時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間，往往用在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，也就是我們經(jīng)常說(shuō)的“主將從現(xiàn)”。Ifshedoesn’ttellhimthetruthnow,he’llsimplykeeponaskingheruntilshe______.(CET4-9806)doesB.hasdoneC.willdoD.woulddo現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Mr.Whiteworkswithachemicalsimport&exportcompany,buthe____forthisindustrialfair,sinceheisonleave.(TEM4-1997)hasworkedB.worksC.hasbeenworkingD.isworking=2\*GB3②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示感情色彩現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體常與always,continually,constantly,perpetually,forever等，表示“總是”、“繼續(xù)不斷地”等頻度狀語(yǔ)連用，帶有濃厚的感情色彩，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人不滿、不耐煩等情緒。HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou____continually____mewithsillyquestions?(TEM4-1997)have…interruptedC.are…interruptinghad…interruptedD.were…interrupting=3\*GB3③be+being+形容詞狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞be的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(bebeing)后面接行為形容詞brave,careful,stupid,clever,foolish,polite,kind和shy等，表示主語(yǔ)所表現(xiàn)的非一貫性特點(diǎn)或故意的行為或暫時(shí)出現(xiàn)的平時(shí)所沒(méi)有的某種特質(zhì)。Heisbeingagoodboytoday.Heisbeingpolite.將來(lái)時(shí)的幾種特殊表達(dá)形式be+goingto+動(dòng)詞原形，表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事，一般不用于含有條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中。Wearegoingtohaveameetingthisafternoon.be+to+動(dòng)詞原形，表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)(真2)Arewetogoonwiththiswork?beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“很快，馬上”，后面一般不跟表示明確的將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Mrs.Brownwasabouttoleavewhenthephonerang.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別都表示過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著重強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，即對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。Ihavelostmybike.(我丟了自行車，現(xiàn)在還未找到)Ilostmybikeyesterday.（我昨天丟了自行車，現(xiàn)在是否找到?jīng)]說(shuō)明）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，一般用延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞live,work,study,teach,learn,know等；而過(guò)去時(shí)常用于非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如become,die,finish,get,come,leave等Hisfatherdiedtwoyearsago.他父親兩年前過(guò)世了Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親過(guò)世兩年了。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常常表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行中或未完成Shehaspaintedapicture.Shehasbeenpaintingapicture.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩I’vebeenwaitingforthreehours.(帶有不滿的感情色彩)I’vewaitedforthreehours.時(shí)態(tài)的一致如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)SheknowsyouhavebeeninBeijingforeightyears.Canyoutellmewhenyoufinished/willfinishthework?如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)(真4,7)從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；Lucysaidshewasbusythen.Ididn’tknowthatshehadbeentoParistwice.Theydidn’tknowwhentheywouldhavearest.語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義的常見(jiàn)情況英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞后加某些副詞，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。常用的動(dòng)詞有：wash,write,sell,lock,shut,clean,wear等Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.某些感官動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞加形容詞表示被動(dòng)含義，這類動(dòng)詞有：look,smell,taste,feel,sound等。Theflowersmellssweet.Theclothfeelsverysoft.在want,deserve,need,require等動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。Theshoesneedmending.特殊形式表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,hope,report,say,suppose,think,suggest等后面接賓語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)形式有兩種：It+is+過(guò)去分詞+that從句(從句中用do表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的事)（練習(xí)23）主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+todosthIt+is+過(guò)去分詞+that從句(從句中用havedone表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事)主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+tohavedonesthAIDSissaid______thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeenItisthefirst/secondtimethat+(havedonesth)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞三者分別可以作什么成分動(dòng)詞不定式：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞：主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)分詞：定語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式功能作主語(yǔ)Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.