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Roguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost

1.Acontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell，whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodourdependsonquantummechanics，hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamofphysicists.

2.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondonUCLshowthattheideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessenseintermsofthephysicsinvolved.

3.Thatsstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory，proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin，iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststaketheideamoreseriously.

4."Thisisabigstepforward，'saysTurin，whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory，"ithasbeenignoredratherthancriticized.'

5.Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules，whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecularlockandkeyprocessisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebodysdetectionsystems：itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders，forexample，andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.

6.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesntseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferentsuchasalcohols，whichsmelllikespirits，andthiols，whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly，somemoleculescansmelldifferenttoanimals，ifnotnecessarilytohumanssimplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopesatomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass。

7.Turinsexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmoleculesshape，butbyitsvibrations，whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementcouldinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.

8.Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent：theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.Turinsmechanism，saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam，ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.

9.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccuritisusedinanexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose，'saysStonehamscolleague，AndrewHorsfield.

10.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurinsidea，whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL，"Ididntbelieveit'。But，headds，"becauseitwasaninterestingidea，IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldntwork.Ididsomesimplecalculations，andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight.'NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly，inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.

11.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown，buttheresearcherscouldestimatetheseparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.

12.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitiswhichmeansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.

13.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthatsdifferentfromaproofofTurinsidea."Sofarthingslookplausible，butweneedproperexperimentalverification.Werebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed.'

14.Meanwhile，Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations，'hesays."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition.'Attheveryleast，heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.

Questions1-4

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Pleasewrite

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

FALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

1.TheresultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTurinstheory.

2.ThestudyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhashypothesized.

3.TurinlefthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehistheorywasignored.

4.Themoleculesofalcoholsandthoseofthiolslookalike.

Questions5-9

Completethesentencesbelowwithwordsfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

5.Thehypothesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationwasmadeby______.

6.Turinscompanyisbasedin______.

7.Mostscientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour______.

8.Differentisotopescansmelldifferentwhen______weighdifferently.

9.AccordingtoAudrewHorsfield，itisstilltobeprovedthat______couldreallyoccurinhumannose.

Question10-12

AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

10.WhatsthenameoftheresearcherwhocollaboratedwithStoneham?

11.WhatisthenextstepoftheUCLteamsstudy?

12.WhatisthetheoreticalbasisindesigningodorantsinTurinscompany?

AnswerKeysandExplanations

1.T見第一段。"givesththethumbsup'為"采納"的意思。

2.F見第三段。"Thatsstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory，proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin，iscorrect.'意即"現(xiàn)在尚無法表明生物物理學(xué)家Luca在九十年頭中期提出的理論是否正確。'

3.NG

4.T見第六段"Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferentsuchasalcohols，whichsmelllikespirits，andthiols，whichsmelllikerotteneggs.'"identical'一詞是"完全一致'的意思。這句話是說alcohols和thiols的分子布局看起來一樣，但是它們的味道卻相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

5.LucaTurin文章其次，三和七段均可看出Luca的理論即人類的鼻子是通過感覺氣味分子的震撼來辨識(shí)氣味的。

6.Virginia見第四段。

7.tongu