第三講材料的選擇Lesson3:SelectingMaterials1木材的類型Typesofwood硬木（闊葉木）和軟木（針葉木）Hardwoodsandsoftwoods樹木通常被劃分為兩個種類：硬木和軟木

Treesareoftendividedintotwoclasses:hardwoodsandsoftwoods有些軟木比硬木的硬度更大，所以其名字會被誤解（反過來也一樣）

Thesenamescanbemisleadingbecausesomesoftwoodsareharderthansomehardwoods(thereverseisalsotrue)3木材的類型Typesofwood硬木和軟木Hardwoodsandsoftwoods硬木樹種通常都有較寬的樹葉（部分例外），在秋季或冬季會落葉。

Hardwoodtreesusuallyhavebroadleavesthat,withsomeexceptions,areshedinautumnorwinterintemperateclimates軟木樹種通常都有針狀或鱗片狀的樹葉，一般情況下都是常綠的并且有年輪。

Softwoodtreesusuallyhaveneedleorscale-likeleavesthat,inmostcases,remaingreenandareretainedyear-round4木材的類型Typesofwood硬木和軟木Hardwoodsandsoftwoods硬木在建筑中通常用于地板和內(nèi)裝工程（樓梯，壁櫥，踢腳線，門窗線條等）

Hardwoodsareusedinconstructionmostlyforflooring

andinteriorwoodwork(e.g.stairs,cabinetry,baseboards,trimaroundwindowsanddoors,etc.)軟木一般被用于結構框架，封板，混凝土支模，腳手架和其他建筑構件

Softwoodsareusedforframing,sheathing,concreteforms,scaffoldingandmanyotherbuildingcomponents耐久性好的軟木（比如西部紅柏，花旗松）可用于屋面瓦，墻面外掛板，窗框和外門等外部構件

Somemoredurablespeciesofsoftwoodareusedfor

exteriorcomponentssuchasroofandwallshingles,windowframesandexteriordoors5軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber制造過程始于伐樹Manufacturingprocessbeginswithharvestingtrees樹木被砍下后，樹枝先被去除，切割成一定長度方便卡車運送

Treesarecutdown,strippedofbranchesand

cuttolengthfortransportbytruck這樣形成的原木再被運往鋸木廠

Resultinglogsarethenshippedtoasawmill砍伐之后的區(qū)域?qū)⒎N上樹苗使森林再生

Harvestedareasarereplantedwithtreeseedlings

toregeneratetheforest6軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber原木在鋸木廠進行加工Thelogsareprocessedbythesawmill樹皮在加工的過程中被去除

Barkisremovedfromthelogs去掉樹皮的木材將被鋸成的初步的木板

Debarkedlogsaresawntointoroughplanks這些厚木板之后會被切邊，重新切割成特定尺寸和長度

Theseplanksarethenedged,resawntospecificdimensionsandcuttostandardlengths7軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber之后把生材由墊塊隔開堆放進行風干或者窯干Thisgreenlumberisthenstackedwithspacersandeitherair-driedorkiln-dried大多數(shù)軟木是在窯內(nèi)烘干而不是風干

Mostsoftwoodlumberiskiln-driedratherthanairdried盡管花費更大，但窯干更快速，過程更方便控制

Althoughmorecostly,kilndryinglumberisaquickerandeasiertocontrolprocess8軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber需將生材干燥的重要原因：Thereareseveralimportantreasonstodrygreenlumber:減少收縮變形

Reducesproblemswithshrinkage減少變色、腐壞及蟲害

Reducessusceptibilitytostaining,decayandinsectdamage使得木材可以被防腐處理

Enableswoodtobetreatedwithpreservatives9軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber需將生材干燥的重要原因：Thereareseveralimportantreasonstodrygreenlumber:改善木材握釘及施膠能力

