專(zhuān)四必備語(yǔ)法(2)by+將來(lái)時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool(—般過(guò)去式).⑷在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.⑸在nosooner…than…，hardly/scarcely???when…句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.二、不定式不定式做主語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞for引導(dǎo)，但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.、Itissillyofyoutobecheatedbyhim..It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.It'stimeforyoutogetup.不定式做定語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第—個(gè)登上月球的女性ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.⑸不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress，thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.Iwantsomethingtoeat.不定式做狀語(yǔ)不定式做狀語(yǔ)主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。soasto不能置于句首。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.onlyto表示意想不到的結(jié)果，Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.三、動(dòng)名詞必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recal,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededictaot,ebdeopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,ontheway如o四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。?過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于省略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattendingameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于…??recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Just.asthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesvstem,JustwiththevalueofatelephonenetworkincreasingwithTheauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)于…?descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)anescapedprisoner—個(gè)逃犯aretiredworker—位退休工人afadedcurtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent—個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式

（1）表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.（complete先于start之前發(fā)生）分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱(chēng)為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.Weatherpermitting,wewillgoonapicnic.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn)接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法meantodo想要meantodo想要（做某事）算（做某事）meandoing意味（做某事）議（做某事）regrettodo（對(duì)將要做的事）遺憾三、句型：cannothelpbutdocannotchoosebutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”如：proposetodo打proposedoing建regretdoing對(duì)已做過(guò)的事）后悔cannotbutdocandonothingbutdo不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.4.therebe非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法（1）做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.（expect要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)）（2）做目的狀語(yǔ)或程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用fortheretobe，做其他狀語(yǔ)用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.（fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語(yǔ)）Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.（fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語(yǔ)）Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.（therebeing…做原因狀語(yǔ)）（3）引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)用fortheretobe。^如:Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.⑷做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)掌握主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配:從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反were(不分人稱(chēng))/didwould/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+do與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反haddonewould/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+havedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反shoulddo/weretodowould/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+do如：fthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)調(diào)整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanwouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,requireinsist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，that主語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested如：

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.⑶下列名詞接同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understai。如g：JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhat'shappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.⑵介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.⑶i或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬的句型：wouldratherthoughhadratherifwouldassoonasIfonlywouldratherthoughhadratherifwouldassoonasIfonly…去式)suppose…wouldsoonerassupposing…Itis(high)timethat(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過(guò)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.Ifonly???(要是。。就好了)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.⑷lest/forfearthat/訕case從句謂語(yǔ)用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常考的句型(i)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.⑵cannot/can't???too…“越越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot??over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.3.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：anyother+單數(shù)名詞theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來(lái)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。notsomuch???as…與其說(shuō)不如說(shuō)Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare?no/(notany)more…than…兩者一樣都不Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink?no/notanyless…than??兩者一樣都Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister?justas???so…?正如,也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)1?注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit?2?其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)。

(“ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說(shuō)來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞2.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatdigestivepauses”byboth.earnedbyhisownlabor.theone指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：oflistener,anditcallsforoccasionaldigestivepauses”byboth.earnedbyhisownlabor.theone指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthat3.one的指代作用one指代不確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonwav.十一、主謂一致問(wèn)題1.主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間有定語(yǔ)從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語(yǔ)。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.主語(yǔ)帶有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：謂語(yǔ)agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

用復(fù)數(shù)many數(shù)用復(fù)數(shù)many數(shù)可數(shù)名詞單謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)morethanone+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)oneandahalf+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致十二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)以only修飾狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝Onlyyou(主語(yǔ))candothis。Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.以下列副詞或短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosucha，pmoainytatime如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.以下列副詞開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要全部倒裝(1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞:out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Herecomestheteacher.Hereyouare.Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.⑵出于習(xí)慣用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.讓步從句的倒裝as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語(yǔ)+其他，comewhatmay中。如：Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I'llbeonyourside.比較從句的倒裝as,than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.十三、復(fù)合句——形容詞性(定語(yǔ))從句尤其要注意whose的用法whose在從句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，且關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，那么，這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。如：介詞+which的用法如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，而狀語(yǔ)通常用介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別as與thesame,such,_so,as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。口：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last,only,very修飾時(shí)，用that；非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能用which引導(dǎo)；關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于who???not,that?ot這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、復(fù)合句——名詞性從句一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用，在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)／介詞賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。what/whatever的用法考生應(yīng)把握：what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做主語(yǔ))Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做表語(yǔ))whoever和whomever的區(qū)別whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyonewho，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在從句中做主語(yǔ))3.有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題引導(dǎo)詞通常為that,但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why,when,where,how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義，其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開(kāi)，注意識(shí)別。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.whether與f在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)；⑵whether—般多用于賓語(yǔ)從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式；whetherornot可以連在一起用，而ifornot則不能，ornot只能放在句末；whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，if則不能；⑸賓語(yǔ)從句提至謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；⑹在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo)；(7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。動(dòng)詞believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的賓語(yǔ)從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上。十五、復(fù)合句——副詞性(狀語(yǔ))從句副詞在句中起狀語(yǔ)作用，故如果起狀語(yǔ)作用的部分為一個(gè)句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱(chēng)狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可細(xì)分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較、方式等。狀語(yǔ)從句的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)為：考查考生對(duì)主從句之間邏輯意義關(guān)系的把握，看其是否能選擇正確的從屬連詞。1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)if與unless的用法。if和unless都是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞，考生應(yīng)尤其注意unless的用法，因?yàn)樗硎痉疵鏃l件，相當(dāng)于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent'sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.復(fù)合連詞aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；動(dòng)詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon'tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)祈使句表示條件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou'llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou'llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn'tcheatunderanycircumstances.復(fù)合連接詞forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如：Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn'tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)(l)before表示漢語(yǔ)的“只有/必須才能”。如：Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.⑵when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.whenitcomesto是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到時(shí)”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起連詞作用。如：Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewe