UnitEightCloningUnitEightCloning1

Whatiscloning?Cloning=genetically

identicalduplication

of:

?DNAsequences.

?Cells.

?Organisms.

Identicaltwinsmight

besaidtobe“natural

clones.”

Whatiscloning?Cloning=gen2CloningMilestones1938Cloningisenvisioned.HansSpemannproposedwhathecalleda"fantasticalexperiment."Hesuggestedtakingthenucleusfromacellofalate-stageembryoandtransplantingitintoanegg.Inotherwords,cloning.1952Firstcloningexperimentwithfrogs.RobertBriggsandT.J.Kingusedapipettetosuckthenucleusfromthecellofanadvancedfrogembryoandaddedittoafrogegg.Itdidnotdevelop.1984Firstembryocloningwithsheepisreported.SteenWilladsenreportedthatheclonedalivelambfromimmaturesheepembryocells.Otherslaterreplicatehisexperimentusingavarietyofanimals,includingcattle,pigs,goats,rabbitsandrhesusmonkeys.CloningMilestones1938Cloni31994Firstcloningofmoreadvancedembryocells.NealFirstclonedcalvesfromembryosthathavegrowntoatleast120cells.1996Dr.IanWilmutandhisteamclonetheworld'sfirstsheepfromadultcells.ThelambborninJuly1996isnamedDolly.1994Firstcloningofmoread41997AteamledbyDrs.IanWilmutandKeithCampbell(U.K.)createthefirstsheepwithahumangeneineverycellofitsbody.ThegeneticallyengineeredlambisnamedPolly.1997AteamledbyDrs.IanW52000Japanesescientistscloneababybullfromabullthatwasacloneitself,thefirstre-cloningcaseinvolvingalargemammal.2002AteamofscientistsatTexasA&MUniversityproducesthefirstclonedpet,acalicokittencalled“CC”(forCopyCat).TheworkwasfundedbyArizonamillionaireJohnSperling,whosecompany,GeneticSavingsandClone,hopestoclonepetsforprofit.2000Japanesescientistsclon6China’sBreakthroughsinCloning1999Chinesescientistshaveproducedanembryoofagiantpandathroughcloningtechnology,abreakthroughthatcouldsavetheendangeredanimal.ScientistsfromtheChineseAcademyofScienceshadintroducedcellsofadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbitandtheembryowasnurturedsuccessfully.2003Chinesescientistshaveproducedhumanembryonicstemcellsbymixinghumanskinwithrabbiteggs.Thisexperimentwouldrepresentthefirsttimehumanembryonicstemcellshadbeengeneratedviacloning.China’sBreakthroughsinCloni7TextAACloneIsBornTextAACloneIsBorn8TextOrganizationPartOne(Paras1-2)

Dollythesheep,aclone,wasborn.TextOrganizationPartOne9PartTwo(Paras3-6)Dolly’sbirthhasmadecloningarealityandhumancloningapossibility.PartTwo10PartThree(Paras7-11)Peoplehavetofacetheethicalproblemsofhumancloning.

Thispartcanbefurtherdividedinto…PartThree11SectionOne(Paras7-9):Humancloninghasgivenrisetothequestionofwhatimplicationsthetechnologymayhaveformankind.SectionTwo(Paras10-11):Themakingoftheatomicbombhadatremendousimpactonscientists.SectionOne(Paras7-9):Hu12PartFour(Paras12-16)Cloningtechnologycouldbenefitpeopleinmorethanoneway.PartFour13LanguagePointsgivebirthto:produceyoung;bringabout Thecatgavebirthtofivekittens. Thisissuegavebirthtoadispute.

LanguagePointsgivebirthto:14foralltheworld(asif): ineveryrespect;exactly就象…一樣Helookedforalltheworldasifhehadseenaghost.Thetwotalkedforalltheworldasiftheywereoldfriends.foralltheworld(asif): ine15Foralltheworld:inspiteofeverything不管怎樣Iwouldn’tgiveupfreedomforalltheworld.Thefundswerelacking,andtheyhadexperiencedsomesetbacks.Buttheresearcherscarriedonwiththeexperimentforalltheworld.Foralltheworld:inspiteof16How

Dolly

Was

Cloned

How

17fuse:jointogetherphysicallyorchemically,usu.Tobecomeonething

merge:

(differentparts)combineintoonewholethingfuse:jointogetherphysically18fuseTheoldcoinshadfusedtogetherinthefire.Inherrichestworkshefusescomedyandtragedy.Thesnowflakesfusetogetherandproduceicecrystals.Theskullbonesusuallyfuseatage15.Differentcultures/conceptionsfusewitheachother.fuseTheoldcoinshadfusedto19mergeTowcompaniesmergewitheachother.Mergethegraphicwiththetextonthesamescreen.Thenarrowtrackmergedwithawiderpathatthecrossing.Blue,pinkandpurplecolorsmergedintheeveningsky.mergeTowcompaniesmergewith20residence:processofresiding;placeinwhichonelivesResidenceamongthepoorissuggestedasawayofunderstandingtheirproblems.DowningStreetistheBritishPrimeMinister’sofficialresidence.residence:processofresiding21identical(to/with):exactlyalike;thesameOnMonday,thepupilswearidenticalschooluniforms.Thecopyisidenticaltotheoriginal.identify(AwithB):considerasidenticalorunited Weshouldn'tidentifyhappinesswithwealth.identifywithsb./sth.:understandthepersonorthingbysharingthesamefeelingAgoodactorcanidentifywiththecharacterheplays.identical(to/with):exactly22inprinciple:asfarasbasicprinciplesareconcerned;ingeneralbutnotindetail

Thoughthereisnoreasoninprinciplewhywomencannotbetopleaders,theyworkinrealityundermenmoreoftenthannot.

Theyhaveagreedtotheproposalinprinciplebutwestillhavetonegotiatetheterms.inprinciple:asfarasbasic23offensive:upsettingorannoying;disgustingorrepulsive Whydidhemakesuchoffensiveremarksatthemeeting? AnoffensivesmellgreetedmynosewhenIopenedthedoor. cp.offend:causedispleasure;violatearuleorlaw Somemusicoffends,ratherthanpleases,theear.offensive:upsettingorannoyi24compromise:n.givingupofcertaindemandsbyeachsideinadispute,sothatanagreementmaybereachedwhichsatisfiedboth;v.settleadisputebymakingcompromise(on/over) TheNATOcountrieshavefinallyreachedacompromiseoverwhethertheUS-ledmultinationaltroopsarejustifiedinlaunchingattacksagainstIraq. IwanttogotoGreece,andmywifewantstogotoSpain,sowecompromiseonIpromise:n.givingupofce25Compromise:toallowyourprinciplestobeweakenedoryourmoralstobelowered損害，放棄原則Don’tcompromiseyourself/yourbeliefs/yourprinciplesforthesakeofbeingacceptedbyyourpeers.Ifyoueatyourwordsonthisissue,yourreputationwillbecompromised.Compromise:toallowyourprin26Plague:causecontinualandmassivetrouble,discomfortto困擾，泛濫Iwasplaguedwithdisease.Irregularity,corruptionandinexperienceseriouslyplaguedChina’sstockmarket.Academiccheatingplaguedthecampus.Plague:causecontinualandmas27《就象一樣》課件28《就象一樣》課件29《就象一樣》課件30Thecaseforhumancloning1.theissueoftalentsCloningusingtheDNAfromanadultwhoismusicallytalentedcouldresultinaclonedchildgrowinguptobeequallytalented.Thecaseforhumancloning1.t31Thecaseforhumancloning2.ForasterilecoupleThroughcloningthewifeandhusbandcouldbothcontributetoaclonedchild.

Thecaseforhumancloning2.F32Thecaseforhumancloning3.ForalifethreateningdiseasesuchascancerCloningcandevelophealthyorganstobetransplantedintothebodytoreplacethesickone.Thecaseforhumancloning3.F33Thecaseagainsthumancloning1.TheHealthIssue

Asoftoday,cloningisnotsafe.

Dollyisasicklamb!

Thecaseagainsthumancloning34Thecaseagainsthumancloning2.Religious

objectionsThecaseagainsthumancloning35Thecaseagainsthumancloning3.EthicalproblemsRiskstotheclonechild.

Parentalmotives,e.g.vanity,restorea

deceasedchildorspouse.

Howwouldtheclonechildreactto

expectationsandpressures?

