副詞性從句方式副詞：bravely勇敢的fast快happily愉快地hard艱難地quickly快well好Shedancedbeautifully．她舞姿優(yōu)美。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，它位于賓語(yǔ)之后：Hegaveherthemoneyreluctantly．他勉勉強(qiáng)強(qiáng)地給了她錢(qián)。TheyspeakEnglishwell．他們英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好。Itwasfoolishofmetoforget．我真蠢，竟然忘記了。Itwaskindofhimtowait．多蒙他好心等候。Wouldyoubekindenoughtowait？勞駕您等一等，好嗎？地點(diǎn)副詞：by近旁down下here這里near附近there那里up上away，everywhere，here，nowhere，somewherethere等Shewentaway．她走開(kāi)了。Helivesabroad．他住在國(guó)外。Billisupstairs．比爾在樓上。Theparrotsatonaperch鸚鵡停歇在棲木上。Hestoodinthedoorway．他站在門(mén)口。Helivesnearme．他住得離我近。時(shí)間副詞：now現(xiàn)在soon不久still仍然then那里today今天yet迄今afterwards，eventually，lately，now，recently，soon，then，today，tomorrow等和表示時(shí)間的副詞短語(yǔ)atonce，sincethen，tillThenwewenthome．/Wewenthomethen．然后我們回家。Writetoday．今天就寫(xiě)。I'llwaittilltomorrow．我等到明天。We'llsoonbethere．我們馬上會(huì)到那里。Bbefore，early，immediately和late位于句末：Hecamelate．他來(lái)晚了。I'llgoimmediately．我馬上就走。yet和still（時(shí)間畐ij詞）yet常常位于動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)之后：Hehasn'tfinished（hisbreakfast）yet．他還沒(méi)吃完（他的早飯）。如果賓語(yǔ)由許多詞組成，yet也可位于動(dòng)詞之前：Hehasn'tyetappliedforthejobwetoldhimabou．t他還沒(méi)去申請(qǐng)我們跟他說(shuō)的那個(gè)工作。still位于be動(dòng)詞之后或其他動(dòng)詞之前：Sheisstillinbed．她還在睡覺(jué)。頻度畐詞：always總是never從不occasionally偶爾often時(shí)常twice兩次continually，frequently，often，once，twice，periodically，repeatedly，sometimes，usually等（b）ever,hardlyever,never,rarely,scarcelyever,seldomHeisalwaysintimeformeals．他總是趕得上吃飯Theysometimesstayupallnight．他們有時(shí)整夜不睡。Hecanneverunderstand．他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)明白的。Youhaveoftenbeentoldnottodothat．多次告誡過(guò)你別干那事。Haveyoueverriddenacamel？你騎過(guò)駱駝嗎？—Canyouparkyourcarneartheshops？—Yes,Iusuallycan．—你可以在商店附近停車(chē)嗎？—是的,通?？梢浴knowIshouldtakeexercise,butIneverdo．我知道我應(yīng)該進(jìn)行體育鍛煉,但我從來(lái)沒(méi)這樣做過(guò)Hewalkedquiteoften句子副詞：這些詞修飾整個(gè)全句/從句，通常表達(dá)說(shuō)話者/敘述者的觀點(diǎn)。A表示不同程度的確定的副詞（a）actually（=infact/really），apparently，certainlyclearly，evidently，obviously，presumably，probably，undoubtedly（b）definitely（c）perhaps，possible，surelyHeisobviouslyintelligent．很明顯，他是個(gè)聰明的人。也可位于其他動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式之前：Theycertainlyworkhard．他們確實(shí)工作很努力。Heactuallylivesnextdoor．他實(shí)際上就住在隔壁。也可位于第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后：Theyhavepresumablysoldtheirhouse．他們據(jù)信已經(jīng)把房子賣(mài)了。Honestly，Tomdidn'tgetthemoney．老實(shí)說(shuō)，湯姆沒(méi)有拿到錢(qián)。程度副詞：absolutely，almost，barely，completely，enough，entirely，extremely，far，just，much，nearly，onlyreally，scarcely，so，fairly相當(dāng)hardly幾乎不rather十分quite非常too也very很Youareabsolutelyright．你完全正確。I'malmostready．我差不多準(zhǔn)備好了。但enough要放在形容詞或副詞之后：Theboxisn'tbigenough．這個(gè)盒子不夠大。Hedidn'tworkquicklyenough．他干得不夠快。far需要帶比較級(jí)或too+原級(jí)：Itisfarbettertosaynothing．不說(shuō)話要好得多。Hedrivesfartoofast．他車(chē)開(kāi)得太快了。（超出正常車(chē)速很多）這里可以用much替代far。也可以與最高級(jí)連用：Thissolutionismuchthebest．這種解答是最好的。only也可以修飾動(dòng)詞，從理論上講它應(yīng)緊挨所修飾的詞，位于動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞之前，位于名詞、代詞之前或之后：（a）Hehadonlysixapples．他只有六個(gè)蘋(píng)果。（不超過(guò)六個(gè)。）（b）Heonlylentthecar．