺骨頭bonesofhand手骨carpalbones腕骨scaphoidbone手舟骨lunatebone月骨triangularbone三角骨pisiformbone豌豆骨trapeziumbone大多角骨trapezoidbone小多角骨capitatebone頭狀骨hamatebone鉤骨hamulus(hook)ofhamatebone鉤骨鉤Metacarpalbones掌骨phalanges(bones)offingers指骨proximal(middle,distal)phalanx近(中，遠(yuǎn))指(或趾)骨下肢骨(Bonesoflowerlimb)pelvicgirdle下肢帶骨，盆帶骨*hipbone髖骨acetabulum髖臼acetabularfossa(notch)髖臼窩(切跡)obturatorforamen閉孔*Ilium髂骨body(ala)ofilium髂骨體(翼)arcuateline弓狀線iliaccrest髂嵴Tubercle髂結(jié)節(jié)Anteriorsuperior(inferior)iliacspine髂前上(下)棘Posteriorsuperior(inferior)iliacspine髂后上(下)棘Iliacfossa髂窩Auricularsurface耳狀面Iliactuberosity髂粗隆*Ischium坐骨Greater(lesser)sciaticnotch坐骨大(小)切跡*Pubis恥骨Symphsialsurface恥骨聯(lián)合面superior(inferior)ramusofpubis恥骨上下支ililopubiceminence髂恥隆起pectenofpubis恥骨梳bonesoffreelowerlimb自由下肢骨*femur股骨foveaoffemoralhead股骨頭凹head(neck)offemur股骨頭(頸)greater(lesser)trochanter大小轉(zhuǎn)子intertrochantericline轉(zhuǎn)子間線intertrochantericcrest轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴l(shuí)ineaaspera,roughlineoffemur粗線pectinealline恥骨肌線glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆poplitealsurface腘面medial(lateral)condyle內(nèi)(外)側(cè)髁adductortubercle收肌結(jié)節(jié)intercondylarfossa髁間窩medial(lateral)epicondyle內(nèi)外上髁patella髕骨*tibia脛骨intercondylareminence髁間隆起shaft(tuberosity)oftibia脛骨體粗隆solealline比目魚(yú)肌線medial(lateral)malleolus內(nèi)外髁Fibula,perone腓骨bonesoffoot足骨tarsalbones跗骨talus距骨calcaneus跟骨navicularbone足舟骨medialcuneiformbone內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨lateralcuneiformbone中間楔骨intermediatecuneiformbone內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨cuboidbone骰骨metatarsalbones跖骨phalanges(bones)oftoes趾骨2．關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)(arthrology)（1）概述synosteology關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)，關(guān)節(jié)解剖學(xué)articulation連結(jié)，關(guān)節(jié)joint關(guān)節(jié)，連結(jié)synovialjoints滑膜關(guān)節(jié)fibrous纖維連結(jié)syndesmosis韌帶連結(jié)suture縫cartilaginousjoints軟骨連結(jié)synchondrosis(pl.synchondroses)(透明軟骨)結(jié)合symphysis(纖維軟骨)聯(lián)合synostosis(pl.synostosessynosteosis)骨性結(jié)合articularsurface(cavity)關(guān)節(jié)面(腔)articulardisk關(guān)節(jié)盤(pán)articularlabrum關(guān)節(jié)唇articularcapsule關(guān)節(jié)囊fibrouslayer(membrane)纖維層，纖維膜synoviallayer(membrane)滑膜層，滑膜synovialfold(villi)滑膜襞synovialfluid滑液ligament(lig.)韌帶extracapsularlig.囊外韌帶intracapsularlig.囊內(nèi)韌帶Action動(dòng)作，作用flexion,flexor(m.),flex(v.)屈extension,extensor(m.),extense(v.)伸adduction,addutor(m.),adduct(v.)收abduction,abdutor(m.),abduct(v.)展Medial(lateral)rotation旋內(nèi)(外)pronation,pronator(m.),pronate(v.)