樣樣皆懂，樣樣稀松。注意：常用it代替它作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式則放在謂語(yǔ)之后。Itwouldbewrongforhertomarryformoney.作表語(yǔ)表示同意、安排、命令、決定、勸告、意愿、禁止等。Sheistostarttheperformancenextmonth.（表示安排）Nobodyistoknowthedecisionmadeinthemeetingtoday.（表示禁止）2)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，相當(dāng)于can(could),should,oughtto,must具有情態(tài)意義Heisnottobefeared.不應(yīng)怕他。（相當(dāng)于shouldnotbe）Onceannounced,theregulationsaretobeobservedwithoutexception.一旦被宣布了，就必須無(wú)一例外地遵守這些規(guī)則。(相當(dāng)于must)作賓語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,attempt,bother,believe,care,choose,claim,come,consent,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,decline,expect,endeavor,fail,hesitate,offer,happen,hope,hesitate,hurry,intend,learn,long,mean（打算），manage,pretend,promise,wish,refuse,resolve,tend,undertake等，這一類詞往往表示請(qǐng)求、要求、選擇、決定、打算、同意等。Icannotaffordtorentanapartmentnearmycompany.feel,find,judge,make,think,believe,consider,regard等動(dòng)詞后，如果是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，后面加形容詞或名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把不定式放后面，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞/名詞/介詞短語(yǔ)+todosthIbelieveitbesttoleavethewholemattertohisdiscretion.我相信把整件事情留給他自己去判斷是最好的。Sheregardsitasofgreatimportancetobeabletotravelaroundtheworld.她認(rèn)為能夠周游世界是很重要的。作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，在句中構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）的結(jié)構(gòu)。Thechairmancalledonhimtospeakatthemeeting.IpreferhimnottogotoBeijingatthistime.常見(jiàn)的用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有tell,advise,prefer,warn,ask,expect,order等；動(dòng)詞詞組有arrangefor,callon,carefor,counton(upon),dependon(upon),longfor,preparefor,relyon,waitfor,wishfor等。=5\*GB3⑤作定語(yǔ)（真15）動(dòng)詞不定式和它所修飾的詞之間往往構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。所以，如果不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后必須有相應(yīng)的介詞。Shehasachildtotakecareof.Heislookingforaninterestingnoveltokilltimewith.不定式可以修飾therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)。TherearealotofthingstoprepareforaChristmasparty.作定語(yǔ)的不定式有時(shí)表示同位關(guān)系。Hisrefusaltoparticipateintheprojectsurprisedusall.當(dāng)不定式修飾作主語(yǔ)的名詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，表示動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。Thepersontogivethespeechisoneofthemostfamousprofessorsinthisfield.=Thepersonwhoisgoingtogivethespeechisoneofthemostfamousprofessorsinthisfield.thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thebest,theonlyone等常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.=6\*GB3⑥作狀語(yǔ)（真11）inorderto,soasto表示目的Inordertohearthespeakermoreclearly,hefoundhimselfaseatinthefirstrow.2)onlyto,enoughto,so….asto以及too…to,表示結(jié)果Ihurriedtothebankonlytofinditclosed.Hewastooyoungtounderstandwhathadhappened.動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)：不定式的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)的，而且正在進(jìn)行著。（真6，8，12）Heissaidtobewritingabookabouttheglobalwarming.(正在寫(xiě))Heissaidtowriteabookabouttheglobalwarming.（將要寫(xiě)）完成時(shí)：用于intended,expected,hoped,promised,wanted,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等之后，表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、期待或計(jì)劃等，也用來(lái)表示限于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)TheyweretohavebeenmarriedinJunebuthadtopostponetheweddinguntilAugust.Iamsorrytohavelostyourbook.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行著IwashappytohavebeenstayingwiththeJohnsons.疑問(wèn)代詞（副詞）+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)how(who,what,when,which,where,whether)+動(dòng)詞不定式可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等。Wouldyoupleaseteachmehowtooperatethenewmachine?Hehasdecidedwhichcartobuy?動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不定式雖然不能有自己的主語(yǔ)，但在意思上仍有履行該動(dòng)作的人或物，稱為邏輯主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式可用for或of作為標(biāo)記。