Improvesstrengthandtheholdofnails,screwsandglue保證油漆和其他表面材料的更好的粘結力

Allowspaintsandotherfinishestoadherebetter6.使木材處理及運輸更方便

Makesiteasiertohandleandtransport10軟木材的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber干燥之后，木材被送過刨床，校直，磨平，統(tǒng)一尺寸Afterdrying,thelumberisputthoughaplanermillwhereitisstraightened,smoothedanduniformlysized11軟木材的的制造Manufacturingsoftwoodlumber木材制造造的最后后一個過過程是將將木材分分等級Finalstepinthemanufacturingprocessisgradingandsortingthelumber12軟木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes木材相關關稱呼：：Lumberterminology:13邊面Edge端面End寬度WidthorDepth厚度Thickness正面SideorFace軟木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes木材的厚厚度和寬寬度：Thicknessandwidthoflumberisexpressedintwoways:名義尺寸寸-在進行干干燥和最最終處理理之前的的生材尺尺寸Nominalsize–Referstotheapproximatesize(ininches)ofgreenlumberbeforeitisdriedandreceivesfinalprocessinginaplanermill實際尺寸寸-進行干燥燥和刨光處理之后后的實際際尺寸Dressedsize–Referstoactualsizeoflumberafteritisdriedandsurfacedinaplanermill14軟木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes結構規(guī)格格材常用的尺寸（厚度和和寬度））:Commonsizes(thicknessandwidth)offraminglumber:15實際尺寸公制（英制）

ActualDressed

Size

metric(imperial)名義尺寸（英制）

NominalSize

(imperial)38x89mm(1?x3?in.)2x438x140mm(1?x5?in.)2x638x184mm(1?x7?in.)2x838x235mm(1?x9?in.)2x1038x286mm(1?x11?in.)2x12軟木材尺尺寸Softwoodlumbersizes結構用規(guī)規(guī)格材的長度度Commonlengthsofframinglumber:2.4米至7.2米，其中中以600毫米遞增增的每一一個長度度2.4to7.2min600mmincrements中國內(nèi)地地能買到到的最長長材料為為6.1米LongestmaterialavailableinChinais6.1m常見長度度：Usuallengths:168英尺8ft.10英尺10ft.12英尺12ft.14英尺14ft.16英尺16ft.18英尺18ft.20英尺20ft.2.44m3.05m3.66m4.27m4.88m5.49m6.10m含水率與與變形Moisturecontentandshrinkage木材的含水率極為影響響其表觀觀及耐久久性Moisturecontentoflumberisanimportantfactorinitsperformanceanddurability含水率是是指木材材內(nèi)所含含水分的的質(zhì)量占占其烘干干質(zhì)量的的百分比比Moisturecontentistheweightofwatercontainedinwoodexpressedasapercentageoftheweightofoven-drywood木材的含含水率會會隨著周周圍的空空氣穩(wěn)定定下來，，但會隨隨著環(huán)境境的變化化而變化化Moisturecontentofwoodwilleventuallyequilibriumwiththesurroundingairandthenrespondtochangingconditions17含水率與與變形Moisturecontentandshrinkage木材會干干縮和濕濕脹Woodshrinkswhenitdriesandswellswhenitiswet生材干燥燥時會有有明顯的的收縮Significantshrinkageoccursasgreenwooddries木材各方方向變形形不一致致-順紋方向向變形很很小-橫紋方向向變形很很大Wooddoesnotshrinkorexpandequallyinalldirections-verylittleshrinkage/expansionalongthegrain(lengthwise)-significantshrinkage/expansioncanoccuracrossthegrain木材干燥燥過程中中可能會會有翹曲曲出現(xiàn)Warpingmayalsooccuraswooddries18翹曲類型型Typesofwarps翹彎Bow扭彎Crook扭曲Twist瓦彎Cup收縮現(xiàn)象象Shrinkageeffects含水率與與變形Moisturecontentandshrinkage推薦的含含水率：：Recommendedmoisturecontentlevels:結構中的的規(guī)格材材在封板板之前最高含水率不不超過19%Dimensionlumberforframingshouldhaveamaximummoisturecontentlevelof19%beforeitisenclosed一般此時時，木材材平均含水率在在15%，絕大部部分收縮縮已經(jīng)沒沒有了Atthislevel,theaveragewoodmoisturecontentwillbelower(about15%)andmostshrinkagehasalreadyoccurred可用儀器器測試木木材的含含水率Awoodmoisturemetercanbeusedtomeasurethemoisturecontentofdimensionallumber19探針型木木材含水水率測試試儀Pin-typewoodmoisture軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading結構用材材必須是是經(jīng)過分分等級的的Lumberusedforframingmustbegraded方便設計計師選擇擇強度合合適的木木材Enablesdesignerstospecifylumberthathasappropriatestrengthproperties方便訂貨貨商清楚楚所訂貨貨物為其其所需Providesbuyerswithareliablewaytoidentifywhattheyarebuying方便施工工監(jiān)理檢檢查材料料是否符符合規(guī)范范Allowsbuildinginspectorstoverifythatqualityoflumbermeetscoderequirements20軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading大部分木木材是根根據(jù)其缺缺陷數(shù)量量進行目目測分級級Mostlumberisvisuallygradedbasedonnumberandtypesofdefects節(jié)疤的尺寸與與位置Sizeandlocationofknots斜紋理Slopeofgrain鈍棱數(shù)量Amountofwane輪裂、端裂與干裂的尺寸Sizeofshakes,splitsandchecks21節(jié)疤Knot斜紋理Slopeofgrain干裂Checks鈍棱Wane軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading加拿大國國家評級級系統(tǒng)Canada’’snationalgradingsystem加拿大國家木材材評級機機構NationalLumberGradesAuthority(NLGA)加拿大木木材評級級標準規(guī)規(guī)定StandardGradingRulesforCanadianLumberGB50005-2003《木結構設設計規(guī)范范》的分級標標準同加加拿大標標準一致致GradingrulesinChina’sGB50005-2003CodeforDesignofTimberStructuresareequivalenttotheNLGA’s22軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading24樹種等級含水率制材廠編編號加拿大木木材評級級管理局局是管理理機構NationalLumberGradeAuthority(NLGA)isregulatoryauthority加拿大共共有約15家木材定定級機構構Approximately15Canadiangradingagencies所有木材材廠家都都是加拿拿大木材材評級管管理局下下的成員員AlllumbermanufacturersaremembersoftheNLGA評級機構構評級機構構樹種軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading25等級含水率制材廠編編號具有相似似特性的的木材種種類被劃劃分為一一類Woodspecieswithsimilarcharacteristicsaregroupedtogether花旗松-落葉松(D.Fir-L)DouglasFir––Larch(D.FIR-L)鐵杉-冷杉(Hem-fir)Hemlock–Fir(Hem-fir)云杉-松-冷杉(SPF)Spruce––Pine–Fir(SPF)北方樹種種(Northern)NorthernSpecies(Northern)樹種等級評級機構構軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading26含水率制材廠編編號目測強度度評級Visualstrengthgrades特選結構構級材(SS)Selectstructural(SS)一級與二級材No.1,No.2（結構用材）No.1andNo.2(usedforframing)三級材No.3含水率評級機構構軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading27樹種等級制材廠編編號含水率Moisturecontent制材時的測定值Measuredattimeofmilling干材刨光光S-DryS-Dry(surfaceddry)濕材刨光S-GrnS–Grn(surfacedgreenorwet)含水率制材廠編編號評級機構構軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading28樹種等級制材廠編編號Milldesignation代表制材材廠的代代號Codeformillwherelumberwasmanufactured軟木材分分級Softwoodlumbergrading另一種方方法是用用機械測測試每根根木材來來分級Anothergradingmethodinvolvesloadtestingeachpieceoflumberwithaspecialmachinefollowedbyvisualgrading這種叫做做機械分級級木材ThistypeoflumberiscalledMachineStressRated(MSR)機械分級級木材一一般用于于作高應應力構件件（比如跨跨度大的的樓板擱擱柵，工字梁的上下弦弦，膠合木梁）MSRlumberistypicallyusedinhighlystressedcomponents

