Practice

TheBoomingTourismAndEnvironmentalprotectioninQinghai-TibetPlateau青藏鐵路的開(kāi)通使更多人去西藏旅游在開(kāi)發(fā)旅游業(yè)的同時(shí)要采取措施保護(hù)青藏高原的自然環(huán)境假如你是一名進(jìn)藏游客，你打算怎么做來(lái)保護(hù)環(huán)境sample

AsstatedbyPresidentHuonJuly1,2006,the

launchingoftheQinghai-TibetrailwaywillprovideahistoricopportunityfortheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinQinghaiandTibet,andatthesame

time,enablemorepeopletoenjoythebeautifullandscapeinQinghai-TibetPlateau.However,comingtogetherwiththereexcitingprospects,somepeoplesuspectthattheboomingtourismmaybring

negativeeffectsontheenvironmentofQinghai-TibetPlateau.Therefore,greatimportanceshouldbe

attachedtotheprotectionofthepreciousnaturalresourcesanduniqueculturalcharacteristicsinQinghai-TibetPlateau.

IntensivemeasuresshouldbetakentopreservethenaturalenvironmentandwildlifealongtheQinghai-TibetRailway.Firstand

foremost,

effortsshouldbemadetoexploreinascientificmannerthetourismresourcesalongtherailway.Tourisminthisareashouldnotbedevelopedattheexpensesofexcessiveexploitationofnaturalresources.Furthermore,visitorsshouldbeeducatedtobeenvironmentallyfriendlyandawareoftheimportanceofnaturalresourcesconservation.RailwayworkersandpassengerstravelingonQinghai-Tibetrailwayshouldconsciouslytreasurewatersandmountainsaswellasgrassandwoodsontheplateau,andtheyshouldhelpconservetheecosystemandenvironmentalongtherailway.

Asforme,ifIhavethechancetotravelinQinghai-TibetPlateau,Iwillfirstrestrainmyselffrom

litteringtrasheseverywhere.Sincetheecosysteminthisareaisveryfragile,therandomlydisposedtrashwouldeasilybreakthebalanceofnaturalresources.AnotherthingIneedtopayattentiontoistheprotectionofwildlife.IlearnedthatTibetanantelopescouldbeeasilyirritatedbyhumanbeingactivities.SoIwillbeverycarefulwhenIwatchthemwithgreatinterest.第一節(jié)四級(jí)作文基本要求大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作部分考試時(shí)間為30分鐘，分值為總分的15%，其四個(gè)基本要求為：1.切題文章在形式上，諸如段落、字?jǐn)?shù)、文體、格式等方面滿足題目要求，并在內(nèi)容上沒(méi)有偏差。2.表達(dá)清楚、條理清晰考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，要求文章主題觀點(diǎn)明確，有頭有尾，論證、說(shuō)明安排有主次、有輕重。3.文字通順，連貫性較好考查學(xué)生對(duì)過(guò)渡句和連接詞或詞組的掌握和運(yùn)用，要求文章的句子內(nèi)部與句子之間通順連貫、不突兀。第一節(jié)四級(jí)作文基本要求4.基本無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言基本功，包括語(yǔ)法與拼寫(xiě)兩部分。這就要求考生不僅要掌握一定的詞匯量和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，還要具有較好的遣詞造句、段落擴(kuò)展、布局謀篇的綜合語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。因此，能否在限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)緊扣主題、層次清楚、段落分明、文理通順、用詞恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)自己的思想，反映出考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，也是取得四級(jí)作文高分的關(guān)鍵所在。第二節(jié)評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分原則具體為：1.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)教學(xué)要求，對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。2.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試作文閱卷采用總體評(píng)分法（GlobalScoring）。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。3.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試作文評(píng)判要求從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體，作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。閱卷人員不僅要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而確切地表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。4.避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分的給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員在所閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。第二節(jié)評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1.本題滿分為15分2.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為五個(gè)等級(jí)：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。3.閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（如8分）相似，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)（即8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù)，則可加1分（即9分）或減1分（即7分），但不得加或減0.5分。第二節(jié)評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)各等級(jí)的具體解釋為：2分：條理不清，思路紊亂；語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分：基本切題；表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字連貫性差；有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。8分：基本切題；有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分：切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分：切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想，0分。5.字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分。第三節(jié)四級(jí)作文命題一、題型歷年真題題型大致分成四個(gè)大類(lèi)，即論說(shuō)文（四級(jí)考試作文通常不是單純的議論文或說(shuō)明文，而是兩者的混合體，所以在這里將議論文和說(shuō)明文合稱為“論說(shuō)文”）、應(yīng)用文、觀察描述類(lèi)作文和圖表作文。二、內(nèi)容近年來(lái)，四級(jí)作文的內(nèi)容主要可以分為三個(gè)方面：校園實(shí)用英語(yǔ)、校園熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題和社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題第三節(jié)四級(jí)作文命題三、命題形式近年來(lái)，四級(jí)作文的命題形式主要包括提綱式、情景式和圖表式三類(lèi)。其中主要是提綱式。1.提綱式作文此類(lèi)命題以中文或英文給出提綱，要求考生按提綱寫(xiě)作。2.情景式作文此類(lèi)命題多用中文或英文給出情景，讓考生去說(shuō)明或評(píng)論，有時(shí)既假定情景，又給出提綱。3.圖表式作文圖表式作文包括圖形式作文和表格式作文兩類(lèi)?？忌煤?jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言，把圖表所提供的信息準(zhǔn)確、完整地表達(dá)出來(lái)。第四節(jié)高分作文的幾點(diǎn)要素1.結(jié)構(gòu)2.詞和詞組3.句型4.例子5.諺語(yǔ)與名言6.修辭7.插入語(yǔ)8.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)第二節(jié)論說(shuō)文寫(xiě)作模板我們把論說(shuō)文大致分為五個(gè)類(lèi)型，即對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型、道理論證型、問(wèn)題解決型、解釋說(shuō)明型諺語(yǔ)型。一、對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型論說(shuō)文，指就某一事物或現(xiàn)象給出兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)，將兩種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，然后表明自己的立場(chǎng)和看法。這類(lèi)作文的框架相對(duì)較固定，三段分別可以這樣展開(kāi)：第一段：引出有爭(zhēng)議的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)；第二段：對(duì)兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述，可以分為兩小段進(jìn)行；第三段：總結(jié)、陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)一、對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型例ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)名校校園正成為旅游新熱點(diǎn)；2)校園是否應(yīng)對(duì)游客開(kāi)放，人們看法不同；3)我認(rèn)為……范文ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?Nowadays,thereisanincreasinginterestinvisitingcampusesoffamousuniversities.Therefore,ahotdebatearisesoverwhethertheuniversitycampusshouldbeopentotourists.Somepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofopeningittothepublic.Theybelievethattheatmosphereoffamousuniversitiescanmotivatestudentvisitorstoseekmoreknowledge.Theyalsoarguethatasmoretouristscometovisit,theseuniversitiescanmakethemselvesknowntomorepeople.However,otherpeopleholdanoppositeviewpoint.Theyconsiderthatwithtouristspouringintocampuses,thebeautyofthecampuswillberuined.What’smore,theyfirmlypointoutthatthenormalteachingactivitieswillbedisturbed.Thereissometruthinbotharguments.ButIthinktheadvantagesofopeningthemoutweighthedisadvantage.Inmyopinion,universitycampusesshouldbeopentotourists.例IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Thefirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試，理由是……2)也有人持不同意見(jiàn)……3)我的看法和打算。AtestofspokenEnglishwillbeincludedasanoptionalcomponentoftheCollegeEnglishTest.二、道理論證型道理論證型論說(shuō)文是對(duì)某一事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析和論證。它與對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型論說(shuō)文的最大區(qū)別在于前者通常是就某一個(gè)明確的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析和論證，而后者針對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比論證，由作者在最后表明自己的立場(chǎng)。道理論證型論說(shuō)文一般按下列框架展開(kāi)：第一段：開(kāi)篇引出題目要求評(píng)論的觀點(diǎn)，并給出不同看法；第二段：詳細(xì)闡述這些看法的立足理由及其優(yōu)劣之處；第三段：總結(jié)并給出自己的見(jiàn)解。例ItPaystoBeHonest(2003年1月)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1)當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象；2)誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利己，做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。范文ItPaystoBeHonest

Itistruethatmostofusvaluehonestyhighly.However,nowadaysweoftenconfrontcrisesofconfidencesuchascheating,overcharging,fakecommoditiesandsoon.