旋前supination,supinator(m.),supinate(v.)旋后circumduction環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)（2）中軸骨骼的連結(jié)(JointsoftheAxialSkeleton)vertebraljoints椎骨連結(jié)yellowlig.黃韌帶ionterspinouslig.棘間韌帶intertransverselig.橫突間韌帶supraspinouslig.棘上韌帶Intervertebralsymphysis椎間聯(lián)合interverbraldiscs椎間盤(pán)Fibrousrings纖維環(huán)Pulpiformnucleus髓核Anteriorlongitudinal前縱韌帶Posteriorlongitudinal前后韌帶Zygapophysialjoint關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)Lumbosacraljoint腰骶連結(jié)Costovertebraljoints肋椎關(guān)節(jié)Jointofcostalhead肋頭關(guān)節(jié)Costotransversejoint肋橫突關(guān)節(jié)Sternocostaljoints胸肋關(guān)節(jié)Cranialsuture顱縫Coronal(sagittal)suture冠矢狀縫Lambdoidsuture人字縫Synchondrosesofcranium顱結(jié)合Temporomandibularjoint顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)（3）附肢骨骼的連結(jié)(JointsoftheAppendicularSkeleton)jointsofshouldergirdle上肢帶連結(jié)coracoacromiallig.喙間韌帶Coracoclavicularlig.喙鎖韌帶Acromioclavicularjoint肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)Sternoclavicularjoint胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)Jointsoffreeupperlimb自由上肢連結(jié)Shoulderjoint肩關(guān)節(jié)Elbowjoint肘關(guān)節(jié)Humeroulnarjoint肱尺關(guān)節(jié)Humeroradialjoint肱橈關(guān)節(jié)Jointsofhand手關(guān)節(jié)Radiocarpaljoint,wristjoint橈腕關(guān)節(jié)，腕關(guān)節(jié)Intercarpaljoints腕骨間關(guān)節(jié)Carpometacarpaljoints腕掌關(guān)節(jié)Carpometacarpaljointofthumb拇指腕掌關(guān)節(jié)Intermetacarpaljoints掌骨間關(guān)節(jié)Metacarpophalangealjoints掌指關(guān)節(jié)Interphalangealjointsofhand指骨間關(guān)節(jié)Jointsofpelvicgirdle下肢帶連結(jié)Pubicsymphysis恥骨聯(lián)合Interpubicdisc恥骨間盤(pán)Obturatormembrane閉孔膜Sacroiliacjoints骶髂關(guān)節(jié)Sacrotuberouslig.骶結(jié)節(jié)韌帶Greater(lesser)sciaticforamen坐骨大(小)孔Pelvis骨盆Terminalline界線Greater(lesser)pelvis大小骨盆Superior(posterior)pelvicaperture骨盆上下口Pubicarch恥骨弓Subpubicangle恥骨下角Pelviccavity骨盆腔Jointsoffreelowerlimb自由下肢連結(jié)Hipjoint髖關(guān)節(jié)Transverseacetabularlig.髖臼橫韌帶Ligamentofheadoffemur股骨頭韌帶Kneejoint膝關(guān)節(jié)Medial(lateral)meniscus內(nèi)外側(cè)半月板Transverseknee膝橫韌帶Anteriorcruciatelig.前交叉韌帶Posteriorcruciatelig.后交叉韌帶Fibular(tibial)collaterallig.腓(脛)側(cè)副韌帶Ligamentofpatella髕韌帶Tibiofibularjoint脛腓關(guān)節(jié)Tibiofibularsyndesmosis脛腓連結(jié)Cruralinterosseousmembrane小腿骨間膜Jointsoffoot足關(guān)節(jié)talocruraljoint,anklejoint距小腿關(guān)節(jié)，踝關(guān)節(jié)intertarsaljoints跗骨間關(guān)節(jié)subtalarjoint,talocalcanealjoint距下關(guān)節(jié)，距跟關(guān)節(jié)transversetarsaljoint跗橫關(guān)節(jié)talocalcaneonavicularjoint距跟舟關(guān)節(jié)tarsometatarsaljoint跗跖關(guān)節(jié)intermetatarsaljoints跖骨間關(guān)節(jié)metatarsophalangealjoint跖趾關(guān)節(jié)interphalangealjointsoffoot跖骨間關(guān)節(jié)archoffoot,tarsometatarsalarch足弓，跗跖弓medial(lateral)longitudinalarch內(nèi)(外)側(cè)縱弓transversearch橫弓3.