國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯StyleandTranslationofInternationalBusinessContractChapter2-3ContentsComplementaryMaterial

Section6PriceandPayment

12HelpstudentsknowdifferentgroupsofinternationalcommercialtermsHelpstudentsknowthemainfeaturesofinternationalcommercialtermsHelpstudentsacknowledgetheapplicationofthosetermsLetstudentspayspecialattentiontothefollowingimportantterms:FOB,CIF,CFRTeachingAimsandRequirementsSupplementaryMaterialIncoterms2000國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯INCOTERMSInternationalCommercialTermsInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則

WhyIncotermsIncotermsdefinerisk,

costand

responsibility

forboththesellerandthe

buyerduringthetransportationofthecargofromtheexportertotheimporterIncotermsare

universalandcanberecognisedandunderstoodinternationally.TheInternationalCommercialTermsweredrawnupbytheICCin1936TheserulesforinternationaltradeareusedinternationallytosettletradedisputesbetweensellersandbuyersIncotermsareLegallybindingIncotermsarelegallybindingandthefollowingmustbegivenconsideration:Whichpartywillpaythecoststomovethegoods

fromthesellertothebuyer?Whichdocumentswillberequiredandatwhoseexpense？Atwhatpointwilltherisk,towhichthegoodsmaybe

subjectedto,transferfromthesellertothebuyer?Whichparty,theexporterorimporter,willberesponsibleforthecreationofthecontractofcarriage?IncotermsareLegallybinding賣(mài)方的商品供應(yīng)對(duì)買(mǎi)方的付款誰(shuí)為許可證、官方授權(quán)和正式手續(xù)負(fù)責(zé)誰(shuí)為運(yùn)費(fèi)與保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)合同負(fù)責(zé)由賣(mài)方交貨與買(mǎi)方接收交付貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移買(mǎi)方與賣(mài)方之間的費(fèi)用分配對(duì)買(mǎi)方或賣(mài)方分別通知交貨證據(jù)，運(yùn)輸文件等賣(mài)方的檢查、包裝、標(biāo)記對(duì)買(mǎi)方的檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與費(fèi)用StructureofIncoterms

Incoterms

EXWORKSGroupF(FCA,FAS,FOB)GroupC(CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP)GroupD(DAF,DES,DEQ,DDU,DDP)發(fā)貨主要運(yùn)費(fèi)未付主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付達(dá)到INCOTERMS

2000groupEdepartureEXWgroupFMaincarriageunpaidFAS、FOB、FCAgroupCMaincarriagepaidCFR、CIF、CIP、CPTgroupDarrivalDAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、DDPInrelationtotransportationOnlycertainIncotermsshouldbeusedwhendispatchinggoods:Bysea:FOB,FAS,CFR,CIF,DES,DEQMultimodaltransport:EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DDU&DDPOverland:DAF國(guó)際物流采購(gòu)方銷(xiāo)售方供應(yīng)商EXWFCACPTCIPFOBCFRCIFFASDESDEQDDUDDP僅僅適用于水運(yùn)

DAF陸地運(yùn)輸Cus-tomsCus-tomsCus-tomsCus-tomsM8:U6:6.2-24Fundamentalobligationsfor

thesellerandthebuyerThesellermust:Supplythecorrectquantity,qualityandvalueofgoodsinaccordancetothebuyer’sorder.Deliverthegoodsonorbeforethedispatchdateorwithinanagreedtimeperiod.Packandlabelthegoodstoensuretheirsafedelivery.Providethebuyerwiththenecessarydocumentationsuchasacommercialinvoice,packinglist,transportdocument,certificateoforiginetc...Thebuyer’sobligationsAcceptalltherisk,whenthisriskispassedontotheimporter.Payalladditionalcosts,whichmayarisefromhis/herfailuretoacceptdeliveryofthegoodsattheplaceorportofreceipt.Providethesellerwithappropriateproofthathe/shehastakenreceiptofthegoods.Boththebuyerandthesellermustrecognisetheimportanceofcommunication.Thesellermustalwayskeeptheimporterinformedofthemovementofthegoods,whentheresponsibilityforacceptingthecostsandriskswillpassontoimporter.