Ithinkthatweshouldbehonest.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Firstly,onlyhonestpeoplecanbetrulyrespectedbyothersoveralongperiodoftime.Secondly,honesty,asatraditionalvirtueofChinesepeople,canmakeourlifeeasierandmoreharmonious.Forexample,iffewerstudentscheatedinexams,examswouldbemademuchsimpler.Thirdly,honestycanmakeoursocietymorestable.AcaseinpointisthatSingapore,asocietyfeaturingtrustandintegrity,hasacomparativelylowcrimerate.

Itgoeswithoutsayingthatbeinghonestisofgreatbenefittoboththecommunityandindividuals.Inconclusion,honestyshouldbeencouragedinoursociety.三、問(wèn)題解決型問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文立意在“How”，以“方法”、“途徑”、“怎么辦”為文章的核心，主要遵循“提出問(wèn)題——分析原因——提出解決辦法”的模式。最典型的問(wèn)題解決型命題通常以“How”開(kāi)頭，如：HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?(2001年1月)，HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation(2000年1月)。此外，考生從給出提綱中出現(xiàn)的詞“該怎么辦”也可以推斷其屬于問(wèn)題解決型。問(wèn)題解決型作文的一般框架是：第一段：引言，對(duì)現(xiàn)狀、形勢(shì)或困難進(jìn)行描述，提出問(wèn)題；第二段：途徑與方法，列舉做某事的途徑或解決問(wèn)題的各種方法；第三段：評(píng)價(jià)或選擇，對(duì)第二段中提及的途徑和方法進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要評(píng)價(jià)，或選取其中一、兩種自己認(rèn)為合適的，闡述其依據(jù)。例HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?(2001年1月)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)面試在求職過(guò)程中的作用；2)取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識(shí)、自信、實(shí)事求是……模板第一段：

.(鋪墊，提出問(wèn)題)Ontheonehand,

.(理由一)Ontheotherhand,

.(理由二)第二段：Therefore,howto

isworthpayingattentionto.(承上啟下，提出要解決的問(wèn)題)Firstly,

.(辦法一)Secondly,

.(辦法二)Forexample,

.(舉例說(shuō)明辦法二)Thirdly,

.(辦法三)Inthisway,

.(預(yù)期結(jié)果)第三段：Inbrief,

.(總結(jié)全文)范文HowtosucceedinaJobInterview?Withthedevelopmentofthejobmarket,interviewsplayanimportantroleinjob-hunting.Ontheonehand,ajobinterviewoffersbothintervieweesandinterviewersachancetoknoweachotherwithinquiteashorttime.Ontheotherhand,excellentperformanceinaninterviewwillenabletheintervieweestomakeagoodimpressionupontheinterviewerandfinallygetthejob.

Therefore,howtosucceedinjobinterviewisworthpayingattentionto.Firstly,intervieweesshouldhavesomeknowledgeaboutthecompanyandthepositiontheyapplyfor.Secondly,intervieweesshouldhaveself-confidence.Forexample,beingtoomodestisnotwelcometomosthumanresourcesprofessionals.Thirdly,intervieweesshoulddressneatlyandproperly.Inthisway,intervieweescouldshowthattheyattachvitalimportancetothejob.

Inbrief,iftheintervieweetakestheadviceandmakesbetterpreparations,heismorelikelytobeemployed.框架點(diǎn)評(píng)第一段：開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，以Withthedevelopmentof…開(kāi)頭作鋪墊，引出主題：面試在求職中扮演重要的角色。接著用Ontheonehand…和Ontheotherhand…詳細(xì)闡述其作用，緊扣提綱。第二段：首句是主題句，承上啟下，并提出要解決的問(wèn)題。接著用Firstly…,Secondly…和Thirdly…分別闡述三種途徑：1)預(yù)先了解對(duì)方的情況；2)要有自信（過(guò)度謙虛不受歡迎）；3)衣著整潔，這樣才能顯示應(yīng)聘者對(duì)這份工作的重視。第三段：用Inbrief…引導(dǎo)總結(jié)句：總之，如果應(yīng)聘者遵從這些建議，做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，他會(huì)更有希望得到這份工作。例HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation(2000年1月)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用(tuitionandfees)可以通過(guò)多種途徑解決；2)哪種途徑適合于我（說(shuō)明理由）。模板第一段：Currently,

