一、回答下面問題。(1)什么是定語？(2)什么是定語從句？定語從句分類？(3)什么是先行詞？(4)哪些詞可以引導(dǎo)定語從句？知識點(diǎn)一、定語從句【知識梳理】【語篇學(xué)語法】IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIservedasavolunteer.Lifewasnoteasy,butitmademefullandhappy. Inthedistance(遠(yuǎn)處),Isawsomevillagers(who/that)werewaitingtogivemeawarmwelcome.Theywerelookingforwardtohavingateacher(who/that)couldstaytoteachtheirkids(who/that)shoulderedthehopeoftheirfuture.Theyshookhandswithmeandofferedtocarrytheluggage(行李)(which/that)hadnothingbutaquilt(被子)．Iwasshowedintomybedroom(which/that)stoodnexttotheclassroomwhoseroof(屋頂)wascoveredwithbrowngrass.“Thisistheroomwhereyoulive，”thevillageleadersaid.“Wehavetriedourbest.”“Notsobad.Muchbetterthanexpected，”Ireplied.Mywordsmadethevillagerslaugh.Schoolwasabouttoopen.Ihadtogetthetextbooksforthechildren(who/whom/that)Iwouldteach.Therewasonlyaroadthatledoutofthemountains.Thevillagersofferedtohelpme,butIrefusedtheiroffersinceIknewallthosewhostayedinthevillagewereeitheroldpeopleorsmallchildren.So,Icarriedbackalltheschoolthingsthatthechildrenwouldusewithacarryingpole(桿).Sooncamethedaywhennewtermbegan,butmanyseatswereempty.Iaskedthestudentsaboutitandwastoldthattheyhaddroppedout.Thenextday,Iclimbedupmountainsanddownvalleys(溪谷)togofromdoortodoortopersuade(說服)theparentstolettheirkidsgobacktoschool.Finally,myeffortpaidoffandallthedropped-outchildrenwerebackinclassagain.1.定語從句的概述在復(fù)合句中對名詞、代詞、名詞性短語、句子進(jìn)行修飾、限定的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的成分叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有兩種：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格為whom，所有格為whose)等，關(guān)系副詞包括where,when,why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有三個作用：①引導(dǎo)從句；②指代先行詞；③在定語從中作成分。如：HarryPorterisasmartboy.(形容詞作定語)HarryPorterisaboywhohasmagicpower.(定語從句)Thisisanoldcomputer.Itworksmuchslower.這是一臺老式電腦。它工作起來速度很慢。(這是兩個簡單句，It代替anoldcomputer)Thisisanoldcomputerwhich/thatworksmuchslower.這是一臺工作起來比較慢的老式電腦(這是一個主從復(fù)合句，which/that代替anoldcomputer，引導(dǎo)定語從句)普通代詞只起替代作用，如在上例中It替代anoldcomputer.而關(guān)系代詞除可以起替代作用之外還可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。2.關(guān)系代詞的用法(1)關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that。它們的具體使用情況如下表所示：關(guān)系詞先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謧渥㈥P(guān)系代詞who人主語、賓語whom,which和that在從句中作賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that和whowhom人賓語which物主語、賓語that人或物主語、賓語、表語whose人或物定語whose＋n.＝the＋n.＋ofwhich/whom＝ofwhich/whom＋the＋n.(先行詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which)(2)在定語從句中，使用關(guān)系代詞時(shí)我們應(yīng)該考慮兩點(diǎn)：一是先行詞是“人”還是“物”；二是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。Heisamanwho/thatmeanswhathesays.他是一個說話算話的人。(先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作主語)Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefatherisateacher?你們班有誰的父親是老師？(先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在定語從句中作定語)Tobefrank,Idon'tlikethemovie(which/that)yourecommendedtomeyesterday.說實(shí)話，我不喜歡你昨天推薦給我的那部影片。(先行詞指物，關(guān)系代詞which/that引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作賓語，可省略)=2\*ROMANII.關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which的情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是all,much,anything,nothing,little,none等不定代詞時(shí)Shetoldmeeverythingthatsheknew.她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。2.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能清楚地記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。3.先行詞為序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。4.先行詞為形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.這是我看過的最好的電影。5.先行詞為thelast,theonly,thevery,thesame等或被這些詞修飾時(shí)Mr.Smithistheonlyforeignerthatheknows.史密斯先生是他唯一認(rèn)識的外國人。6.主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)Whichisthetruestorythathetoldus?他給我們講的哪一個故事是真實(shí)的？7.當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)Tomisn'tthemanthatheusedtobe.湯姆不再是過去的樣子了。=3\*ROMANIII.關(guān)系代詞用which而不用that的情況1.先行詞為that時(shí)—What'sthatwhichisunderthedesk?桌子底下的那個東西是什么？—It'safootball.那是一個足球。2.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)Thisistheroominwhichhelives.這是他住的房間。3.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。關(guān)系副詞（時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/原因）的用法A.where指地點(diǎn)，充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語；此時(shí)可用inwhich/onwhich/atwhich/towhich等取代Thisistheplace.Wespentourchildhoodinthatplace.替換：Thisistheplace(which/that)wespendourchildhoodin.Thisistheplaceinwhichwespentourchildhood.Thisistheplacewherewespentourchildhood.B.when指時(shí)間，充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語inwhich/onwhich/atwhich/duringwhich等取代He’llalwaysremembertheday.Hisgrandmapassedawayonthatday.替換：He’llalwaysremembertheday（which/that）hisgrandmapassedawayon.He’llalwaysrememberthedayonwhichhisgrandmapassedaway.He’llalwaysrememberthedaywhenhisgrandmapassedaway.C.why指原因，充當(dāng)原因狀語；可以用forwhich來取代。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，不能用why;可以用forwhich.Thisisthereason.Theywerelateforthemeetingbecauseofthereason.