當(dāng)不定式和邏輯主語(yǔ)有被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式就需用被動(dòng)形式（真2）Thesimplestthingisforhimtoresign.It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.Shewassenttheretobetrainedasanastronaut.動(dòng)名詞功能作主語(yǔ)Yourcominghereisagreathelp.（邏輯主語(yǔ)）Therebeingahospitalinthedistrictisveryconvenientfortheoldpeople.Pity,bore,time,fun,use,good,hard,funny,nice,odd,worth,difficult,worthwhile,interesting,tiring,better,foolish,enjoyable,pointless,crazy,terrible等名詞或形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的動(dòng)名詞主語(yǔ)后置。（真18）Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Thereisno+動(dòng)名詞=ItisimpossibletodosthThereisnotrustingsuchaman.作表語(yǔ)Hisaimiseverybodyfindingtherightpartner.=3\*GB3③作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)下列動(dòng)詞后常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：abandon,admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,detest,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,hinder,imagine,keep,mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,prevent,propose,recall,recollect,reject,resent,risk,resist,suggest,permit,recommend,tolerate等Thesenatordeniedmakingsuchastatement.④作介詞賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用在動(dòng)詞詞組后面Hissistertooktoknittinginhersparetime.他妹妹空閑時(shí)喜歡打毛線。therebe結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)為動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)therebeing，但是作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用不定式theretobeFortheretobesomanypeopleatthesquarewasunusual.Ihavenointentionofinvitingsomanypeopletomybirthdayparty.作定語(yǔ)Nooneisallowedtotalkloudlyinthereadingroom.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的一般時(shí)表示動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生，或表示一般情況；如果動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生，則用完成時(shí)態(tài)。Ihavenodoubtofherpassingtheexamination.（以后）Sheenjoysreadingnovelsduringhersparetime.（一般情況）Heconfessedhavingstolenthewatch.（之前）動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Respectingothersmeansbeingrespected.Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethenewdirectorofthecompany.在need,want(需要),deserve,repay,require等動(dòng)詞以及形容詞worth后面時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義Thisroomwantscleaningup.Thisneweditiondeservesrecommending.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)由賓格或者所有格Mary’srefusingtocomeisoutofourexpectation.Mymotherdislikesmy(me)workinglate.練習(xí)：真4，9，16分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別兩者的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間概念上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。Hecuthimselfwhileshaving.Seenfromthetopofthehill,theparklookevenmorebeautiful.分詞的功能定語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)asleepinggirlasleepingcararunningboyarunningtrackworkingpeopleworkingmethod后置定語(yǔ)1）Telltheboysplayingtherenottomakesomuchnoise.Thecomradesworkinginthecountrysidewillcomebackthedayaftertomorrow.分詞動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生、分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不一定同時(shí)發(fā)生。Theylivedinaroomfacingthesouth.Theybuiltahighwayleadingintothemountains.(經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作以及所處狀態(tài))過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)①前置定語(yǔ)Theinjuredmanwassenttoahospital.Shecametoseethereturnedcomrades.②后置定語(yǔ)Theexperiencegainedwillbeofgreatvalueforus.Thereissomethingunheardofinhistory.作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)作條件狀語(yǔ)Workinghard,youwillsucceed.Heatingwater,youwillchangeitintosteam.作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可單獨(dú)使用，也可以在前面加連接詞after,before,once,since,when,whenever,whileHearingthenoise,theyimmediatelystoppedtalking.Whilehelpingothers,youwillbehelpingyourselftoo.作原因狀語(yǔ)Notknowinghowtosolvetheproblem,Iaskedtheteacher.Nothavingdoneitright,hetriedagainandsucceed.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)Theyenteredtheroom,talkingandlaughing.作讓步狀語(yǔ)Althoughworkinghisfingertothebone,Johnstillcouldn’tmakeenoughmoneytopayoffhisdebt.=6\*GB3⑥作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)Herhusbanddied,leavingherthreechildren.