(e.g.longspanfloorandtrusses,chordsforI-joists,glulambeams,etc.)29定級機構樹種含水率彈性系數(shù)計算預計最終彎曲度鋸木廠編號工程木產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Engineeredwoodproducts工程木產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品是一一種再造造的或組組合而成成的材料料，逐漸漸被用來來替代規(guī)規(guī)格材Engineeredwoodproductsarereconstitutedorassembledmaterialsincreasinglybeingusedasasubstitutefordimensionallumber它們是通通過使用用粘合劑劑把木材材的纖維維，顆粒粒，薄木木片或者者粘合在在一起的的規(guī)格材材制作而而成Theyaremanufacturedbybindingwoodstrands

offibers,particles,veneersordimensionallumberbondedtogetherwithadhesives這些材料料在制造造過程中中遵循嚴嚴格的質(zhì)質(zhì)量指標標，并且且其性能能必須滿滿足各種種各樣的的工業(yè)標標準Theseproductsaremanufacturedtoprecisespecificationsandmustmeetavarietyofindustrystandardsforperformance30工程木產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Engineeredwoodproducts與規(guī)格材材比較工工程木產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)優(yōu)勢Advantagesofengineeredwoodproductscomparedtodimensionallumber:更高、更更準確的的強度與與剛度，，增加了了許用跨跨度Higher,morepredictablestrengthandstiffnessallowsincreasedspans更好的尺尺寸穩(wěn)定定性（更更少的收收縮，彎彎曲或者者扭轉(zhuǎn)））Moredimensionalstability(lessshrinkage,warpingortwisting)消耗更少少木材并并且能使使用更小小的，生生長快速速的樹進進行制造造Consumeslesswoodandcanbemadefromsmaller,fast-growingtrees在不犧牲牲結構強強度的情情況下提提供額外外的設計計選擇Providesadditionaldesignoptionswithoutsacrificingstructuralstrength31工程木產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Engineeredwoodproducts指接材Finger-jointedlumber指接材是是將短段段的規(guī)格格材通過過端部的的指結縫縫施膠粘粘結起來來形成的的木材Finger-jointedlumberismadefromshortsectionsofdimensionallumberjoinedtogetherend-to-endwithinterlockingfingersthatareglued用途：在在某些情情況下可可以與通通常的規(guī)規(guī)格材交交替使用用Uses:Withsomeexceptions,canbeusedinterchangeablywith