.(引出話題)Thushowto

hasbecomeamatterofconcern.(提出問(wèn)題)Thesefollowingchannelsarepossible

.(闡述能解決問(wèn)題的辦法)第二段：AsfarasIamconcerned,

.(簡(jiǎn)述自己是如何解決問(wèn)題的)Ontheonehand,

.(一方面)Moreover,

.(進(jìn)一步闡述)Anyway,

.(總結(jié))Ontheotherhand,

.(另一方面)第三段：Inviewofthis,

.(得出結(jié)論)范文HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation

Currently,tuitionandfeesforcollegestudentsaremuchhigherthaneverbefore.Thushowtofinancethecollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcern.Thesefollowingchannelsarepossibleforstudentstoraisethemoney:receivinghelpfromtheirparents,loaningfromthebankormakingmoneybypart-timejobs.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Igetthemajorityofmytuitionfrommyparentsandtherestbytakingpart-timejobsinmysparetime.Ontheonehand,myparentsarewell-offenoughtoaffordmyeducationalexpenses.Moreover,myparentsbelievetheirfinancialsupportenablesmetofocusonmystudy.Anyway,theirinvestmentisrewardinginthelongterm.Ontheotherhand,collegelifeisthebeginningofmynewlifeafterall,andworkingpart-timeopensmyeyestothesocietyoutsidethecampus.

Inviewofthis,earningsomemoneytopayfoeeducationwithmyownhandsnotonlyhelpstorelievemyparentsoftheirfinancialburdenbutalsobroadensmyview.框架點(diǎn)評(píng)第一段：首先用描述性語(yǔ)言引出文章的重點(diǎn)：如何支出教育費(fèi)用是一個(gè)普遍關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。接著簡(jiǎn)單列出多種解決辦法：父母資助，銀行貸款和課余兼職。第二段：首句以AsfarasIamconcerned…引出主題：就我而言，大部分學(xué)費(fèi)由我父母資助，其余的自己利用業(yè)余時(shí)間打工來(lái)獲得。接著闡述原因，用Ontheonehand…,Ontheotherhand…分別引導(dǎo)原因，即家庭富裕，有能力支付學(xué)費(fèi)，此外業(yè)余時(shí)間打工掙學(xué)費(fèi)可以認(rèn)識(shí)校園外面的社會(huì)。論證條理清晰。第三段：用Inviewofthis…開(kāi)頭總結(jié)全文，指出這樣籌得學(xué)費(fèi)的意義所在：既減輕了父母的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，又開(kāi)闊了自己的眼界。

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型引出話題的常用句式Nowadays,…h(huán)asbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.Nowadays,moreandmorepeoplea??concernedabouttheproblem…Although…h(huán)asbroughtconveniencetous,manypeoplehavebeguntorealizethatitisthesourceoftroubleaswell.Recently,theriseinthephenomenonof…h(huán)asdrawn(aroused/captured)worldwideattention.Nowadays,moreandmorepeoplecometorealize(beawareof)theimportanceof…Oneoftheurgent(pressing)problems(issues)weareconfrontedwithisthat…

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型7.Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.8.ThankstoChina’sreformandopening-uppolicy,thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedgreateconomicdevelopmentandsocialtransformation.9.Withtherapid(amazing/fantastic)development(growth/improvement)ofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplacein…10.Recently,theissue(problem/question)of…h(huán)asbeenbroughtintofocus(broughttopublicattention/posed)amongpublicattention.11.Onceinanewspaper,Ihitupon(cameacross)areportthat…

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型分析原因的常用句式Herearemany(several/anumberof/avarietyof)reasonsforit.First…Second…Finally…Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Foronething,…Foranother…Whathaspossiblycontributedtothisproblem?Inthefirstplace…Inthesecondplace…Perhapsthemain(primary/mostimportant)reasonis……isalso(partly/chiefly)responsiblefortheproblem.Onemayattribute(owe)thisproblemto…Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor(leadto/contributeto/resultin)…

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型8.Thisproblemmayresultfrom(belargelydueto)acombinationoffactors.9.Theexplanationforthisphenomenoninvolvesmanycomplexreasons.Foronething,…Foranother,…10.Itwillexertafar-reaching(profound)impact(influence/effect)on…11.Admittedly,itmaycreate(giveriseto/bringabout)ahostofproblems.