Thecaseagainsthumancloning36Thecaseagainsthumancloning4.PotentialhazardWouldsomepeopleuseitasameanstoexploitprofits?Wouldsomelunaticuseittomanipulatealargehumanforce?(StarWarsEpisodeII:TheAttackoftheClones)

Thecaseagainsthumancloning37Ifanyneededremindingthat/of…,theyneedonly…DiscriminationagainstmigrantworkersplaguesthebigcitiesinChina.Ifanyneededremindingoftheunfairtreatmenttheyreceive,theyneedonlythinkofthedeprivaloftheirmedi-careandtheirkids’righttoeducationinpublicschools.Ifanyneededremindingthat/o38《就象一樣》課件39letloose:release

Whenweescape,shallweletlooseotherprisoners?

Justcloseyoureyesandletlooseyourimagination.letloose:release40《就象一樣》課件41《就象一樣》課件42lashoutat:makeasuddenviolentattackonwithblowsorwords

Thedoglashedoutather.Helashedoutattherulingparty’sforeignpolicies.lashoutat:makeasuddenvio43Conceive(of):imagine;formanideainthemindIt’sasmartlyconceivedplan/scheme.GeorgeLucasconceivedoftheideaandwrotethefilmofStarWarfirstduringtheVietnamWarperiod.Inancienttimespeopleconceivedoftheearthasflat.Conceive(of):imagine;forma44UnitEightCloningUnitEightCloning45

Whatiscloning?Cloning=genetically

identicalduplication

of:

?DNAsequences.

?Cells.

?Organisms.

Identicaltwinsmight

besaidtobe“natural

clones.”

Whatiscloning?Cloning=gen46CloningMilestones1938Cloningisenvisioned.HansSpemannproposedwhathecalleda"fantasticalexperiment."Hesuggestedtakingthenucleusfromacellofalate-stageembryoandtransplantingitintoanegg.Inotherwords,cloning.1952Firstcloningexperimentwithfrogs.RobertBriggsandT.J.Kingusedapipettetosuckthenucleusfromthecellofanadvancedfrogembryoandaddedittoafrogegg.Itdidnotdevelop.1984Firstembryocloningwithsheepisreported.SteenWilladsenreportedthatheclonedalivelambfromimmaturesheepembryocells.Otherslaterreplicatehisexperimentusingavarietyofanimals,includingcattle,pigs,goats,rabbitsandrhesusmonkeys.CloningMilestones1938Cloni471994Firstcloningofmoreadvancedembryocells.NealFirstclonedcalvesfromembryosthathavegrowntoatleast120cells.1996Dr.IanWilmutandhisteamclonetheworld'sfirstsheepfromadultcells.ThelambborninJuly1996isnamedDolly.1994Firstcloningofmoread481997AteamledbyDrs.IanWilmutandKeithCampbell(U.K.)createthefirstsheepwithahumangeneineverycellofitsbody.ThegeneticallyengineeredlambisnamedPolly.1997AteamledbyDrs.IanW492000Japanesescientistscloneababybullfromabullthatwasacloneitself,thefirstre-cloningcaseinvolvingalargemammal.2002AteamofscientistsatTexasA&MUniversityproducesthefirstclonedpet,acalicokittencalled“CC”(forCopyCat).TheworkwasfundedbyArizonamillionaireJohnSperling,whosecompany,GeneticSavingsandClone,hopestoclonepetsforprofit.2000Japanesescientistsclon50China’sBreakthroughsinCloning1999Chinesescientistshaveproducedanembryoofagiantpandathroughcloningtechnology,abreakthroughthatcouldsavetheendangeredanimal.ScientistsfromtheChineseAcademyofScienceshadintroducedcellsofadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbitandtheembryowasnurturedsuccessfully.2003Chinesescientistshaveproducedhumanembryonicstemcellsbymixinghumanskinwithrabbiteggs.Thisexperimentwouldrepresentthefirsttimehumanembryonicstemcellshadbeengeneratedviacloning.China’sBreakthroughsinCloni51TextAACloneIsBornTextAACloneIsBorn52TextOrganizationPartOne(Paras1-2)

Dollythesheep,aclone,wasborn.TextOrganizationPartOne53PartTwo(Paras3-6)Dolly’sbirthhasmadecloningarealityandhumancloningapossibility.PartTwo54PartThree(Paras7-11)Peoplehavetofacetheethicalproblemsofhumancloning.

Thispartcanbefurtherdividedinto…PartThree55SectionOne(Paras7-9):Humancloninghasgivenrisetothequestionofwhatimplicationsthetechnologymayhaveformankind.SectionTwo(Paras10-11):Themakingoftheatomicbombhadatremendousimpactonscientists.SectionOne(Paras7-9):Hu56PartFour(Paras12-16)Cloningtechnologycouldbenefitpeopleinmorethanoneway.PartFour57LanguagePointsgivebirthto:produceyoung;bringabout Thecatgavebirthtofivekittens. Thisissuegavebirthtoadispute.

