Unit5WhatisOperatingSystem?ContentsLearningObjectives1Words&Expressions2Text3Exercises4Learning

ObjectivesAfteryouhavereadthisunit,youshouldbefamiliarwith:1.Themainfunctionsoftheoperatingsystem2.Thecategoriesoftheoperatingsystem

⊙Words&Expressionsoperatingsystemn.操作系統(tǒng)environmentn.環(huán)境,外界executevt.執(zhí)行,實(shí)行,完成,處死,制成,[律]經(jīng)簽名蓋章等手續(xù)使(證書)生效resourcen.資源,財(cái)力,辦法,智謀managementn.經(jīng)營,管理,處理,操縱,駕駛,手段Netwaren.Novell公司出的網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)embeddedadj.植入的,深入的,內(nèi)含的hostn.vt.主人,旅館招待許多當(dāng)主人招待,主機(jī)GPSabbr.GlobalPositionSystem,全球定位系統(tǒng)single-usern.[計(jì)]單用戶訪問multi-usern.[計(jì)]多用戶distributedadj.分布式的time-sharingn.[計(jì)]分時(shí)real-timeadj.[計(jì)]實(shí)時(shí)的,接到指示立即執(zhí)行的smartadj.智能的,聰明的⊙Text

WhatisOperatingSystem?Anoperatingsystemactsasanintermediarybetweentheuserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.Thepurposeofanoperatingsystemistoprovideanenvironmentinwhichausercanexecuteprogramsinaconvenientandefficientmanner.Anoperatingsystemissoftwarethatmanagesthecomputerhardware.Thehardwaremustprovideappropriatemechanismstoensurethecorrectoperationofthecomputersystemandtopreventuserprogramsfrominterferingwiththeproperoperationofthesystem.Text Whoarechargedwithoperatingsystemssuchasmanagementandconfigurationofmemory,systemresources,supplyanddemanddeterminethepriorities,controllinginputandoutputdevices,operationandmanagementofnetworkfilesystemsandotherbasicservices.Operatingsystemistomanagethecomputersystemallthehardwareresources,includingsoftwareresourcesanddataresources;controlprogramisrunning;toimprovethehuman-machineinterface;toprovidesupportforotherapplications,sothatthecomputersystemtomaximizetheroleofalltheresourcestoprovideuserswithaconvenient,effective,friendlyserviceinterface.Text Theoperatingsystemofalargecomputersystemhasevenmoreworktodo.Suchoperatingsystemsmonitordifferentprogramsandusers,makingsureeverythingrunssmoothly,withoutinterference,despitethefactthatnumerousdevicesandprogramsareusedsimultaneously.Anoperatingsystemalsohasavitalroletoplayinsecurity.Itsjobincludespreventingunauthorizedusersfromaccessingthecomputersystem. Theoperatingsystemisahugemanagementcontrolprocedures,broadlyincludethefollowingfiveaspectsofmanagementfunctions:processandprocessormanagement,operationsmanagement,storagemanagement,devicemanagement,documentmanagement.Text AtpresentacommonPCoperatingsystemsareDOS,OS/2,UNIX,XENIX,LINUX,Windows,Netwareandsoon.However,alloperatingsystemswithconcurrencyandshared,virtualanduncertaintyfourbasicfeatures. Thepatternsareverydiverseoperatingsystems;OScanbeinstalledondifferentmachinesfromsimpletocomplex,fromthephone'sembeddedsystemstolarge-scalesupercomputeroperatingsystem.Manyoperatingsystems,thedefinitionofmanufactureroftheOSisnotmuchconsensus,forexample,thatsomeOSintegratedgraphicaluserinterface,andsomeOStouseonlyatextinterface,whilethegraphicalinterfaceasanon-essentialapplications.TextCategories

Atpresentawiderangeofoperatingsystems,itisdifficulttouseasingle

standarduniformclassification.

Dependingontheapplicationtodividetheareacanbedividedintothedesktopoperatingsystems,serveroperatingsystems,hostoperatingsystems,embeddedoperatingsystem.Anembeddedoperatingsystemisanoperatingsystemforembeddedcomputersystems.Theseoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeverycompactandefficient,forsakingmanyfunctionsthatnon-embeddedcomputeroperatingsystemsprovide,andwhichmaynotbeusedbythespecializedapplicationstheyrun.Theyarefrequentlyalsoreal-timeoperatingsystems.Text

ExamplesofembeddedoperatingsystemscouldincludethesoftwareusedinAutomatedTellerMachines,CashRegisters,CCTVsystems,TVboxset,GPS,jukeboxes,etc.

Accordingtothenumberofuserssupportedcanbedividedintosingle-user(MSDOS,OS/2),multi-usersystems(UNIX,MVS,Windows).Amultiuseroperatingsystemenablesmultipleuserstorunprogramssimultaneously.Thistypeofoperatingsystemmaybeusedforjustafewpeopleorhundredsofthem.Infact,therearesomeoperatingsystemsthatareusedtoallowthousandsofpeopletorunprogramsatthesametime.