替換:Thisisthereasonwhytheywerelateforthemeeting.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy/forwhichthecarbrokedown?=4\*ROMANIV.定語從句的注意事項(xiàng)1.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)。根據(jù)先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)確定從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。如：HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsFrenchinourclass.他是我們班里唯一懂法語的學(xué)生。(theonlyone為先行詞)HeisoneofthestudentswhoknowFrenchinourclass.他是我們班里懂法語的學(xué)生之一。(students為先行詞)2.關(guān)系代詞的省略：在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語(這時(shí)介詞不能在關(guān)系代詞前)時(shí)?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾篢heboy(that/who/whom)wesawlastnightwasLiMing.我們昨晚見到的那個男孩是李明。【例題精講】例1.選詞填空1.Thelittlegirlwith_______(whom/who/which)Iwalkedmydogismyniece.2.Allthefilms_______(that/which/where)Chaplinactedinwereveryfunny.3.Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof_______(them/which/that)werepublishedinthe1990s.4.Thecompany_______(where/which/that)myfatherworksisfivemilesawayfromhere.5.Thefilmbroughtbackthegoodhours_______(when/which/that)Iplayedhappilywithmyplaymates.6.Alltheneighborsspeakhighlyofthisfamily_______(where/which/who)theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.7.1amonajob_______(when/where/which)everyonewaitsforachancetobreakthrough.8.[2018天津卷改編］Kate,_______(who/whose/whom)sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewerealcollege,hasgonetoworkinAustralia.9.Thisistheonlyfood_______(that/which/whose)isinmyfridgenow.10.Isthisthereason_______(that/why/withwhich)thedirectorexplainedatthemectingyesterday?11.Ihavereachedapointinmylife_______(where/that/when)Iamexpectedtomakemyowdecisionsbyparents.12.OrganizersaremakingpreparationsfortheBeijing2022OlympicWinterGames_______(whose/which/where)aimistocreateawonderfulWinterGames.例2.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空1.Thefilm________youarelookingforwardtoseeingwillbeontomorrow.2.Isthereanything________youwanttobuy?3.Thegirl________hairisgoldenisfromEngland.4.Theman________Isawtoldmetocomehere.5.Heaskedaboutthefactoriesandworkers________wehadjustvisited.6.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,________wasmorethanwecouldexpect.7.Whatwasthat________hesaid?8.Whoisthegirl________isstandingunderthetree?9.Ourschoolisnottheone________itusedtobe.10.Thebuilding________doorsaregreenisanofficebuilding.例3.將下面兩個句子改寫成含有一個定語從句的復(fù)合句Thosepeoplehavefinishedtheexercises.Thosepeoplemaygohomenow.__________________________________________________________________Inthecorneroftheroomwasalargebasketfullofapples.Mostoftheappleshadgonebad.__________________________________________________________________Childreneatalotofsweetsorchocolate.Theyoftenhavebadteeth.__________________________________________________________________4.Iamlookingforwardtotheday.Onthedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.__________________________________________________________________5.Hehasmanyrecords.Someofthemareboughtfromforeigncountries.__________________________________________________________________Iwasinterestedintheorganization.Thereweresomanyfunnyactivitiesandnicepeopleintheorganization.__________________________________________________________________Manychildrenhavetolivewiththeirgrandparents.Theirparentsareawayworkinginbigcities.__________________________________________________________________Studentsshouldbeencouragedtotakepartinmoreactivities.Intheactivitiestheycangetgrowthexperience.__________________________________________________________________WewenttotheWestLakeyesterday.TheWestLakewasfullofvisitorsfromallovertheworld.__________________________________________________________________TheyweretalkingaboutMr.Liandhisnovel.Mr.Liandhisnovelarepopularwithstudentsinschool.__________________________________________________________________【鞏固練習(xí)】根據(jù)句意，用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.Doyouknowthegirl_______istalkingwithourheadmaster?2.Hetoldusthatitwasthemostinterestingfilm_______hehadeverseeninhislife.3.Attheparty,thelong-lostbrothersmentionedthethingsandpeople_______werestillintheirmemories.4.Mr.Green,_______is45yearsoldandworksinacompany,beganjoggingafewyearsago.5.What'sthenameofthetree_______fruitsareyellow?6.Didhetellyouthereason_______hecamelatethismorning?7.Canyouremembertheday_______wehadameetinginyouroffice?8.WangLingisthegirl_______drawingisthebestinherclass.單句改錯1.Thebooksthatyouneeditisinthelibrary._____________________________________________________________________2.Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome._____________________________________________________________________3.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool._____________________________________________________________________4.Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow._____________________________________________________________________5.Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.__________________