賣(mài)方倉(cāng)庫(kù)出口手續(xù)租船訂艙辦理保險(xiǎn)報(bào)關(guān)完稅裝船進(jìn)口手續(xù)卸貨買(mǎi)方倉(cāng)庫(kù)EXWCIFDDPresponsibilities,expensesEXW-ExWorks工廠(chǎng)交貨（…指定地點(diǎn)）Thesellermakesthegoodsavailable,packedandreadyforcollectionattheplaceofreceipt(factory.Thebuyermustbearalltherisksandchargesintakingthegoodstotherequireddestination.Thistermcarriestheminimumobligationfortheseller.FCA-FreeCarrierat貨交承運(yùn)人（…指定地點(diǎn)）Thesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodsintothecustodyofthetransportcarrieratthenamedpoint,havingclearedthegoodsthroughCustomsinthecountryofexport.Theresponsibilityfor,andtherisksofdamagetoorlosstothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyeratthispoint.ItisbasedonthesameprincipleasFOBexceptthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationswhens/hedeliversthegoodsintothecustodyofthecarrieratthenamedpoint.FAS-FreeAlongsideShip船邊交貨（…指定裝運(yùn)港）Underthisterm,itistheseller’sresponsibilitytodeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshiponthequayintheportofloading,havingclearedthegoodsthroughCustomsinthecountryofexport.ThebuyermustbearallthecostsandrisksfromthatpointonwardsFOB-FreeonBoard船上交貨（…指定裝運(yùn)港）Underthisterm,thesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodsonboardtheshipatthenamedportofloading.Theresponsibilityfor,andriskofdamagetoorlossof,thegoodspassfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspassaship’srail.CFR-CostandFreight成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（…指定目的港）Thesellerisresponsibleforpayingthecostsandfreighttobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srailattheportofloading.CPT-CarriagePaidto..運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（…指定目的地）Thesellerisresponsibleforarrangingthecarriageandpayingthefreighttothenameddestination,buttheriskoflossof,anddamagetothegoods,passesfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredintothechargeofthecarrierinthecountryofexport.CIF-Cost,Insurance&Freight

成本保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（…指定目的港）ThistermisthesameasCFR,exceptthesellerhastoprocure,andpayfor,marineinsuranceforthegoodsduringtheircarriage.VariantsofFOBCIP-Carriage&InsurancePaid

運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至（…指定目的地）ThistermisthesameasCPTbuttheselleralsohastoprocure,andpayfor,marineinsuranceforthegoods.SimilartoCIF,CIPissuitableformultimodaltransportation.DES-DeliveredExShip

目的港船上交貨（…指定目的港）Thesellerisresponsibleformakingthegoodsavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipnotcustomsclearedattheportofdestination,aswellasbearingthecostsandriskinbriningthegoodsthere.ThisisbothamultimodalandseafreightIncoterm,thelastlegofthejourneymustbeasealeg.DEQ-DeliveredEx-ship

目的港碼頭交貨（…指定目的港）Thesellerisresponsibleformakingthegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayattheportofdestinationnotclearedthroughcustoms,bearingallcostsandrisksinbringinggoodsthere.ThisisbothamultimodalandseafreightIncoterm,thelastlegofthejourneymustbeasealeg.DDU-DeliveredDutyUnpaid

未完稅交貨（…指定目的地）Thesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceofreceipt.However,thesellerisnotrequiredtopayduties,taxesoranyotherofficialchargespayableuponimportation,thosecostsareforthebuyer.DDP-DeliveredDutyPaid

完稅后交貨（…指定目的地）Thesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestinationhavingclearedthemforimportintothecountryofdestination.Thistermrepresentsthemaximumobligationfortheseller.DAF-DeliveredatFrontier

邊境交貨（…指定地點(diǎn)）Thesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoods,clearedforexport,tothebuyeratthenamedplaceofdeliveryatthefrontier.However,heisnotresponsibleforclearingthegoodsthroughcustomsforimportintocountryofdestination.DAF-DeliveredatFrontier邊境交貨（…指定地點(diǎn)）1.是指當(dāng)賣(mài)方在邊境的指定的地點(diǎn)和具體交貨點(diǎn)，在毗鄰國(guó)家海關(guān)邊界前，將仍處于交貨的運(yùn)輸工具上尚未卸下的貨物交給買(mǎi)方處置，辦妥貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)但尚未辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，即完成交貨。2.“邊境”一詞可用于任何邊境，包括出口國(guó)邊境。因而，用指定地點(diǎn)和具體交貨點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確界定所指邊境，這是極為重要的。3.該術(shù)語(yǔ)可用于陸地邊界交貨的各種運(yùn)輸方式.D組術(shù)語(yǔ)1.根據(jù)D組術(shù)語(yǔ)，賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物運(yùn)至邊境或進(jìn)口國(guó)內(nèi)的約定目的地或點(diǎn)。賣(mài)方必須承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)至該地前的全部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，因此，D組術(shù)語(yǔ)屬于到貨合同2.在D組術(shù)語(yǔ)下，除了DDP，賣(mài)方在目的地國(guó)交貨時(shí)無(wú)須辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。