肌學(xué)(myology)（1）概述muscle(m.)肌肉cardiacmuscle心肌smoothmuscle平滑肌skeletalmuscle骨骼肌long(short,broad,flat)muscle長(zhǎng)(短，闊，扁)肌orbicularmuscle輪匝肌sphincter括約肌dilator,dilatator開(kāi)大肌venter(belly)肌腹tendon腱aponeurosis腱膜origin起點(diǎn)，固定點(diǎn)insertion止點(diǎn)，動(dòng)點(diǎn)accessory(subservient)structure輔助結(jié)構(gòu)tendinoussheath腱鞘synovialsheathoftendon滑膜腱鞘fascia筋膜superficial(deep)fascia淺(深)筋膜synovialbursa滑膜囊subcutaneoustissue(fat)皮下組織(脂肪)（2）軀干肌(MusclesofTrunk)musclesofback背肌trapeziusm.斜方肌broadestm.ofback背闊肌erectorspinalm.豎脊肌musclesofneck頸肌platysmam.頸闊肌sternocleidomastoidm.胸鎖乳突肌anterior(middle,posterior)scalenem.前中后斜角肌scalenefissure斜角肌suprahyoidmuscles舌骨上肌群infrahyoidmuscles舌骨下肌群thoracicm.胸肌greater(lesser)pectoralm.胸大(小)肌anteriorserratusm.前鋸肌thoracicproperm.胸固有肌externalintercostalm.肋間外肌internalintercostalm.肋間內(nèi)肌external(internal)intercostalsmembrane肋間外(內(nèi))膜transversem.ofthorax胸橫肌intimateintercostalm.肋間最內(nèi)肌*diaphragm膈centraltendon中心腱aortichiatus主動(dòng)脈裂孔esophagealhiatus食管裂孔hiatusofvenacave腔靜裂孔abdominalm.腹肌abdominalrectusm.,straightm.ofabdomen腹直肌sheathofrectusm.腹直肌鞘external(internal)obliquem.ofabdomen腹外(內(nèi))斜肌inguinallig.腹股溝韌帶superficial(deep)inguinalring腹股溝淺環(huán)transversem.ofabdomen腹橫肌inguinalcanal腹股溝管（2）頭肌(MusclesofHead)Facialm.面肌epicranialm.顱頂肌occipitofrontalm.枕額肌frontal(occipital)belly額(枕)腹epicranialaponeurosis,galeaaponeurotica帽狀腱膜orbicuaalm.ofeye眼輪匝肌orbicularm.ofmouth口輪匝肌buccinator,buccinatorm.頰肌masticatorym.咀嚼肌masseterm.咬?。?）上肢肌(MusclesofUpperLimb)musclesofshouldergirdle上肢帶肌,肩帶肌deltoidm.三角肌musclesofarm臂肌brachialbiceps(triceps)m.肱二(三)頭肌anconeusm.肘肌roundpronatorm.旋前圓肌radial(ulnar)flexorm.ofwrist橈(尺)側(cè)腕屈肌longpalmarm.掌長(zhǎng)肌superficial(deep)fleaorm.offingers指淺(深)屈肌longflexorm,ofthumb拇長(zhǎng)屈肌quadratepronatorm.brachioradialis旋前方肌brachioradialm.,brachioradialis肱橈肌long(short)radialextensorcarpalm.橈側(cè)腕長(zhǎng)(短)伸肌extensorm.offingers指伸肌extensorm.oflesserfinger小指伸肌ulnarextensorm.ofwrist尺側(cè)腕伸肌supinatorm.旋后肌longabductor(extensor)m.ofthumb拇長(zhǎng)展(伸)肌shortextensorm.ofthumb拇短伸肌extensorm.ofindexfinger示指伸肌musclesofhand手肌shortabductor(flexor)m.ofthumb拇短展(屈)肌opposingm.ofthumb拇對(duì)掌肌abductor(opposing)m.oflittlefinger小指展(對(duì)掌)肌lumbrricalm.蚓狀肌palmar(dorsal)interosseousm.骨間掌(背)側(cè)?。?）下肢肌(musclesoflowerlimb)musclesofhip髖肌iliopsoasm.髂腰肌iliacm.髂肌greaterpsoasm.腰大肌greatest(middle,least)glutealm.臀大(中，小)肌tensorm.ofbroadfascia闊筋膜張肌pririformm.