=7\*GB3⑦作插入語(yǔ)Strictlyspeaking,heisnotascientist.Judgingfromherappearance,shemustbeover50.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)①作條件狀語(yǔ)Consideredfromthispointofview,thequestionunderdiscussionisofgreatimportance.Unlessheated,abodywillhavenotendencytoexpand.=2\*GB3②作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前）Whenturnedon,theradiostilldoesnotwork.=3\*GB3③作原因狀語(yǔ)Notgivencarefulconsideration,theworkcannotbeeasilycompleted.=4\*GB3④作伴隨狀語(yǔ)Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.=5\*GB3⑤作讓步狀語(yǔ)Thoughwarnedofdanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示觸覺(jué)、視覺(jué)或生理感覺(jué)的詞feel,find,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch,smell動(dòng)詞+名詞+doing正在進(jìn)行Weheardhimsingingthesong.singthesong.Listentothebirdssinginginthegarden.Ismellsomethingburning.過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的詞consider,expect,feel,find,hear,like,observe,watch等.WefoundBeijinggreatlychanged.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareof.表示致使意義的詞get,have,keep,leave,make等。Youhavetogetthetoothpulledout.Weshouldmakeourviewsunderstood.分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)havingdone/havingbeendone分詞動(dòng)作明顯發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前Havingsentthechildrentobed,shebegantostudy.Havingstudiedhard,hegothighmarksinthetest.獨(dú)立主格n+doingTimepermitting,we’dbetterhaveameeting,thisFriday.n+doneMyhomeworkdone,Iwentouttoplay.n+havingdoneThemoonhavingrisen,theytookawalkinthefields.n+havingbeendoneSomuchtimehavingbeenspent,theprojectisonlyhalfdone.n+adj/介詞短語(yǔ)Theoldmanstoodthere,hisfacered./aguninhishand.with/without+名詞+doing/doneHelefttheroomwithouthiswifeaccompanyinghim.Hediedwithhisdreamfulfilled.虛擬語(yǔ)氣if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句從句主句did/were現(xiàn)在should/would/could/might+vhaddone過(guò)去should/would/could/might+havedoneshould+vweretodo將來(lái)should/would/could/might+vdid在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，如果if引導(dǎo)的從句中出現(xiàn)had,were,should，可以將if省略，把had,were,should提前。錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句1.從句用過(guò)去，主句用現(xiàn)在Ifhehadtakencareofhimselfatthattime,hewouldnotbesicknow.Wewouldn’tbeinsuchadifficultpositionifwehadtakenhisadvice.2.從句用現(xiàn)在，主句用過(guò)去IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothefilmlastnight.3.其他特殊用法Ifhehadn’tbeenthere,Iwouldhavebeensittinginfront.IfIwerelivinginParis,Iwouldbeworkingatabank.IfIhadbeensleeping,Iwouldn’thavenoticedthebell.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的運(yùn)用賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用來(lái)表示建議、命令、要求等。形式為：(should)+動(dòng)詞原形這類動(dòng)詞有：ask,decide,propose,request,urge,direct,advise,command,move(提議),order,require,demand,determine,insist,prefer,recommend,suggest,desire.Eg:Thegeneraldirectedthatthetroops(should)attack.Theydemandedthatthecompany(should)makecompensationfortheloss.主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用來(lái)表示建議、命令、要求、驚異、失望等，形式為：(should)+動(dòng)詞原形這類形容詞有：appropriate,better,essential,important,natural,preferable,urgent,advisable,desirable,imperative,insistent,necessary,strange,vitalEg:Itisimperativethatyou(should)takethemedicine.Itisessentialthatyou(should)winthevoter’shearts.表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示建議、命令、主張、目的、愿望等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其形式為(should)+動(dòng)詞原形這類名詞有：Hegaveordersthattheguests(should)behospitablyentertained.（同位語(yǔ)從句）Hersuggestionisthatwe(should)giveuptheplan.(表語(yǔ)從句)四、一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.Ifonly引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Ifonly+sub+did(假設(shè)現(xiàn)在)Ifonlymywifeweremorepatient.Ifonly+sub+haddone假設(shè)過(guò)去IfonlyIhadtakencareofmybaby.Ifonly+sub+would/coulddo假設(shè)將來(lái)IfonlyIwouldtravelaroundtheworld.2.wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬sub+did(假設(shè)現(xiàn)在)sub+haddone（假設(shè)過(guò)去）sub+would/could/might+do假設(shè)將來(lái)IwishIhadmoretimeforadvancedstudy.Wewishwehaddonebetterinourwork.Shewishedsincerelythatshemightdosomethingtocomforthim.3.Wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon后面所跟的從句中，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示愿望，意為“寧愿”“但愿”。