FOB、CFR、CIF相同與不同點(diǎn)1、三者的比較相同點(diǎn)1）運(yùn)輸方式相同2）交貨地點(diǎn)相同3）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分相同4）交貨性質(zhì)相同不同點(diǎn)1）買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任不同2）買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用不同出口應(yīng)盡量使用FOB，進(jìn)口應(yīng)盡量使用CIFPriceandPayment國(guó)際貿(mào)易中貨物價(jià)格的表述買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同是一方轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)于另一方，另一方支付價(jià)款的合同。轉(zhuǎn)移所有權(quán)的一方為出賣(mài)人或賣(mài)方，支付價(jià)款而取得所有權(quán)的一方為買(mǎi)受人或者買(mǎi)方。買(mǎi)賣(mài)是商品交換最普通的形式，也是典型的有償合同。買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同中的價(jià)格條款，一般包括兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容商品的單價(jià)unitprice商品的總值totalprice/amount國(guó)際貿(mào)易中貨物價(jià)格的表述在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，商品的單價(jià)需由四個(gè)部分組成：如：CIF倫敦每公噸200美元USD200perM/T(metricton)London貨幣符號(hào)單位價(jià)格金額計(jì)量單位貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)常用報(bào)價(jià)貨幣USDUnitedStatesDollarsGBPGreatBritainPound(Stg￡P(guān)oundSterling)EUREuroCADCanadianDollarsAUDAustralianDollarsCNYChineseYuanHKDHongKongDollarsJPYJapaneseYen

1）單價(jià):每箱（木箱）23.5美元CFR西雅圖2）單價(jià)：每公噸3000歐元FOB上海3）單價(jià)：每碼45日元CIF大阪PracticesforPrice1)UnitPrice:USD23.50percaseCFRSeattle2)UnitPrice:EUR3,000.00perM/TFOBShanghai3)UnitPrice:JPY45.00peryardCIFOsaka傭金Commission傭金是商業(yè)活動(dòng)中的一種勞務(wù)報(bào)酬，是具有獨(dú)立地位和經(jīng)營(yíng)資格的中間人在商業(yè)活動(dòng)中為他人提供服務(wù)所得到的報(bào)酬。明傭：在貿(mào)易合同的價(jià)格條款中明確規(guī)定傭金的比例暗傭：傭金問(wèn)題沒(méi)有在貿(mào)易合同中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，由當(dāng)事人另行規(guī)定雙頭傭：中間商或代理商向貿(mào)易合同的買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都收取一定數(shù)量的傭金傭金表示方法1.每公噸250美元CIF倫敦包括3%傭金

USD250perM/TCIFLondonincluding3%commission2.每公噸200美元CIFC2%倫敦

USD250perM/TCIFC2%London傭金一般用文字表示，或貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)后加“C”再加傭金比例折扣表示方法國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用的折扣，名目繁多，有一般折扣，還有為擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)售而使用的數(shù)量折扣（QuantityDiscount）和為了實(shí)現(xiàn)某種特殊目的而給予的特別折扣（SpecialDiscount）以及年終回扣（TurnoverBonus）等。凡在價(jià)格條款中注明折扣率的，叫“明扣”；反之，為“暗扣”。

折扣表示方法1.每公噸1000美元CIF香港折扣2%

USD1000perM/TCIFHongKongincluding2%discount或每公噸1000美元CIF香港減2%折扣

USD1000perM/TCIFHongKongless2%discount①UnitPrice:USD78.00perpieceFOBBeihai②UnitPrice:GBP83.00persetCIFHamburgincluding3%commission

GBP83.00persetCIFC3%Hamburg③UnitPrice:JPY2,400.00percartonCFRKobeless4%discount

價(jià)格綜合練習(xí)總價(jià)條款：總價(jià)金額+金額大寫(xiě)①TotalAmount:USD31,280.00only.(SayU.S.DollarsThirtyOne

ThousandTwoHundredandEightyOnly)②TotalAmount:Stg￡14,297.50only.(SayPoundsSterlingFourteenThousandTwoHundredandNinetySevenand50%only)總價(jià)的表示方法1）總價(jià)：14，360.00英鎊整2）總價(jià)：18，690.35美元Practices1)TotalAmount:GBP14,360.00ONLY(SAYGREATBRITAINPOUNDSFOURTEENTHOUSANDTHREEHUNDREDANDSIXTYONLY)2)TotalAmount:USD18,690.35ONLY(SAYU.S.DOLLARSEIGHTEENTHOUSANDSIXHUNDREDANDNINETYANDCENTSTHIRTYFIVEONLY)Payment

Termsofpaymentmeanswayormethodofmakingpayment.Astheyhavemuchtodowiththeinterestsandbenefitsofboththebuyerandtheseller,theyshouldbeagreeduponduringthenegotiationofatransactionandbeexplicitlylaiddowninthecontract.ThemethodsofpaymentweuseinthefinancingofinternationaltradearechieflytheLetterofCredit,Collection

and

Remittance.