LanguagePointsgivebirthto:58foralltheworld(asif): ineveryrespect;exactly就象…一樣Helookedforalltheworldasifhehadseenaghost.Thetwotalkedforalltheworldasiftheywereoldfriends.foralltheworld(asif): ine59Foralltheworld:inspiteofeverything不管怎樣Iwouldn’tgiveupfreedomforalltheworld.Thefundswerelacking,andtheyhadexperiencedsomesetbacks.Buttheresearcherscarriedonwiththeexperimentforalltheworld.Foralltheworld:inspiteof60How

Dolly

Was

Cloned

How

61fuse:jointogetherphysicallyorchemically,usu.Tobecomeonething

merge:

(differentparts)combineintoonewholethingfuse:jointogetherphysically62fuseTheoldcoinshadfusedtogetherinthefire.Inherrichestworkshefusescomedyandtragedy.Thesnowflakesfusetogetherandproduceicecrystals.Theskullbonesusuallyfuseatage15.Differentcultures/conceptionsfusewitheachother.fuseTheoldcoinshadfusedto63mergeTowcompaniesmergewitheachother.Mergethegraphicwiththetextonthesamescreen.Thenarrowtrackmergedwithawiderpathatthecrossing.Blue,pinkandpurplecolorsmergedintheeveningsky.mergeTowcompaniesmergewith64residence:processofresiding;placeinwhichonelivesResidenceamongthepoorissuggestedasawayofunderstandingtheirproblems.DowningStreetistheBritishPrimeMinister’sofficialresidence.residence:processofresiding65identical(to/with):exactlyalike;thesameOnMonday,thepupilswearidenticalschooluniforms.Thecopyisidenticaltotheoriginal.identify(AwithB):considerasidenticalorunited Weshouldn'tidentifyhappinesswithwealth.identifywithsb./sth.:understandthepersonorthingbysharingthesamefeelingAgoodactorcanidentifywiththecharacterheplays.identical(to/with):exactly66inprinciple:asfarasbasicprinciplesareconcerned;ingeneralbutnotindetail

Thoughthereisnoreasoninprinciplewhywomencannotbetopleaders,theyworkinrealityundermenmoreoftenthannot.

Theyhaveagreedtotheproposalinprinciplebutwestillhavetonegotiatetheterms.inprinciple:asfarasbasic67offensive:upsettingorannoying;disgustingorrepulsive Whydidhemakesuchoffensiveremarksatthemeeting? AnoffensivesmellgreetedmynosewhenIopenedthedoor. cp.offend:causedispleasure;violatearuleorlaw Somemusicoffends,ratherthanpleases,theear.offensive:upsettingorannoyi68compromise:n.givingupofcertaindemandsbyeachsideinadispute,sothatanagreementmaybereachedwhichsatisfiedboth;v.settleadisputebymakingcompromise(on/over) TheNATOcountrieshavefinallyreachedacompromiseoverwhethertheUS-ledmultinationaltroopsarejustifiedinlaunchingattacksagainstIraq. IwanttogotoGreece,andmywifewantstogotoSpain,sowecompromiseonIpromise:n.givingupofce69Compromise:toallowyourprinciplestobeweakenedoryourmoralstobelowered損害，放棄原則Don’tcompromiseyourself/yourbeliefs/yourprinciplesforthesakeofbeingacceptedbyyourpeers.Ifyoueatyourwordsonthisissue,yourreputationwillbecompromised.Compromise:toallowyourprin70Plague:causecontinualandmassivetrouble,discomfortto困擾，泛濫Iwasplaguedwithdisease.Irregularity,corruptionandinexperienceseriouslyplaguedChina’sstockmarket.Academiccheatingplaguedthecampus.Plague:causecontinualandmas71《就象一樣》課件72《就象一樣》課件73《就象一樣》課件74Thecaseforhumancloning1.theissueoftalentsCloningusingtheDNAfromanadultwhoismusicallytalentedcouldresultinaclonedchildgrowinguptobeequallytalented.Thecaseforhumancloning1.t75Thecaseforhumancloning2.ForasterilecoupleThroughcloningthewifeandhusbandcouldbothcontributetoaclonedchild.

Thecaseforhumancloning2.F76Thecaseforhumancloning3.Foralifethreateningdisease