他只是把車(chē)借出去了。（他沒(méi)有把車(chē)送給人家。）（c）Helentthecartomeonly．他只是把車(chē)借給我了。（不是借給別人。）（d）Ibelieveonlyhalfofwhathesaid．疑問(wèn)副詞：when?何時(shí)where?何地why?為何（參見(jiàn)第60節(jié)。）關(guān)系副詞：when何時(shí)where何地why為何（參見(jiàn)第75節(jié)E。）副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，副詞性從句即狀語(yǔ)從句也是如此。副詞和副詞性從句在句子中做狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔(dān)當(dāng)。例如：Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.Weworkedhard,fromsunrisetosunset.（介詞狀短語(yǔ)）Tohelpmyoldaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.（不定式）Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.（過(guò)去分詞）IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.（原因狀語(yǔ)從句）注意副詞（從句）在句子中的位置副詞性從句（即狀語(yǔ)從句）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句比較狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用弓I導(dǎo)詞：when,while,as,since,assoonas,before,after,till,until,bythetime,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner■…than,hardly?…when,scarcely■…when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句就是在從句中表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句是所有狀語(yǔ)從句中用得最經(jīng)常的一種，并且用于弓導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的弓導(dǎo)詞也比較多，在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)最重要的是記住這些弓導(dǎo)詞有哪些，它們的意思怎樣等。到底時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可以用哪些詞來(lái)弓導(dǎo)呢？請(qǐng)看下文：1.Ididn'trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.2.WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.3?Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard（果園）themomenttheysawtheguard.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.用when引導(dǎo)：when表示“當(dāng) 時(shí)候”。如：ThingsweredifferentwhenIwasachild.我小時(shí)候情況與現(xiàn)在不同。Peoplebreathemoreslowlywhentheyareasleep.人睡覺(jué)時(shí)呼吸比較緩慢。用while引導(dǎo)：while表示“當(dāng) 時(shí)候”。如：Wemuststrikewhiletheironishot.我們要趁熱打鐵。Iwentswimmingwhiletheothersplayedtennis.我去游泳，其余的人都打網(wǎng)球去了。注意：while所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)性的，不能是短暫性的。用as引導(dǎo)：as表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”“隨著”。如：Hedroppedtheglassashestoodup.他站起來(lái)時(shí)，把杯子摔了。Wegetwiseraswegetold.隨著年歲的增長(zhǎng)，我們也變得聰明些了。

辨析when,while,as,sincewhenwhileassince動(dòng)作先后主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先發(fā)生主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生從某時(shí)開(kāi)始時(shí)間內(nèi)涵或動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性點(diǎn)或段時(shí)間持續(xù)〃短暫動(dòng)作段時(shí)間持續(xù)性動(dòng)作點(diǎn)或段時(shí)間持續(xù)〃短暫動(dòng)作段時(shí)間時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)定從句多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，或用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)從句多用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)主從句用同樣時(shí)態(tài)主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或完成時(shí)態(tài)意思當(dāng)…時(shí)候既然每當(dāng)…時(shí)候當(dāng)…時(shí)候；一邊?…一邊③盡管；只要④而當(dāng)…時(shí)候；一邊?…一邊⑤隨著…（變化）自從…以來(lái)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示短暫動(dòng)作，而從句動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，三個(gè)連詞都可以用。Tombrokehislegwhile/when/ashewasplayingfootball.