regulardimensionallumber指接木可利利用之前被被視作無用用的短片規(guī)規(guī)格材制作作Finger-jointingallowsmanufacturestoutilizeshortpiecesof

dimensionallumberthatwouldotherwisebeunusable32指接木接頭頭Fingerjoint工程木產(chǎn)品品Engineeredwoodproducts單板層積材材(LVL)Laminatedveneerlumber(LVL)將多層單板板施加防水水膠膠合在在一起形成成的工程木木產(chǎn)品，和和膠合板類類似，但比比它厚LVLisalayeredcompositeofwoodveneersandwaterproofadhesivesimilartoplywoodbutthicker用途：主梁梁，過梁，，樓板封邊邊板，工字字梁翼緣，，樓梯梁Uses:beams,headers,rimjoists,flangemembersforI-joists,stairstringers主梁可在現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場拼裝制制作，減少少過重的吊吊裝Beamscanbebuilt-upon-sitetoreduceheavylifting33工程木產(chǎn)品品Engineeredwoodproducts平行木片膠膠合木（PSL）Parallelstrandlumber(PSL)將木片在壓壓力下膠合合在一起制制成的高強強度的工程程木制品PSLisahighstrengthstructuralcompositeproductmanufacturedbygluingstrandsofwoodtogetherunderpressure.用途：主梁梁，柱，過過梁Uses:beams,columns,headersPSL梁有漂亮外外觀，可用用于裸露部部分。其高高強度同樣樣可用于其其他非裸露露的地方PSLisanattractivematerialsuitablewherefinishedappearance

isimportantandforconcealedstructuralapplicationswhere

appearanceisnotafactor.34工程木產(chǎn)品品Engineeredwoodproducts層疊木片膠膠合木(LSL)Laminatedstrandlumber(LSL)同OSB板制作類似似，是將速速生樹種木木片在壓力力下施加防防水膠膠合合在一起制制成的工程程木產(chǎn)品SimilartoOSB,LSLismanufacturedfromthinstrandsoffastgrowingspeciesofwoodbondedtogetherunder

heatandpressureusingawaterproofadhesive用途：主梁梁，過梁，，樓板擱柵柵，墻龍骨骨，樓板封封邊板，樓樓梯梁，地地梁板Uses:beams,headers,floorjoists,wallstuds,rimboards,stairstringers,sillplatesLSL可用作墻體體龍骨，用用在很高或或垂直度要要求高的墻墻體（比如如廚房櫥柜柜墻或浴室室貼磚墻））LSLwallstudscanbeusedselectivelywhereeithertallwallsarerequiredorthewallsneedstoverystraight(e.g.kitchencabinetwalls,tiledbathroomwalls)35工程木產(chǎn)品品Engineeredwoodproducts工字梁I-joists工字梁是將將規(guī)格材或或單板層積積材作翼緣緣，膠合板板或OSB板作腹板膠膠合在一起起制成的工工程木I-joistsareprefabricatedwoodjoistsmadebygluingsolidlumberorlaminatedveneerlumberflangestoaplywoodorOSBweb用途：樓板板擱柵，屋屋頂椽條及及擱柵Uses:floorjoists,roofraftersandjoists工字梁一致致的剛度，，強度及自自重使其適適合較大跨跨度Theuniformstiffness,strengthandlightweightofI-joistsmakethemwell-suitedforlongerspans腹板可以按按照要求鉆鉆出管道孔孔Holescanbedrilledinwebforplumbingandelectricalworkbutmustlocatedaccordingtothemanufacturer’srecommendations36翼緣Flanges腹板Web工程木產(chǎn)品品Engineeredwoodproducts膠合木Gluelaminatedtimber(Glulam)在一定條件件下將特殊殊等級的規(guī)規(guī)格材膠合合在一起制制成的工程程木產(chǎn)品Glulamisastructuralwoodproductmanufacturedbygluingtogetherpiecesofspecialgradedimensionallumberundercontrolledconditions用途：主梁梁，過梁，，桁架梁，，柱，重型型桁架Uses:beams,headers,girders,columns,heavytrusses使用防水膠膠使其室內(nèi)內(nèi)外皆可應應用Manufacturedwithwaterproofgluemakesitsuitableforbothinteriorandexteriorapplications37木基結構板板Structuralwood-basedpanels膠合板Plywood膠合板由多多層單板在在一定溫度度和壓力下下膠合而成成Plywoodisapanelbuilt-upfromseveralsheetsofwoodveneergluedtogether用途：屋面面板，墻面面板，樓面面基板，工字梁腹板Uses:roof,wallandfloorsheathing,floorunderlayment,I-joistwebs樓面膠合板板一般都有有企口，可以互相相咬合，所所以接縫部部位下面就就可以不使使用擋塊支支撐Plywoodusedforfloorsheathingoftenhastongueandgroove(T&G)edgestointerlockadjacentpanelseliminatingtheneedforblockingtosupportedges沒帶企口的的膠合板是是用安裝在在接縫處的的H形卡件彼此此咬合Plywoodroofsheathinghassquareedgesthatareoftensupportedwith