sub+did(假設(shè)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))sub+haddone（假設(shè)過(guò)去）Johnwouldratherthatitwerewinternow.Shewouldratherthatwehadn’tleftyesterday.Iwouldrather/soonerthatthefootballmatchtookplacetomorrow.incase,lest,forfearthat引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣，形式通常為lest(incase,forfearthat)+主語(yǔ)+should+動(dòng)詞原形Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.Itis(high/about)timethat...(did)由動(dòng)詞命令式構(gòu)成的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句用虛擬，其形式為Be+主語(yǔ)+名詞Whether+主語(yǔ)+be+名詞Whetherhebefriendorenemy,thelawregardshimasacriminal.Behefriendorenemy,thelawregardshimasacriminal.不管它是朋友還是敵人，法律都認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)罪犯。表示祝愿的句子常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，動(dòng)詞形式為：may+主語(yǔ)+VMayourfriendshiplastforever.Mayyouhavealongandhappylife.五、含蓄條件句有時(shí)候假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)或其他方式表示。常用的詞或短語(yǔ)有：without，butfor，butthat，otherwise，or，but等。跳層結(jié)構(gòu)would+V+but+一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)---------同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反wouldhavedone+but+過(guò)去時(shí)-------同過(guò)去事實(shí)相反Ioughttohaverememberedtotellthemthedecisionthismorning,butIwassobusythatIforgottodoso.butthat引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反Butthat+sub+(動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))+主句中的主語(yǔ)+would/should/could+vButthatheisidle,hewouldbeagoodstudent.要不是他懶，他就是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反Butthat+sub+(動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí))+主句中的主語(yǔ)+would/should/could+havedoneButthatIsawit,Icouldnothavebelievedit.要不是親眼所見(jiàn)，我決不會(huì)相信。otherwise,or引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，前一部分是陳述語(yǔ)氣，后一部分是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬-----woulddo對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬-----wouldhavedoneIranallthewaytoschool,otherwiseIwouldhavebeenlate.Hefeltverytiredyesterday,orhewouldhavehelpedyou.有時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣可用butfor,without,under,with等介詞短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)。對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬-----woulddo對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬-----wouldhavedoneButforelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.Withoutyourhelp,wecouldnothavesucceeded.倒裝全部倒裝和部分倒裝全部倒裝：以there和here引導(dǎo)的句型Therestandsahighbuildingbytheriver.Thereappearstobesomethingwrongwiththeengine.Thedooropened,andthereenteredawomanwithashoppingbaginherInherhandThere和here引導(dǎo)的句子的主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，主位不到裝。Theretheycome.副詞ahead,away,high,up,in,out,bang,click,crack等用于情景生動(dòng)描寫(xiě)的方位詞和和聲色詞以及副詞hence，now,then,thus等開(kāi)頭的句子用倒裝。Downcamethehammerandoutflewthesparks.鐵錘一落，火星四射。Higherandhigherflewthewhiteballoontillitvanishedintheclouds.白氣球飛得越來(lái)越高，直到消失在云層里。CrackwentthegunandthehawkcrumpledoutOfthesky.槍噼啪噼啪得響，鷹從空中突然掉下來(lái)。Thusendedthelesson.課就這樣結(jié)束了。Hencecomesthenamemagnet．由此得出磁鐵這個(gè)名稱。3.介詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，尤其表地點(diǎn)絛的狀語(yǔ)，全部倒裝。Atlastcamethehappiestmoment.最歡樂(lè)的時(shí)刻終于來(lái)到了。Tothisclassofsubstancesbelongglass,rubber,etc.屬于這類物質(zhì)的有玻璃，橡膠等。Withthedevelopmentofprogrammingcametheintroductionoftelevisioninfullcolor.隨著編制程序的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)了彩色電視。4把分詞短語(yǔ)置于句首，引起倒裝。Surroundingtheearthisalayerofairofunknownthickness.環(huán)繞地球的十一層厚度未知的空氣。Writtenonthelabelisthemodelnumberofthemachine.標(biāo)簽上寫(xiě)的是機(jī)器的型號(hào)。4．在So+adj.(表語(yǔ))．十系動(dòng)詞+that—從句中，由于修辭的要求，引起全部倒裝。Sobrightwasthemoonthattheflowerswerebrightasbyday.月亮如此明亮那鮮花就像白天的時(shí)候一樣鮮艷。SoabsorbedwashethatNathaliehadn’tdaredtomakeasound.他那樣全神貫注，所以拿撒里不敢出一點(diǎn)聲。5.有“be+主語(yǔ)”,動(dòng)詞命令式引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，全部倒裝。Beiteversolate,Imustdoanotherexperiment.不論時(shí)間多晚，我都必須再做一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。Beamaneversosuccessful,heshouldnotbeproud.不管一個(gè)人多么成功，他都不應(yīng)該驕傲自滿。6.在“whether+subject+be”句型中，如果省略連詞“whether”，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句用倒裝語(yǔ)序：Everythingaroundus,beitair,waterorstone,ismatter.