Accordingtothehardwarestructure,canbedividedintonetworkoperatingsystem(Netware,WindowsNT,OS/2warp),adistributedsystem(Amoeba),multimediasystem(Amiga).TextAnetworkoperatingsystem(NOS)isacomputeroperatingsystemthatisdesignedprimarilytosupportworkstation,personalcomputer,and,insomeinstances,olderterminalthatareconnectedonalocalareanetwork(LAN).Artisoft'sLANtastic,BanyanVINES,Novell'sNetWare,andMicrosoft'sLANManagerareexamplesofnetworkoperatingsystems.Inaddition,somemulti-purposeoperatingsystems,suchasWindowsNTandDigital'sOpenVMScomewithcapabilitiesthatenablethemtobedescribedasanetworkoperatingsystem.Anetworkoperatingsystemprovidesprintersharing,commonfilesystemanddatabasesharing,applicationsharing,andtheabilitytomanageanetworknamedirectory,security,andotherhousekeepingaspectsofanetwork.TextAccordingtotheoperatingsystemontheoperationaluseoftheenvironmentandtheapproachinmind,andbatchprocessingsystemscanbedividedinto(MVX,DOS/VSE),time-sharingsystem(Linux,UNIX,XENIX,MacOS),real-timesystems(iEMX,VRTX,RTOS,RTWINDOWS).Real-timeoperatingsystemsaredesignedtoallowcomputerstoprocessandrespondtoinputinstantly.Usually,general-purposeoperatingsystems,suchasdiskoperatingsystem(DOS),arenotconsideredrealtime,astheymayrequiresecondsorminutestorespondtoinput.Real-timeoperatingsystemsaretypicallyusedwhencomputersmustreacttotheconsistentinputofinformationwithoutdelay.Forexample,real-timeoperatingsystemsmaybeusedinnavigation.Text

Accordingtothetechnicalcomplexityoftheoperatingsystemcanbedividedintoasimpleoperatingsystem,smartoperatingsystem.Theso-calledsimpleoperatingsystem,refertotheinitialconfigurationofcomputeroperatingsystems,suchasIBM'sdiskoperatingsystemDOS/360andmicro-computer'soperatingsystemCP/Mandsoon.Themainfunctionofsuchoperatingsystemistooperatethecommandexecution,fileservices,andsupporthigh-levelprogramminglanguagecompilersandcontrolofexternalequipment.⊙TextExercises1.Answerthefollowingquestionaccordingtothetext.(1)Whataremanagementfunctionsofoperatingsystem?(2)Whatismainfunctionofsimpleoperatingsystem?(3)Whatdoesanetworkoperatingsystemprovide?(4)Whatisthepurposeofanoperatingsystem?(5)Whatisoperatingsystemtomanage?2.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:(1)desktopoperatingsystems(7)網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)(2)serveroperatingsystems(8)多媒體操作系統(tǒng)(3)hostoperatingsystems(9)分布式操作系統(tǒng)(4)embeddedoperatingsystem(10)分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)(5)single-usersystem(11)實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)(6)smartoperatingsystem(12)多用戶操作系統(tǒng)keyExercises3.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

(1) An

operatingsystemsaredesignedtobeverycompactandefficient,forsakingmanyfunctionsthatnon-embeddedcomputeroperatingsystemsprovide,andwhichmaynotbeusedbythespecializedapplicationstheyrun.(2)

operatingsystemenablesmultipleuserstorunprogramssimultaneously.(3) Dependingonthe

todividetheareacanbedividedintothedesktopoperatingsystems,serveroperatingsystems,hostoperatingsystems,embeddedoperatingsystem.(4) ___operatingsystemsaredesignedtoallowcomputerstoprocessandrespondtoinputinstantly.(5) Accordingtothe___structure,canbedividedintonetworkoperatingsystem(Netware,WindowsNT,OS/2warp),adistributedsystem(Amoeba),multimediasystem(Amiga).keyExercises4.Choosethebestonefromtheitemsgivenbelowtocompletethefollowingpassage.Applicationsputcomputerstopracticalbusiness_（1）__,butbelowthe_（2）___it'stheheartofanoperatingsystem--thekernel--thatprovidesthetechnicalwizardrytojugglemultipleprograms,connecttonetworksandstore__(3)__.Atraditionalkernelprovidesallthefunctionsforapplications.Thekernel_(4)_memory,I/Odevicesandparcelsoutprocessortime.Thekernelalsosupportssecurityandfault_(5)_,whichistheabilitytorecoverautomaticallywhenpartsofthesystemfail.(1) A.used B.use C.apply D.applied(2) A.earth B.bottom C.table D.surface(3) A.graphics B.data C.text D.image(4) A.manages B.manage C.managed D.managing(5) A.error B.question C.tolerance D.problemkeyExercises5.MarkthefollowingstatementswithT(true)orF(false)accordingtothetext.(1)Anoperatingsystemactsasanintermediarybetweentheuserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.(2)Accordingtothehardwarestructure,canbedividedintonetworkoperatingsystem,adistributedsystem,multimediasystem.(3)UNIXisn’takindofmulti-usersystems.(4)Accordingtothetechnicalcomplexityoftheoperatingsystemcanbedividedintotime-sharingsystem,real-timesystems.(5)OperatingsystemistomanagethecomputersystemallthehardwareresourceskeyExercises6.Selecttheoneanswertoeachquestion.(1)Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportanttypeofcomputersystemsoftware.?___A.OperatingsystemB.DBMSC.ApplicationsoftwareD.IE(2)18.Whereistheoperatingsystemloadedwhenacomputerispoweredon?___A.bufferB.RAMC.ROMD.harddiskExercises(3)Anoperatingsystemis___thatmanagesthecomputerhardwareA.softwareB.ApplicationsoftwareC.browserD.register(4)Whichofthefollowingisnotakindofmulti-usersystems?____A.UNIXB.MVSC.WindowsD.MSDOSExercises(5)GPSstandsfor___.A.GlobalPositionSystemB.GlobalPointerSystemC.GlobalHospitalSystemD.GlobalPositionedSystem(6)Anoperatingsystemactsasanintermediarybetweenthe___ofacomputerandthecomputer___.A.user;hardwareB.user;softwareC.user;printerD.user;keyboardkeyExercises7.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Anoperatingsystemactsasanintermediarybetweentheuserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.Thepurposeofanoperatingsystemistoprovideanenvironmentinwhichausercanexecuteprogramsinaconvenientand