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型提出解決方案的常用句式Thefirstkeyfactortosolvethisproblemis…Anotherkeyfactoris…Peoplehavefoundmanysolutions(approaches)todealingwiththisproblem.Wecanfigureoutmanywaystorelievethepresentcrisis.Then,howshouldwesolvethisproblem?Herearesomesuggestions,whichmaybeofsomehelp.Facedwith…,weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.Itishightimethat…Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthemeasuresthatmightbetakenimmediately.

問(wèn)題解決型論說(shuō)文常用句型7.Obviously,ifweignore(areblindto)thisproblem,thechancesarethat(itismostlikelythat/thereiseverychancethat)…willbeputinjeopardy.8.Itisessentialthatproperactions(effectivemeasures)shouldbetakentoreversethissituation(trend).9.Thereisnoeasy(immediate)solution(approach)totheissueof…,but…mightbebeneficial(helpful).四、解釋說(shuō)明型解釋說(shuō)明型論說(shuō)文是對(duì)事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)果、特征、狀態(tài)、功能等進(jìn)行介紹、闡述、解釋的一種論說(shuō)文類(lèi)型。它的適用范圍很廣，無(wú)論是日常生活、工作學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W術(shù)研究，人們都不可避免地要以各種方式來(lái)解釋、說(shuō)明、分析事物。例OnStudentsSelectingLectures(2006年6月)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlectures.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)有些大學(xué)允許學(xué)生自由選擇某些課程的任課老師；2)學(xué)生選擇老師時(shí)所考慮的主要因素是……3）學(xué)生自選任課老師的益處及可能產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題。范文OnStudentsChoosingLecturesNowadays,thereisahotdebateaboutwhetherstudentsshouldbeallowedtohaveoptionalchoicesoftheirteachers.Anumberoffactorscontributetostudents’decisiononchoosingteachers.Ontheonehand,teacher’spersonalitiesplayasignificantroleinthisissue,whichincludeagoodsenseofhumor,beingeasytocommunicatewithandopen-minded.Ontheotherhand,itislikelythatopinionsfromotherstudentshaveanimpactonthedecision.Clearly,therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesastotheviewofthismatter.Foronething,studentsenjoymorefreedomthanbefore.Foranother,sometopteachersmightbeignorediftheyarenotabletomeetstudents’taste.Ingeneral,bothstudents’andteachers’rightsshouldberespected.五、諺語(yǔ)型諺語(yǔ)型論說(shuō)文是指文章的題目或論點(diǎn)是一句諺語(yǔ)，要求考生針對(duì)該諺語(yǔ)闡述自己的理解，并且舉例論證。此類(lèi)文章一般按下列框架展開(kāi)：第一段：對(duì)格言警句的理解，開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山引出格言警句，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋；第二段：例證一，可以使用學(xué)習(xí)、生活中的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明其寓意，若有必要，引用第二個(gè)例證進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明；第三段：結(jié)束全文，總結(jié)句可以與文章主題呼應(yīng)。例PracticeMakesPerfect(1997年1月)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPracticeMakesPerfect.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1)怎樣理解“熟能生巧”？2)例如：在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中……3)又如……范文PracticeMakesPerfectItiswell-knowntoeveryonethat“PracticeMakesperfect.”Thisself-evidentproverbmeansdoingsomethingrepeatedlyistheonlywaytobecomeexpertonit.LearningaforeignlanguagelikeEnglishisacaseinpoint.Youmustpracticelistening,speaking,readingandwritingsoastoacquirethelanguage.Otherwise,youwillcleanforgetaboutit.Dancingisanotherexampletoprovetheproverb.Youmaybeamazedatawonderfuldanceshow.butifyouknowhowmuchtimedanceshavespentpracticingit,youwillnotbesurprisedatthebeautyanymore.Itisthroughpracticethatdancersbecomeskillfulatit.Alessonthatwecandrawfromtheaboveexamplesisobvious.Onlythroughrepeatedpracticecanonebegoodatdoingthings.1.