表示“一邊一邊”的意思時(shí)用as/while.Shesangasshecooked.when還可表示原因“既然”：Itwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalkthereinfiveminutes.表示“每當(dāng)…的時(shí)候”（暗示一種規(guī)律性），一般要用when：It'scoldwhenitsnows.下雪時(shí)天冷。Hesmileswhenyoupraisehim.你夸獎(jiǎng)他時(shí)他總是笑笑。要表示兩個(gè)正在發(fā)展變化的情況，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“隨著”般用as：Thingsaregettingbetterandbetterastimegoeson.隨著時(shí)間的推移，情況越來(lái)越好。Asitgrewdarker,itbecamecolder.天色越晚，天氣越冷。while除引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句外，還可以引導(dǎo)讓步或條件狀語(yǔ)從句及作并列連詞連接兩個(gè)并列的簡(jiǎn)單句.Whilehewasrespected,hewasnotliked?（盡管）Therewillbelifewhilethereiswaterandair.（只要）HeisaworkerwhileIamadoctor.（而，然而）Helikescoffee,whileshelikestea.他喜歡咖啡，而她卻喜歡茶。as和when后均可直接跟一個(gè)名詞，構(gòu)成省略句，但while一般不這樣用：As[When]aboy,helivedinJapan.他小時(shí)候在日本。when和while后可接現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞等構(gòu)成省略句，但as一般不這樣用：When[While]reading,hefellasleep.他看書(shū)時(shí)睡著了When[While]introuble,askherforhelp.遇到麻煩的時(shí)候你就去找她幫忙。練習(xí)：Itwasraininghard___Igotthere.___Ihadreadthearticle,hecalledme.___Igottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Hewasabouttoleave,___thetelephonerang.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,___,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.___thealienwasbuyingasouvenir,thegirlcalledthepolice.MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especially___fatherwasaway.Itwasraininghardwhen（as）Igotthere.（動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when可換為as,但不能換為while，因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.）WhenIhadreadthearticle,hecalledme.（從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when）WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.（從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài)）Hewasabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerang.（此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá)“正在”“即將”.while,as不能代替ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.（表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when,as都不能代替它）Whilethealienwasbuyingasouvenir,thegirlcalledthepolice.（表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間）MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyas(when/while)fatherwasaway.(此時(shí)as,when,while可通用)___Igotonthebus，hegotoff.Hewaswriting___Iwasreading.Thestudentsweretalking___theteachercamein.HewaswatchingTV___shewascooking.Hewaswaitingforme___Iwasworking.Heaskedmeaquestion___Iwasspeaking.___hecamein，shewentout.Jimhurthisarm___hewasplayingtennis.___Marywaswritingaletter,thechildrenwereplayingoutside.___hecameback，Iwasdoingsomewashing.___shewaswaitingforthetrain，shebecameveryimpatient.A：I'mgoingtothepostoffice.B：___youarethere，canyougetmesomestamps？Ialwayslistentotheradio___I'mdriving.Hedidn'taskmein;hekeptmestandingatthedoor___hereadthemessage.Heswunghisarms___hewalked.16.Icouldn'trememberastorytotellthechildren,soImadeoneup___Iwentalong.17.Itwasraininghard___wearrived.18.Theicecracked___Isteppedontoit.___hecamein,Iwaslisteningtotheradio.Hejumpedtohisfeet___thebosscamein.Icaughthimjust___hewasleavingthebuilding.Just___thetwomenwereleaving,amessagearrived.Theroomgrewcolder___thefireburntdown.Theboylooksather___she'snotlooking.