梨狀肌internalobturatorm.閉孔內(nèi)肌externalobturatorm.閉孔外肌quadratem.ofthigh股方肌musclesofthigh大腿肌sartoriusm.縫匠肌quadricepsm.lfthigh股四頭肌pectinealm.恥骨肌slenderm.gracilem股薄肌.long(short)adductorm.長(zhǎng)短收肌greatadductorm.大收肌bicepsm.ofthigh股二頭肌semiterninousm.半腱肌semimembranousm.半膜肌musclesofleg小腿肌anterior(posterior)tibialm.脛骨前后肌longextensorm.ofdigits趾長(zhǎng)伸肌longestensorm.lfgreattoe拇長(zhǎng)伸肌long(short)peroneal腓骨長(zhǎng)短肌tricepsm.ofcalf小腿三頭肌gastrocnemiusm.腓腸肌soleusm.比目魚(yú)肌tendonofheel跟腱longflexorm.oftoe趾長(zhǎng)伸肌longflexorm.ofgreattoe拇長(zhǎng)屈肌musclesoffoot足肌broadfascia闊筋膜iliotibialtract髂筋束adductortendinousopening,adductorhiatus收肌腱裂孔adductorcanal收肌管muscularlacuna肌腔隙iliopectinealarch髂恥弓vascularlacuna血管腔隙femoraltriangle(sheath)股三角(鞘)femoralcanal(ring)股管(環(huán))saphenoushiatus,oralfossa隱靜脈裂孔，卵圓窩malleolarcanal踝管二、內(nèi)臟學(xué)(Splanchnology)*（一）消化系統(tǒng)(DigestiveSystem)digestivesystem，alimentarysystem消化系統(tǒng)internalorgan，splanchna，viscera內(nèi)臟splanchnology內(nèi)臟學(xué)digestiveapparatus消化器digestivecanal消化管1.上消化道SuperiorDigestiveTractMouth口Oralcavity，mouthcavity口腔Hard(soft)palate硬(軟)腭Gum牙齦Sublingualcaruncle舌下阜Sublingualfold舌下襞Papillaofparotidduct腮腺管乳頭Oralglands口腔腺M(fèi)ajorsalivaryglands大唾液腺Sublingualgland舌下腺M(fèi)ajor(minor)sublingualduct舌下腺大(小)管Submandibulargland下頜下腺Submandibularduct下頜下腺管*Parotidgland腮腺Parotidduct腮腺管Tooth牙Incisorteethincisor切牙Lateral(second)incisor側(cè)切牙Canineteeth尖牙Premolorteeth前磨牙m(xù)olorteeth磨牙*tongue,lingua舌apex(dorsoum，root，body)oftongue舌尖(背，根，體)lingualmucousmembrane舌黏膜frenulumoftongue舌系帶papillaeoftongue,lingualpapillae舌乳頭filiformpapillae絲狀乳頭fungiformpapillae菌狀乳頭vallatepapillae輪廓乳頭foliatepapillae葉狀乳頭terminalsulcus界溝foramencecumoftongue舌盲孔musclesoftongue舌肌genioglossusm頦舌肌*pharynx咽isthmusoffauces,fauces咽峽palatinevelum腭帆palatineuvula,uvula腭垂，懸雍垂palatoglossalarch腭舌弓palatopharyngealarch腭咽弓palatinetonsil腭扁桃體tonsillarfossa扁桃體窩cavity(fornix)ofpharynx咽腔nasopharynx鼻咽eustachiancushion,tubaltorus咽鼓管圓枕tonsillarring扁桃體環(huán)pharyngealrecess咽隱窩oropharynx口咽laryngopharynx喉咽piriformrecess梨狀隱窩*esophagus食管，食道cervical(thoracic,abdominal)partofesophagus食管頸(胸，腹)部*stomach胃greatercurvatureofstomach胃大彎lessercurvatureofstomach胃小彎angular(gastric)notch角切跡cardia,cardiacorifice賁門(mén)cardiacpart賁門(mén)部fundus(body)ofstomach胃底cardiacnotch(incisure)賁門(mén)切跡pylorus,pyloricorifice幽門(mén)pyloricpart(canal,antrum)幽門(mén)部(管，竇)*smallintestine小腸solitarylymphaticfollicles孤立淋巴濾泡aggregatedlymphaticfollicles集合淋巴濾泡*duodenum十二指腸ampulla,duodenalbulb十二指腸球major(minor)duodenalpapilla十二指腸大(小)乳頭duodinojejunalflexure十二指腸空腸曲suspensoryduodenum十二指腸懸肌2.