我們周圍的一切，不管是空氣，水或石頭，都是物質(zhì)。7.在the…the句型中，主要用部分倒裝，但在主+系+表句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是名詞詞組時(shí)，有時(shí)也用全部倒裝Thehotteristhebody,themoreenergyitradiates.部分倒裝在以hardly,scarcely,little,never,no,not,notonly…butalso,notuntil,rarely,seldom等否定意義的副詞或連詞開(kāi)頭的句子中，引起部分倒裝。Scarcelydidhespeakaboutthedifficultiesinhiswork.Notasinglewordcouldhesay.他一句話也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。Shereceivedherchequeforhalf-a-millionpounds,butnoteventhencouldshebelieveit.她收到了50萬(wàn)英鎊的支票，但是即使在那時(shí)，她仍然不相信此事。含有否定意義的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，引起部分倒裝。Bynomeansshouldshebeleftalone.決不該撇下她一人不管。Undernocircumstancesshallwediscontinuetheworkwe’vebegan.無(wú)論在什么情況下，我們都不能中斷已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的工作。Only+(副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/從句)放在句首引起部分倒裝OnlythendidIrealizethetroublehewasin.Onlyinthiswaycanwecatchupwithandsurpasstheworld’sadvancedlevelsofscienceandtechnology.Hardly/scarcely….when,nosooner…than,notuntil引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句引起部分倒裝。5.在so/such.....that引導(dǎo)的句子，如果位于句首，由于修辭需要，引起部分倒裝。Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.光傳播的如此快，我們難以想象其速度。Soloudlydidhespeakthateveryonecouldhearhimclearly.他講話聲音很高，大家都能清楚。6．在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果比較的內(nèi)容相同，主語(yǔ)不同，可以將后者的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞省略，將助動(dòng)詞提至主語(yǔ)前面。Ispendmorethandomyfriends.Igototheconcertsasfrequentlyasdomyfriends.7.在非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)had,were,should,可省略if,將had,were,should提到句首，引起部分倒裝。Shouldshebeherenextweek,shewouldhelpusindoingthetest.Haditnotbeenforair,therewouldhavebeennolivingthings.8.as,though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首以起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。Youngasheis,heisequaltothetask.MuchasIlikethisbook,Ilikeothersmuchbetter.當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞”時(shí)，要將動(dòng)詞放到句首，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之后。TryasImight,Icouldnotliftthestone.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞something,anything,nothing,everything,any,few,much,none,little,all時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的時(shí)候，關(guān)系代詞用that先行詞由序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that先行詞由next,last,only,every修飾，關(guān)系代詞用that先行詞若指人又指物，關(guān)系代詞用thatTomspokehighlyoftheactorandhisperformancethathesawatthetheatre.6.先行詞為way,manner,reason,distance,time,sequence等表示方法，距離，方向，時(shí)間，順序等，關(guān)系副詞用that=inwhichThewaythathelooksatproblemsiswrong.Thedistancethatlighttravelsinonesecondis300,000kilometers.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)一般是不省略的，但在表存在的therebe句型做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞習(xí)慣上是省略的。Shetaughtmethedifferencethereisbetweenwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.①介詞+關(guān)系代詞=where,why,whenIrevisitedtheplaceinwhich(where)Igrewup.②代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞當(dāng)代詞是：both,all,much,many,(a)few,(a)little,none,some,several,most,介詞多用ofTherearemanybooksonthetable,someofwhichareprofessorBlack’s.Thebodyismadeofalargenumberoforgans,eachofwhichhasitsparticularfunction.身體由許多器官構(gòu)成，各個(gè)器官都有獨(dú)特的功能。③數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞Therearemanyformsofenergy,oneofwhichisatomicenergy.能量有許多種形式，原子能就是其中的一種。④形容詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞Therearemanydifferentkindsofenergy,themostimportantofwhichisatomicenergy.⑤介詞+whose+名詞Mr.Brownisamanonwhosewordsyoumayrely.9.as引導(dǎo)的限定性定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。1.thesame....as和......一樣Thisisthesamesumaswasspentlastyearonthecar.2.such....as像....之類的Heisnotsuchamanaswouldleavehisworkhalfdone.3.asmany....as/asmuch....as如....一般多凡....的都Asmanybooksareontheshelfcanbetakenasteachingmaterials.書(shū)架上的書(shū)都可以用作教材。You’dbettergetreadybeforehandasmanyinstrumentsasarenecessaryfortheexperiment.你最好把實(shí)驗(yàn)所需的儀器事先都準(zhǔn)備好。4．a(chǎn)s.....as/so......as結(jié)構(gòu)Thereisasgoodfishintheseaasevercameoutofit.Thereissowarmahouseaswewanttolivein.10.as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，位置可以放在句首或句中，代指前面或后面整句話的內(nèi)容。Asweknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Chinaisadevelopingcountry,asweknow.11.but作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中只能作主語(yǔ)，而前面主句一定是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)成雙重否定。Thereisnooldhabitbutmaybecuredbyastrongwillpower.只要有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志，任何舊習(xí)慣都可以改好。Therehasnotbeenascientistofeminencebutwasamanofindustry.沒(méi)有哪一位有成就的科學(xué)家是不勤奮的。12.準(zhǔn)代詞thanthan用作代詞，后面不帶主語(yǔ)而直接跟動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)。Don’tgivehimmoremoneythanisnecessary;moneyburnsaholeinhispocket.別多給他錢，他是錢燒口袋，一有不留。Barbabaseemstotakeakeenerinterestinpianomusicthanhaseverbeenshown.巴巴拉對(duì)鋼琴音樂(lè)的興趣似乎比以往任何時(shí)候都要高。名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句（subjectclause）表語(yǔ)從句(predicativeclause)賓語(yǔ)從句（objectclause）同位語(yǔ)從句(appositiveclause)連接詞：that,whether,if.連接代詞：who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever等。該類詞由于在從句中作相應(yīng)的句子成分，因此一般不能省略。連接副詞：when,why,how,where等。該類詞一般也作相應(yīng)的句子成分。1.連接詞：that,whether,if.這三個(gè)連接詞的共同點(diǎn)是在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，也稱之為從屬連詞。that連接的是陳述句，本身無(wú)意義；而whether,if連接的是一般疑問(wèn)句，意思是“是否”。Thathesurvivedtheearthquakeisamiracle.(主語(yǔ)從句)Wedoubtwhether/ifshewillbehereontime.（賓語(yǔ)從句）Theproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuewiththeexperimenthasnotbeensolved.(同位語(yǔ)從句)2.連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever等。上述連接代詞在所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。Haveyoudecidedwhichbooktoreadfirst?(which引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)在從句中作定語(yǔ))I’venotmadeupmymindwhatoptionalcoursesI’mtotakenextterm.(作定語(yǔ))Youmaycallitwhateveryoulike.(作賓語(yǔ))what相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞加定語(yǔ)從句，如thething(s)that,thosethat等，意為“...所...的東西”，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)。Airistouswhatwateristofish.（作表語(yǔ)）WhatfewfriendsIhaveherehavebeenverykindtome.我在這兒不多的幾個(gè)朋友對(duì)我非常好。I’llgiveyouwhathelpIhave.我會(huì)盡我所能給你幫助。3．連接副詞：when,why,how,where等。上述連接副詞在其所引導(dǎo)的名詞從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Wedidnotknowwhythemeetingwaspostponed.Haveyoufiguredouthowtorepairtheviolin?一、主語(yǔ)從句that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句既可放在句首，也可放在句末。但是為了保持句子的平衡，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)從句放在句后。Thathesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.-----Itisamiraclethathesurvivedtheaccident.常見(jiàn)的四種搭配關(guān)系如下：(1)It+be+名詞+that從句Itisafactthat.....Itisapitythat....Itisawonderthat.....(2)It+be+形容詞+that從句Itiscertainthat....Itisclearthat....(3)It+be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句Itissaidthat....Itisdemandedthat....Itisreportedthat...Itisestimatedthat....Itisbelievedthat...(4)It+不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句Ithappenedthat....碰巧Itmattersthat.....要緊的是Itoccurredtomethat.....我突然想到Itstruckmethat.....我突然想到Wh-引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句Whowasresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotyetclear.Whenhewillcomehasnotbeenclear.Whethershecomesornotdoesn’tconcernme.二．賓語(yǔ)從句that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句Theteachertaughtusthatweshouldalwaysdoourbest.Theteacherrecommendedthatweshouldreadthenovel.Theykeptitquietthathewasdead.Shetookitforgrantedthatyouknewthematter.Wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句Iwonderwhatheiswritingtomeabout.IwilltellyouwhyIwaslateforthemeeting.Doyouknowwhether/ifanydecisionhasbeenarrivedat?介詞后面所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句inthat因?yàn)閑xceptthat除了butthat要不是besidesthat除了IlikethecityinthatIhavemanyfriendshere.Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheisoccasionallycareless.Italldependsonwhetherwecangettheircooperation.形容詞后面所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句在某些表示動(dòng)態(tài)的形容詞（如afraid,confident,conscious,aware,certain,sure,doubtful等）作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可跟一個(gè)相當(dāng)于賓語(yǔ)的名詞從句。Sheisconfidentthatshewillwintherace.Iamnotcertainwhetherhewillgowithus.doubt后面接that,whether在句意上的區(qū)別：Idoubtthatheisguilty.=Idon’tthinkthatheisguilty.我不信他有罪。Idoubtwhetherheisguilty.