___timegoesbymymemoryseemstogetworse.___hearriveshe'lltellusallaboutthematch.___shehadfinishedshewaitedforareply.Hestolethemoney___noonewasby.Iwasjustabouttogotobed___Iheardaknockonthedoor.Onepersonmayliketospendhisvacationattheseashore,___anothermaypreferthemountains.Youmuststudyhard___youareyoung,oryouwillregret___youareold.Wewerehavingameeting___someonebrokeit.Wewereabouttosetoffonourway,___itsuddenlybegantorain.AsIgotonthebus，hegotoff.HewaswritingasIwasreading.Thestudentsweretalkingastheteachercamein.HewaswatchingTVwhileshewascooking.HewaswaitingformewhileIwasworking.HeaskedmeaquestionwhileIwasspeaking.Whenhecamein，shewentout.Jimhurthisarmwhil〔ewhen，as〕hewasplayingtennis.WhenMarywaswritingaletter,thechildrenwereplayingoutside.Whenhecameback，Iwasdoingsomewashing.As〔When，While〕shewaswaitingforthetrain，shebecameveryimpatient.A：I'mgoingtothepostoffice.B：Whileyouarethere，canyougetmesomestamps？IalwayslistentotheradiowhileI'mdriving.Hedidn'taskmein;hekeptmestandingatthedoorwhilehereadthemessage.Heswunghisarmsashewalked.16.Icouldn'trememberastorytotellthechildren,soImadeoneupasIwentalong.17.Itwasraininghardwhen[as]wearrived.18.Theicecrackedas[when]Isteppedontoit.When[As]hecamein,Iwaslisteningtotheradio.Hejumpedtohisfeetasthebosscamein.Icaughthimjustwhen[as]hewasleavingthebuilding.Justas[when]thetwomenwereleaving,amessagearrived.Theroomgrewcolderasthefireburntdown.Theboylooksatherwhenshe'snotlooking.Astimegoesbymymemoryseemstogetworse.Whenhearriveshe'lltellusallaboutthematch.Whenshehadfinishedshewaitedforareply.Hestolethemoneywhennoonewasby.IwasjustabouttogotobedwhenIheardaknockonthedoor.Onepersonmayliketospendhisvacationattheseashore,whileanothermaypreferthemountains.Youmuststudyhardwhileyouareyoung,oryouwillregretwhenyouareold.Wewerehavingameetingwhensomeonebrokeit.Wewereabouttosetoffonourway,whenitsuddenlybegantorain.4.用before引導(dǎo)：before表示“在 之前”。如：Turnoffthelightsbeforeyougotobed.睡覺(jué)前要關(guān)燈。Beforehewenttouniversityhewasaworker.上大學(xué)之前他是工人。before引導(dǎo)的從句一般表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之前，如從句是過(guò)去時(shí)，主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí).Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforemymotherwentout.時(shí)態(tài)要求：A．主從句如果是緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用同一時(shí)態(tài)B．主將從現(xiàn)C．從句過(guò)去時(shí)，主句過(guò)去完成時(shí)5.用after引導(dǎo)：after表示“在 之后”。如:Iwilltellyouaftertheyleave.他們走我再告訴你。Afteryoufinishthelettershowittome.信寫(xiě)完后給我看看。after引導(dǎo)的從句，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后，如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí).Aftertheboyhadfinishedhishomework,heplayedfootballwithhisfriends.時(shí)態(tài)要求：主從句如果是緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用同一時(shí)態(tài)主將從現(xiàn)主句過(guò)去時(shí)，從句過(guò)去完成時(shí)6.用until/till引導(dǎo)：until/till表示“直至U……”。如：Hewaiteduntil/tillshewasabouttoleave.他等著直至她準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)。Iwatchedhimuntil/tillhedisappearedinthedistance.until比較正式，可用于句首，而till一般不用于句首.till和until所表示的意義相同，多數(shù)情況下可換用。