下消化道(InferiorDigestiveTract)*jejunum空腸*ileum回腸*largeintestine大腸c(a)ecum盲腸ileocecalvalve(orifice)回盲(瓣)口*vermix,vermiformappendix闌尾*colon結(jié)腸ascending(transverse,descending)colon升(橫，降)結(jié)腸rightcolicflexure,hepaticflexure結(jié)腸右曲，肝曲leftcolicflexure,splenicflexure結(jié)腸左曲，脾曲sigmoidcolon乙狀結(jié)腸haustraofcolon結(jié)腸袋c(diǎn)oliclig結(jié)腸帶epiploicappendices腸脂垂*rectum直腸sacral(perineal)flexure骶(會(huì)陰)曲analcanal(column,sinus,valves肛管(柱，竇，瓣)anorectalline肛直腸線dentateline,anocutaneousline齒狀線，肛皮線analpecten,hemorrhoidalring肛梳anus肛門(mén)internalsphincterm.ofanus肛門(mén)內(nèi)括約肌3.消化腺(DigestiveGlands)*liver肝diaphragmaticsurface膈面visceralsurface臟面sulcusforvenacava腔靜脈溝fossaforgallbladder膽囊窩roundliver肝圓韌帶venouslig.(duct)靜脈韌帶doorofliver肝門(mén)hepaticpedicle肝蒂left(right)lobe左(右)葉quadrate(caudate)lobe方(尾狀)葉bileduct膽管extrahepaticduct肝外膽道commonhepaticduct肝總管left(right)hepaticduct肝左右管*gallbladder膽囊fundus(body,neck)ofgallbladder膽囊底(體，頸)cysticduct膽囊管commonbileduct膽總管hepatopancreaticampulla肝胰壺腹sphincterhepatopancreaticampulla肝胰壺腹括約肌*pancreas胰uncinateprocess鉤突head(body,tail)ofpancreas胰頭(體，尾)pancreaticduct胰管accessarypancreaticduct副胰管（二）*呼吸系統(tǒng)(RespiratorySystem)respiratoryapparatus(organ)呼吸器superior(inferior)respiratorytract上(下)呼吸道nose鼻externalnose外鼻root(back,apex,wing)ofnose鼻根(背，尖，翼)nasolabialgroove鼻唇溝nasalcartilage鼻軟骨naris)鼻孔posteriornasalapertures,choanae鼻后孔nasalseptum鼻中隔nasalvestibule鼻前庭propernasalcavity固有鼻腔sphenoethmoidalrecess蝶篩隱窩superior(middle,inferior)meatusofnose上(中，下)鼻道*paranasalsinuses鼻旁竇maxillarysinus上頜竇sphenoidal(frontal,ethmoidal)sinus蝶(額，篩)竇*larynx喉laryngealcartilages喉軟骨thyroidcartilage甲狀軟骨cricoidcartilage環(huán)狀軟骨arytenoidcartilage勺狀軟骨epiglotticcartilage會(huì)厭軟骨laryngealm.喉肌cricothyroidm.環(huán)甲肌laryngealcavity喉腔laryngealaperture喉口epiglottis會(huì)厭vestibuleoflarynx喉前庭vestibularfold(slit)前庭襞(裂)intermediatecavityoflarynx喉中間腔ventricleoflarynx喉室glottis聲門(mén)slitofglottis聲門(mén)裂vocalfold聲帶，聲襞infraglotticcavity聲門(mén)下腔elasticcone彈性圓錐cricothyroidmembrane環(huán)甲膜vocallig.聲韌帶*trachea氣管cervial(thoracic)part頸(胸)部trachealcartilages氣管軟骨bifurcationoftrachea氣管杈carinaoftrachea氣管隆嵴bronchus)支氣管left(right)principalbronchus左(右)主支氣管lobarbronchi肺葉支氣管segmentalbronchi肺段支氣管*lung肺apex(base)oflung肺尖(底)costal(medial,diaphragmatic)surface肋(內(nèi)側(cè)，膈)面cardiacnotchofleftlung左肺心切跡lingulaofleftlung左肺小舌hilus(root)oflung肺根(門(mén))obliquefissure斜裂horizontaldissureofrightlung右肺水平裂bronchopulmonarysehments支氣管肺段superior(middle,inferior)lobe上(中,下)葉thoracic(pleural)cavity胸(胸膜)腔pleura胸膜cupulaofpleura,cervicalpleura胸膜頂visceral(parietal)pleura臟(壁)胸膜mediastinal(costal,diaphragmatic)pleura縱隔(肋，膈)胸膜pleuralrecesses胸膜隱窩costomediastinalrecess肋縱隔隱窩Mediastinum縱隔Superior(inferior)mediastinum上(下)縱隔Anterior(middle,posterior)mediastinum前(中，后)縱隔（三）*泌尿系統(tǒng)(UrinarySystem)urogenitalsystem泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)urinaryorgans泌尿器*kidney腎renalhilus(sinus，pedicle)腎門(mén)(竇，蒂)renalfascia腎筋膜fatly(adipose)capsule脂肪囊fibrouscapsule纖維囊renalcortex(medulla)腎皮(髓)質(zhì)renalpyramid腎錐體renalpapilla腎乳頭papillaryforamen乳頭孔renalcolumns(pelvis)腎柱(盂)renalcalices腎盞major(minor)renalcalices腎大(小)盞*ureter輸尿管*bladder，urinarybladder膀胱apex(body，fundus，neck)ofbladder膀胱尖(體，底，頸)trigoneofbladder，vesicaltrigone膀胱三角interuretericridge輸尿管間襞orificeofureter輸尿管口internalurethralorifice尿道內(nèi)口femaleurethra女尿道（四）*生殖系統(tǒng)(ReproductiveSystem)reproductivesystem，genitalsystem生殖系統(tǒng)male(female)genitalorgans男女性生殖器internal(external)genitalorgans內(nèi)(外)生殖器1.男性生殖器(MaleGenitalOrgans)testicle，testis睪丸*epididymis附睪deferential(spermatic)duct輸精管ejaculatoryduct射精管seminalvesicle精囊精囊腺spermaticcord精索cremastericm.提睪肌prostate前列腺apex(base，body,sulcus)ofprostate前列腺尖(底，體，溝)bulbourethralgland尿道球腺penis陰莖prepuceofpenis陰莖包皮bulbofurethra尿道球maleurethra男尿道prostaticpart前列腺部seminalcolliculus精阜membranouspart膜部subpubiccurvature恥骨下彎prepubiccurvature恥骨前彎scrotum陰囊dartoscoat，dartos肉膜2.女性生殖器(femaleGenitalOrgans)*ovary卵巢*uterinetube，oviduct輸卵管*Womb,uterus子宮Fundusofuterus子宮底(體)Isthmrsofuterus子宮峽(角)Neckofuterus,cervix子宮頸Orifice(cavity)ofuterus子宮口(腔)Canalofcervixofuterus子宮頸管Round(broad)lig.Ofuterus子宮圓(闊)韌帶Cardinallig.Ofuterus子宮主韌帶Sacroluterinelig.骶子宮韌帶Vagina陰道Femalepudendum,vulva女陰Monspubis陰阜Greater(lesser)lipofpudendum大(小)陰唇Vaginalvestibule陰道前庭Vaginalorifice陰道口3.乳房，會(huì)陰(Mammaandperineum)Mamma.breast乳頭Mammarygland乳腺Perineum會(huì)陰Pelvicdiaphragm盆膈Urogenitaldiaphragm尿生殖膈Sphincterm.ofurethra尿道括約?。ㄎ澹└鼓?Peritoneum)Parietal(visceral)peritoneum壁(臟)腹膜Abdominalcavity腹腔Peritonealcavity,greatersac腹膜腔，大囊Omentabursa,lessersac網(wǎng)膜囊，小囊Omentalforamen,epiploicforamen網(wǎng)膜孔Mesentery腸系膜Lesseromentum小網(wǎng)膜Inguinaltrigone腹股溝三角rectouterinepouch直腸子宮陷凹vesicouterinepouch膀胱子宮陷凹rectovesicalpouch直腸膀胱陷凹四、*脈管系統(tǒng)(Vascularsystem)（一）概述vascularsystem,angiologicalsystem脈管系統(tǒng)angiology脈管學(xué)circulatorysystem循環(huán)系統(tǒng)cardiovascularsystem心血管系統(tǒng)*heart心blood血液vessel管，脈管bloodvessel血管arteriole小動(dòng)脈arteriolovenularanastomsis小靜脈vein(v.)靜脈cutaneousv.皮靜脈superficial(deep)v.淺(深)靜脈accompanyingv.伴行動(dòng)脈venule小靜脈venousvalve靜脈瓣venousplexus(rete)靜脈叢(網(wǎng))capillary毛細(xì)管（二）心血管系統(tǒng)(Cardiovascularsystem)systemiccirculation,greatercirculation體循環(huán)，大循環(huán)pulmonary(lesser)circulation肺循環(huán)，小循環(huán)fetalcirculation胎血循環(huán)1.