思維導(dǎo)圖破解高中英語(yǔ)

第21講細(xì)節(jié)題使用說(shuō)明-內(nèi)容說(shuō)明一般細(xì)節(jié)題（90%）1.一般細(xì)節(jié)題的判斷2.一般細(xì)節(jié)題的解題CONTENTS12構(gòu)建知識(shí)圖利用導(dǎo)圖解題3復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)構(gòu)建思維導(dǎo)圖幫你快速了解本節(jié)課主題，清楚注意事項(xiàng)，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)收獲了然于心PART1DREAMOFTHEFUTURE思維導(dǎo)圖體系一般細(xì)節(jié)題的基本知識(shí)PART2DREAMOFTHEFUTURE閱讀理解一般細(xì)節(jié)題（一）一般細(xì)節(jié)題（90%）1、一般細(xì)節(jié)題的判斷根據(jù)文中某句、某段或某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的理解命制的試題，或者帶有一半文中內(nèi)容的句子，一半是空，要求補(bǔ)全句子。常用who,what,when,where和how等提問(wèn)(4w1H)，即時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。舉例：Whatdoweknowabouttheuseoffireextinguisher？2、一般細(xì)節(jié)題的解題總步驟題干找詞（定位詞）→文中找詞（定位）→分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案（1）第一步：題干找詞（定位詞）第一，明顯的定位標(biāo)志：大寫(xiě)字母，數(shù)字或敏感詞（序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)，唯一性only,unique）

【原因】這些詞顯眼，而且不容易變化（不容易用其它詞替換）第二，核心含義定位（需要翻譯，問(wèn)什么，就找什么，所有的名詞都要出現(xiàn)）：比如考試的分?jǐn)?shù)說(shuō)明什么？

【同義替換可能性】名詞＜形副＜動(dòng)詞（2）第二步：文中找詞（定位）從大到小原則【原理：兩原則】均勻分布；題文同序均勻分布：無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明，無(wú)超長(zhǎng)段落的情況下，一道題只對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)段落。題文同序：第1題在文章中的定位句，一定在第2題文章中的定位句的前面?！静僮鞑襟E】①數(shù)一下文章有多少段，再看有幾道題。比如有4道題，有6個(gè)段落，一道題對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)段落，我們就可以預(yù)估：有兩個(gè)段落沒(méi)出題，如果4道題中有一道主旨題，則有3個(gè)段落沒(méi)出題。②分別分析各道題的題干，找出題干的定位詞。

這樣做的好處是什么呢？比如第2題問(wèn)：第三段中的某個(gè)詞是什么意思，我們就根據(jù)題文同序原則，預(yù)估：第1題的定位句在第1段或第2段?！咀⒁狻孔詈笠欢谓?jīng)常出題。主旨題可以不用對(duì)應(yīng)具體某一段。大：鎖定區(qū)域【操作步驟】定位標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)后，翻譯，看是不是題干所需要的，如果是，就是答案。如果不是，繼續(xù)找。【注意】①多個(gè)定位標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)才是答案。

如：定位詞是A和B。在文中找到：第一句有A，第二句有B，答案一般在B中。②陳述對(duì)象發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換，不再是定位句。③每道題的定位句不超過(guò)3句話，很多是1句話；不要用長(zhǎng)短來(lái)判斷④題干有你選取的某個(gè)定位詞，如果在文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的中文，答案一般在附近。小：鎖定句子④題干有你選取的某個(gè)定位詞，如果在文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的中文，答案一般在附近。2018北京卷B篇Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(榮譽(yù)徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模擬)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld....41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto

.A.flytospace B.getanAviationbadgefirstC.studytheprinciplesofflight D.buildandfiremodelrockets【思考1】讀完4道題的題干后（以全國(guó)卷BCD篇為例），為什么不馬上讀選項(xiàng)？【思考2】在原文中沒(méi)有找到定位詞怎么辦？（80%出題點(diǎn)）（3）第三步：分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案1、正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：同義替換是答案證明中心是答案全面大于片面是答案（一定要注意優(yōu)先級(jí)）2、干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置：（吸引你選錯(cuò)）上下句（即在定位句的附近）出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)：相同的詞句，or相似的詞句；or不同，但同義替換的詞句【體會(huì)】①錯(cuò)誤類型：偷換概念，張冠李戴，移花接木②不是讀懂全文就能作對(duì)題目，有時(shí)候讀全文反而掉到坑里。【思考1】定位句也讀不懂，怎么選答案？如果你確定答案就在某句話上(定位句)，此時(shí)分析選項(xiàng)，某個(gè)選項(xiàng)上出現(xiàn)下面的特征，在不用讀懂的情況下，也可以直接排除該選項(xiàng)：比如A選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞government（政府），文中定位句卻沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)這個(gè)詞，但是定位句前后某個(gè)句子出現(xiàn)了government。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)可認(rèn)定是錯(cuò)誤的，可排除。【思考2】對(duì)自己找到定位句不太自信，怎么辦？可能1：有可能你找錯(cuò)了句子，再把這節(jié)課找定位句的技巧理解一下?？赡?：定位句有可能有好幾句，稍微擴(kuò)大一下范圍，一般不超過(guò)三句?？赡?：這道題的題目類型判斷失誤，不是細(xì)節(jié)題，可能需要用到其它技巧?？赡?：可能這道細(xì)節(jié)題沒(méi)有定位句（這種情況極少）?？赡?：上面4種情況都不是，可使用我們最后一節(jié)課的技巧：檢查和蒙題大法。2018全國(guó)一卷

In

SaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.Andthe

GoodMorningBritain

presentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.第一步：題干找詞（定位詞）HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?第二步：文中找詞（定位）大：鎖定區(qū)域→?。烘i定句子

In

SaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.Andthe

GoodMorningBritain

presentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.（3）第三步：分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案定位句：withthehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.思考：干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.（干擾選項(xiàng)）C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.（干擾選項(xiàng)）

In

SaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.Andthe

GoodMorningBritain

presentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置：（吸引你選錯(cuò)）上下句（即在定位句的附近）出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)：相同的詞句，or相似的詞句；or不同，但同義替換錯(cuò)誤類型：偷換概念，張冠李戴，移花接木2018浙江卷StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales. B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks. D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.第一步：題干找詞（定位詞）WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?第二步：文中找詞（定位）大：鎖定區(qū)域→?。烘i定句子

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.定位句：...defendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.（3）第三步：分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案分析選項(xiàng)：A.Helpincreasegrocerysales. B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks. D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.思考：干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.（干擾項(xiàng)）

D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.2017全國(guó)1卷DThesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheet第一步：題干找詞（定位詞）Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.第二步：文中找詞（定位）大：鎖定區(qū)域→?。烘i定句子

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.定位句：...collectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.分析選項(xiàng)：A.theplastictube B.outsidetheholeC.theopenair D.beneaththesheet（3）第三步：分析選項(xiàng)，選擇答案PART3DREAMOFTHEFUTURE利用知識(shí)點(diǎn)導(dǎo)圖來(lái)解題高考真題12018全國(guó)三卷Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness（荒野）.Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.

B.Itssmallpopulation.C.Itsgeographicalposition.

D.Itsfavourableclimate.答案1細(xì)節(jié)題。定位句：NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.中間提到了河流，港口，所以答案是C。另外一個(gè)解題法：當(dāng)成例子題（for

example）,例子出題看中心句。文章首句提到，人們選擇居住的城市往往是那些便于交通和貿(mào)易的地方，比如靠近港口或河流，接下來(lái)便以紐約城為例，指出它就是靠近一個(gè)很大的海港，由此可推知，吸引早期居住者的是紐約城的地理位置。故選C。高考真題22018浙江卷B篇

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.答案2細(xì)節(jié)題定位句：However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.可知，制作可重復(fù)利用的購(gòu)物袋更耗能源，這是缺點(diǎn)。因此選D。高考真題32018江蘇卷C篇Thesustainablesuccessofsmallf