=Iamnotsurewhether....我不知道他是否有罪。三、表語(yǔ)從句that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+that從句Thefactisthathedidn’teventaketheexam.Wh-引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句Thisiswhyhewaslateforanhour.Thisiswherethegreatmanoncelived.從屬連詞asif,asthough,because,justas等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句Itlooksasifwewillbelate.Itlookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsago.ItmaybebecauseIdidn’thaveagoodsleepyesterdayevening.注意:主句的主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that,不能用becauseThereasonwhyhewasdismissedwasthathewascarelesandirresponsible.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句可用whether,不能用if四、同位語(yǔ)從句that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有：fact,idea,hope,conclusion,evidence,opinion,problem,understanding等名詞后面作同位語(yǔ)。Thenewsthattheteamwonthegameisexciting.Anideaoccurredtohimthathemightgotherebyair.(同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)與從句分開(kāi))Wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsderation.Ihavenoideahowsoontheyarecoming.whether引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句Theyarefacedwiththeproblemwhethertheyshouldcontinuethework.ThequestionwhetherthePrimeMinistershouldresignmustbedecidedsoon.同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別意義上：同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行修飾和限定。結(jié)構(gòu)上：同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分，也就是說(shuō)該從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整。定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一定充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分，也就是說(shuō)從句結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，缺少某個(gè)成分。TheywereallshockedatthenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.Theywereallshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can和beableto的異同表示“能力”時(shí)，兩者可互換；can只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，beableto可有各種時(shí)態(tài)；用在過(guò)去時(shí)中，coulddo表示過(guò)去的一般能力，而was/wereableto表示做某件具體事情的“能力”，相當(dāng)于“managedto或succeededin”.can’t...too...表示“再...也不為過(guò)”may/might表示允許MayIaskyouwhereyouwereborn?表示可能表示祝愿Mayyousucceed!may/might...aswell不妨，還是...的好Sinceitisraininghard,youmayaswellstayhere.should表示勸告、建議時(shí)，可譯為“應(yīng)該”；表示說(shuō)話人的感情，如驚奇、憤怒、失望等。WhyshouldIgo?我干嘛要去？（表示不滿）Iamsorrythatsheshouldbesostubborn.她竟然對(duì)你說(shuō)這種話，真讓我吃驚。4.must1)表示必須，否定回答用needn’t或don’t/doesn’thaveto2)mustn’t表示禁止，有時(shí)表示勸告或主張。3)must和haveto的區(qū)別：must表示“必須”，側(cè)重說(shuō)話人的主觀意志；haveto“不得不，必須”，側(cè)重客觀需要。Hehastowearglassesallthetime,forheseesverybadly.他得一直戴著眼鏡，因?yàn)樗暳懿?。表示推測(cè)：must表推測(cè)只用于肯定句中，mustdosth表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)，mustbedoing表示對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的推測(cè)，musthavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。dare用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后跟動(dòng)詞原形Mysisterdarenotgooutinsuchadarknight.Dareyoucatchthemouse?dare用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化Idaretojumpdownfromthetopofthewall.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式完成式can/could+havedone在肯定句中表示“本來(lái)可以做而實(shí)際上未能做某事”，在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的懷疑或不肯定，表示推測(cè)。Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.（虛擬語(yǔ)氣）Hecan’thavebeentothattown.（推測(cè)）Canhehavegotthebook?（推測(cè)）may/might+havedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè)。不能用于疑問(wèn)句中，沒(méi)有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。Might所表示的可能性比may小。Hemayhavefinishedthework.Ifwehadtakentheotherroad,wemighthavearrivedearlier.must+havedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè)、揣測(cè)。意為“一定、想必”。其疑問(wèn)、否定形式用can,can’t代替。Shemusthavereadthebooksometimeinthepast,orshecouldn’thaveansweredthequestionsowell.YoumusthaveseenthefilmTitantic.should/oughtto+havedone用于肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè)。Heshouldhavefinishedtheworkbynow.他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該完成工作了。2）表示“本應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做某事”，其否定式表示某種行為本不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。Yououghtto/shouldhavehelpedhim.Sheshouldn’thavetakenawaymymeasu