心(heart)cardiacapex(bace)心尖(底)cardiacapicalincisure心尖切跡sternocostal(diaphragmatic)surface胸肋(膈)面pulmonarysurface肺面rightborder右緣leftborder,obtusemargin左緣，鈍緣inferiorborder,acutemargin下緣，銳緣anterior(posterior)interventriculargroove前(后)室間溝coronarysulcus冠狀溝atrioventricularjunction房室交點(diǎn)atrioventricularseptum房室膈*cardiacventricle心室interventricularseptum室間隔muscular(membranous)part肌(膜)部*cardiacatrium心房left(right)auricleofheart左(右)心耳interatrial(interauricular)septum房間膈left(right)atrioventricularorifice左(右)房室口cardiacm.心肌pectinatem.梳狀肌carbeoustrabeculae肉柱papillarym.乳頭肌tendinouscord腱索fibrousskeleton纖維支架leftfibroustrigone左纖維三角架rightfibroustrigone,centralfibrousbody左纖維三角left(right)fibrousring左(右)纖維環(huán)endocardium心內(nèi)膜rightatrium右心房limitingsulcus,terminalgroove界溝terminalcrest界嵴sinusofvenacava腔靜脈竇ovalfossa(foramen)卵圓孔borderofovalofossa卵圓窩緣orificeofsuperior上(下)腔靜脈口valveofinferiorvenacava下腔靜脈瓣orifice(valve)ofcoronarysinus冠狀竇口rightventricle右心室rightatrioventricularvalve,tricuspidvalve右房室瓣supraventricularcrest室上嵴arterialcone動(dòng)脈圓錐pulmonaryorifice(valve)肺動(dòng)脈口(瓣)nodulesofsemilunarvalves半月瓣小節(jié)septomarginaltrabecula隔緣肉柱leftatrium左心房orificeofpulmonaryv.肺靜脈口leftventricle左心室leftatrioventricularvalve,vicuspidvalve左房室瓣，二尖瓣aorticorifice(valve)主動(dòng)脈口(瓣)conductionsystemofheart心傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)sinoatrialnode竇房結(jié)hinternodaltract結(jié)間束atrioventricularnode房室結(jié)atrioventricularbundle房室束left(right)bundlebranch左(右)束支rightcoronarya.右冠狀動(dòng)脈Leftcoronarya.左冠狀動(dòng)脈anteriorinterventricularbranch前室間支circumflexbranch,旋支cardiacv.心靜脈coronarysinus冠狀竇greatcardiacv.心大靜脈middlecardiacv.心中靜脈smallcardiacv.心小靜脈*pericardium心包fibrouspericardium纖維心包serouspericardium漿膜心包parietallayer壁層viscerallayer,epicardium臟層，心外膜cavityofpericardium心包腔2.動(dòng)脈(Artery)*pulmonarytrunk肺動(dòng)脈干bifurcationofpulmonarytrunk肺動(dòng)脈叉left(right)pulmonary左(右)肺動(dòng)脈arterialduct(lig.)動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管(韌帶)*aorta主動(dòng)脈ascendingaorta升主動(dòng)脈*brachiocephalictrunk頭臂干*commoncarotida.頸總動(dòng)脈carotidsinus(bodies)頸動(dòng)脈竇(小球)*internalcarotida.頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈*externalcarotida.頸外動(dòng)脈superiorthyroid甲狀腺上動(dòng)脈lingual(facial)a.舌(面)動(dòng)脈occipitala.枕動(dòng)脈posteriorauriculara.耳后動(dòng)脈superficialtemporala.顳淺動(dòng)脈maxillarya.上頜動(dòng)脈middlemeningeala.腦膜中動(dòng)脈subclaviculara.鎖骨下動(dòng)脈vertebrala.椎動(dòng)脈axillarya.腋動(dòng)脈thoracoacromiala.胸肩峰動(dòng)脈lateralthoracica.胸外側(cè)動(dòng)脈brachiala.