但在句首、與not無(wú)間隔連用時(shí)及在強(qiáng)調(diào)中只能用until。在肯定句中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，意為“動(dòng)作持續(xù)到某時(shí)間為止”；在否定句中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，意為“動(dòng)作直到某時(shí)才開(kāi)始?！笨隙ň洌篒sleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。WaittillIcallyou.等著我叫你。否定句：Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.她直到6點(diǎn)才到。Don'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽車(chē)停穩(wěn)后再下車(chē)。Ididn'tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后，我才會(huì)做。1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。---Untilwhenareyoustaying?你呆到什么時(shí)候？---UntilnextMonday.呆到下周一。(2)Notuntil…無(wú)間隔使用，只能用until,若在句首，主句用倒裝。Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到我開(kāi)始工作，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到了我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。Hewillremainincollegeuntil/tillhefinisheshisPh.Dcourse.Iwon'tgowithyouuntil/tillIfinishmyhomework.Heremainedthereuntil/tillshearrived.Hewon'tgotobedtill/untilshereturns.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathewentbackhomeaftertheexperiment.Shedidn'tmarryuntilshewasoverfifty.We'dbetternotgountilyoursisterarrives.7.since表示“自從 以來(lái)”女口：Wehaveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.我們從小認(rèn)識(shí)。They'vemovedtwicesincetheygotmarried.他們結(jié)婚后已搬了兩次家。這類(lèi)句子的主句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Ihaven'theardfromhersincesheleftBeijing?自從她離開(kāi)北京后，我從未收到她的信。Ihaven'twrittentohersinceshelivedinLondon?自從她離開(kāi)倫敦后，我從未給她寫(xiě)過(guò)信。SinceIhavebeenatthisschoolwehavethreeheadmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校以來(lái)已有過(guò)三位校長(zhǎng)了。TheyhaveneverbeentoseemesinceIwasill?（從我病愈以來(lái).）TheyhaveneverbeentoseemesinceIhavebeenill■（從我生病以來(lái)?）但是，當(dāng)主句表示一段時(shí)間時(shí)，主句可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：It'salongtimesincewemetlast.好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)面了。HowlongisitsinceyoucameinLondon?你來(lái)倫敦有多久了?時(shí)態(tài)要求：A．一般主句用完成時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去時(shí)B.女口是Itis(hasbee)+一段時(shí)間+since since從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)8?用assoonas弓I導(dǎo)：assoonas表示“一 就如：Theboysranoffassoonasweappeared.我們一來(lái)，孩子就都跑了。Hestartedassoonashereceivedthenews.他一接到消息就出發(fā)了。I'llwriteyouassoonasIgetthere.我一到那兒就給你來(lái)信。表示“一就 ”這一意思的連詞，除assoonas夕卜，還可用themoment,theminute,theinstant等。如：Iwanttoseehimtheminutehearrives.他一來(lái)到我就要見(jiàn)他。ThemomentIsawhimIknewtherewasnohope.我一看到他就知道沒(méi)希望了。Assoonaswegothome,thetelephonerang.IrecognizedherimmediatelyIsawher.Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.Onceyouunderstandthisrule,you'llhavenofurtherdifficulty.Iwanttoseehertheminute/moment(that)shearrives.時(shí)態(tài)要求：A．主從句如果是緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用同一時(shí)態(tài)B．主將從現(xiàn)(9)用everytime等弓I導(dǎo)：anytime,eachtime,everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,thenexttime等有時(shí)也可用連詞，弓導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，分別表示“任何時(shí)候”“每次”“第一次”“最后一次”“下次”等。如：Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.你隨時(shí)都可以給我打電話。Eachtime