四級(jí)作文題采用總體評(píng)分方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。2.

從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切的表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。

二.評(píng)分原則考生要有較堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)言功底，具有一定的英語(yǔ)短文的寫(xiě)作知識(shí)，而且也要具備一定的寫(xiě)作技巧。下面，我們擬就段落寫(xiě)作、書(shū)信寫(xiě)作、圖標(biāo)寫(xiě)作三方面講解四級(jí)短文寫(xiě)作。三、四級(jí)短文寫(xiě)作段落寫(xiě)作

一．段落的組成段落大多由三個(gè)部分組成：主題句(Topicsentence)；擴(kuò)展句（Developingsentences）；結(jié)尾句(Endingsentence).1.

主題句主題句表明全段是關(guān)于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開(kāi)的中心點(diǎn),四級(jí)短文寫(xiě)作中最好是把主題句放在段首。E.g.Smoking

isharmfultopeople’shealth.E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.

Medicalsciencehasnowprovedthatsmokingcancauselungcancerandotherdiseasessuchasemphysema.Yourchancesofhavingaheartattackalsoincreasethemoreyousmoke.Smokingisdefinitelyahealthhazard.2.

擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明，解釋，引申，或論證主題句所表達(dá)的中心思想的句子。

Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主題句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(擴(kuò)展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(結(jié)尾句).3.

結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句是用一句話對(duì)段落的主題進(jìn)行重述,評(píng)論,或總結(jié),借以強(qiáng)化主題,加深讀者的印象.Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.That’swhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.二.段落的基本特征要寫(xiě)好段落就要清楚段落應(yīng)具有的基本特征，即統(tǒng)一性(unity)，連貫性(coherence)，簡(jiǎn)潔性(conciseness)，重點(diǎn)突出(emphasis)，用字遣句有變換(variety)1.段落的統(tǒng)一性

一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有句子都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容，任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必須舍棄。例如：

Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Theweatherisfineanditisnotashotasitisinthesummer.Peoplefeelcoolandcomfortable.Thesceneryisverybeautifulwithallkindsofflowershereandthere.

Andtherearevariouskindsoffruits.Thepeasantsbegintogatherincropsandfruits.修改后的段落為：Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Itiseasyforpeopletochooseafinedayforanoutingbecausetheweatherisalwaysnice，neithertoohotnortoocold.Thesceneryisbeautiful，too.Theredleavescoveringthemountains，thewildflowersboominginthefieldsandcolorfulfruitshangingonthetreesareallpleasanttolookat.Apicnicintheopenairinautumnwillcertainlybeenjoyedbyeveryone.2.段落的連貫性一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一,意思完整之外,句與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰,合乎邏輯的順序安排內(nèi)容,轉(zhuǎn)折自然,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊.Sinceshelostherweight,Carolehaschangedherimage.Shenolongerwearsdark-coloredclothes.Infact,sheoftenwearsred,pink,andevenbrightorange.Inadditiontowearingbrightclothes,shehaslightedthecolorofherhair.Frommousybrown,shehasprogressedtosun-streakedblonde.三.段落內(nèi)外的銜接過(guò)渡為確保段落內(nèi)容的連貫性，除了內(nèi)容安排要符合一定的順序外，句子與句子之間還應(yīng)使用過(guò)渡句型或者是連接語(yǔ)。例一：(1)Todeveloptourismhasadvantages.Tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段無(wú)連接詞語(yǔ)，實(shí)質(zhì)是一堆簡(jiǎn)單句的拼湊，讀起來(lái)枯燥乏味。(2)Todeveloptourismhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Inthesecondplace,tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Third,tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.

上段雖然也是由簡(jiǎn)單的句子組成，但由于有效使用了連接詞語(yǔ)，并不給人留下簡(jiǎn)單的印象；相反，讀者通過(guò)連接詞語(yǔ)，正確地了解到作者所陳述的manyadvantages的具體內(nèi)容。作文常用句式和過(guò)渡連接詞Aproverbsa