肱動(dòng)脈radiala.橈動(dòng)脈deeppalmararch掌深弓ulnara.尺動(dòng)脈cubitalarticularrete肘關(guān)節(jié)網(wǎng)superficialpalmararch掌淺弓common(proper)palmardigitala.指掌側(cè)總(固有)動(dòng)脈descendingaorta降主動(dòng)脈*Thoracicaorta胸主動(dòng)脈posteriorintercostala.肋間后動(dòng)脈subcostala.肋下動(dòng)脈*Abdominalaorta腹主動(dòng)脈inferiorphrenica.膈下動(dòng)脈mediansacrala.骶正中動(dòng)脈lumbara.腰動(dòng)脈c(o)eliactrunk腹腔干，腹腔動(dòng)脈left(right)gastrica.胃左(右)動(dòng)脈commonhepatica.肝總動(dòng)脈properhepatica.肝固有動(dòng)脈cystica.膽囊動(dòng)脈gastroduodenala.胃十二指腸動(dòng)脈leftgastroepiploica.胃網(wǎng)膜左動(dòng)脈rightgastroepiploica.胃網(wǎng)膜右動(dòng)脈splenica.脾動(dòng)脈superiormesenterica.腸系膜上動(dòng)脈jejunala.空腸動(dòng)脈ileala.回腸動(dòng)脈ileocolica.回結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈appendiculara.闌尾動(dòng)脈rightcolica.右結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈middlecolica.中結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈inferiormesenterica.腸系膜下動(dòng)脈leftcolica.左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈sigmoida.乙狀結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈superiorrectala.直腸上動(dòng)脈renala.腎動(dòng)脈testiculara.睪丸動(dòng)脈ovariana.卵巢動(dòng)脈aorticbifurcation主動(dòng)脈杈*commoniliaca.髂總動(dòng)脈*internaliliaca.髂內(nèi)動(dòng)脈*externaliliaca.髂外動(dòng)脈iliolumbara.髂腰動(dòng)脈obturatora.閉孔動(dòng)脈superior(inferior)gluteala.臀上下動(dòng)脈umbilicala.臍動(dòng)脈superior(inferior)vesicala.膀胱上(下)動(dòng)脈uterine(vaginal)a.子宮(陰道)動(dòng)脈inferiorrectala.直腸下動(dòng)脈internalpudendala.陰部?jī)?nèi)動(dòng)脈anala.肛動(dòng)脈perineala.會(huì)陰動(dòng)脈externaliliaca.髂外動(dòng)脈inferiorepigastrica.腹壁下動(dòng)脈femorala.股動(dòng)脈superficialepigastrica.腹壁淺動(dòng)脈externalpudendala.陰部外動(dòng)脈popliteala.腘動(dòng)脈geniculararticularrete膝關(guān)節(jié)網(wǎng)anterior(posterior)tibiala.脛前(后)動(dòng)脈peroneala.腓動(dòng)脈dorsalpedala.足背動(dòng)脈medial(lateral)plantara.足底內(nèi)(外)側(cè)動(dòng)脈3.靜脈(Vein)Pulmonaryv.肺靜脈rightsuperior(inferior)pulmonaryv.右上(下)肺靜脈leftsuperior(inferior)pulmonaryv.左上(下)肺靜脈*superiorvenacava上腔靜脈rightbrachiocephalicv.右頭臂靜脈leftbrachiocephalicv.左頭臂靜脈innominatev.無(wú)名靜脈internaljugularv.頸內(nèi)靜脈deepfacialv.面深靜脈pterygoidvenousplexus翼靜脈叢venousangle靜脈角anteriorjugularv.頸前靜脈cephalicv.頭靜脈basilicv.貴要靜脈mediancubitalv.肘正中靜脈medianantebrachialv.前臂正中靜脈dorsalvenousnetworkofhand手背靜脈網(wǎng)azygosv.奇靜脈hemiazygosv.半奇靜脈accessoryhemiazygosv.副半奇靜脈ascendinglumbarv.腰升靜脈lumbarv.腰靜脈vertebralvenousplexus椎靜脈叢esophagealvenousplexus食管靜脈叢periumbilicalvenousnetwork臍周靜脈網(wǎng)*inferiorvenacava下腔靜脈hepaticv.肝靜脈*hepaticportalv.肝門(mén)靜脈rectalvenousplexus直腸靜脈叢superficialveinsoflowerlimb下肢淺靜脈great