metal‘‘H-shaped’clipsasanalternativetosolidblockingtosupportedges38樓面膠合板板帶企口Plywoodfloorsheathing

withT&Gedges屋面膠合板板用H形卡件Plywoodroofsheathing

withmetalH-clip木基結構板板Structuralwood-basedpanels定向木片板板（OSB板）Orientedstrandboard(OSB)OSB板是細木片按同同一方向排排列、分層層并用膠粘合的的結構木板板OSBisapanelmadefromthinstrandsoffastgrowing

speciesofwoodbondedtogetherunderheatandpressure

usingawaterproofadhesive用處：屋面面板，墻面面板，樓面面板，工字字梁腹板Uses:roof,wallandfloorsheathing,floorunderlayment,I-joistwebs由于木片朝朝向的原因因，OSB板強度和剛剛度沿長向向比沿短向向大OSBpanelshavegreaterstrengthandstiffnessalongtheirlengththanacrossthepanelduetothewaythewoodstrandsareoriented15.5毫米或更厚厚的OSB板長邊有些些帶有企口口，有些沒沒有OSB15.5mmandthickeraremanufacturedeitherwitha

squareedgeortongueandgroovealongthelongedges39術語表Glossaryofnewterms風干材-裸露在自然然大氣條件件下進行緩緩慢干燥得得到的木材材Air-dried–Lumberthathasbeenslowlydriedbyexposingittonaturalatmosphericconditions.干裂-木材徑向小小裂紋Checks–Shortseparationsinthewoodalongthegrain.實際尺寸-進行干燥和和刨平切割割之后的實實際尺寸Dressedsize–Actualsizeoflumberafteritisdriedandsurfacedinaplanermill.切邊材-一面以上切切出來的木木材Edged–Lumberthathashadoneormoreofitssurfacessawnorplanedsquare.指接材-將短段的規(guī)規(guī)格材通過過端部的指指結縫施膠膠粘結起來來形成的木木材Finger-jointedlumber–Lumberismadefromshortsectionsofdimensionallumberjoinedtogetherend-to-endwithinterlockingfingersthatareglued.膠合木-在一定條件件下將特殊殊等級的規(guī)規(guī)格材膠合合在一起制制成的工程程木產(chǎn)品Gluelaminatedtimber(Glulam)–Anengineeredwoodproductmanufacturedbygluingtogetherpiecesofspecialgradedimensionallumberundercontrolledconditions.46術語表Glossaryofnewterms生材-未干燥之前前的木材Greenlumber–Unseasonedlumberthathasnotbeendried.硬木-在秋季或冬冬季會落葉葉的闊葉樹樹（部分例例外）的木木材。Hardwood–Woodfrombroad-leavedtreesthat,withsomeexceptions,areshedinautumnorwinterintemperateclimates.工字梁-將規(guī)格材或或單板層積積材作為翼翼緣，膠合合板或OSB板作為腹板板膠合在一一起制成的的工程木I-joists–Aprefabricatedwoodjoistmadebygluingsolidlumberorlaminatedveneerlumberflangesto

aplywoodorOSBweb.窯干材-將其放入窯窯中，控制制在一定熱熱量、濕度度和風量中中干燥得來來的木材Kiln-dried–Lumberthathasbeendriedtoapredeterminedlevelbyplacingitinachamber,applyingcarefullycontrolledlev