PaymentinInternationalTradeMaintermsofpaymentCollection

托收MailTransfer(M/T)TelegraphicTransfer(T/T)DemandDraft(D/D)Remittance

匯付L/C信用證Documentagainstpayment(D/P)Documentagainstacceptance(D/A)Collection托收，也稱(chēng)跟單托收，指由接到委托指示的銀行處理金融單據(jù)或商業(yè)單據(jù)，以便取得承兌和匯款，或憑承兌或付款交出商業(yè)單據(jù)，或憑其他條件交出單據(jù)付款交單D/P：出口人將匯票連同貨運(yùn)單據(jù)交給銀行托收時(shí)，指示銀行只有在進(jìn)口人付清貨款時(shí)才能交出貨運(yùn)單據(jù)承兌交單D/A：進(jìn)口人承兌匯票后，即可向銀行取得貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，待匯票到期日才付款Remittance賣(mài)方將貨物發(fā)送給買(mǎi)方前后，有關(guān)貨運(yùn)單據(jù)由賣(mài)方寄送給買(mǎi)方，而買(mǎi)方將通過(guò)銀行將貨款匯交給賣(mài)方電匯T/T：由匯款人委托匯出行用電傳，金融電訊等手段發(fā)出委托通知書(shū)給收款人所在地的匯入行，委托它將款項(xiàng)解付給指定收款人信匯M/T：與電匯類(lèi)似，只是匯出行通過(guò)信匯委托書(shū)作為結(jié)算工具票匯D/D：以銀行即期匯票作為結(jié)算工具的一種匯付方式例如：支票Advantage&DisadvantageAdvantagesSimpleproceduresLowercostDisadvantagesHighrisksBanksonlycollectandremitwithoutprovidingitsguaranteeCollection&RemittanceareonlyusedwhenthefinancialstandingandthereputationoftheimporteraresoundSomeproblemsExporter:CantheimporterarrangethepaymentassoonastheexporterhasdispatchedthegoodsHopenodirectconnectionestablishedbetweentheimporterandthesupplier.ProblemsonunderstandingpoliciesforexchangeandinternationalcommercialmanagementImporter:

CantheexporterdeliverthegoodsontimeHowtoconfirmthegoodsbeinaccordancewiththecontractbeforethepaymentLetterofcredit(L/C)Letterofcredit(L/C)

DescriptionofthecontentsTheletterofcredit,sometimesjustcalledcreditorL/Cforshort,isaletteraddressedtotheseller,writtenandsignedbyabankactingonbehalfofthebuyer,inwhichthebankpromisesthatitwillpayoracceptdraftsdrawnonitselfifthesellerconformsexactlytotheconditionssetforthintheletterofcredit.它是銀行(開(kāi)證行)根據(jù)買(mǎi)方(申請(qǐng)人)的要求和指示向賣(mài)方(受益人)開(kāi)立的、在一定期限內(nèi)憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)符合信用證條款，即期或在一個(gè)可以確定的將來(lái)日期，兌付一定金額的書(shū)面承諾。簡(jiǎn)言之，信用證是一種帶有條件的銀行付款書(shū)面承諾。

L/Cisareliableandsafemethodofpayment.Itnotonlyfacilitatestradewithunknownbuyersandsellers,butalsogivesprotectiontobothparties.AnL/Cisawrittenpromisemadebyabankthatitwillmakepaymentforthegoodsshipped.Thatistosay,thebankpromisestopayforthegoodswhenitopensaletterofcredit.Itstatesthattheexporterwillgetpaidifthedocumentsconformtotheconditionssetforthintheletter.Theseconditionsarebasedonthesalescontractorsalesconfirmationbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.TheLetterofCreditL/Crelatedtermsapplicant

開(kāi)證申請(qǐng)人openingbank;issuingbank

開(kāi)證行beneficiary受益人advisingbank;notifyingbank

通知行negotiatingbank

議付行payingbank

付款行confirmingbank

保兌行三、信用證的業(yè)務(wù)程序開(kāi)證申請(qǐng)人（進(jìn)口商）

付款行/開(kāi)證行受益人（出口商）通知行/議付行1234567891011121.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在貿(mào)易合同中規(guī)定使用跟單信用證支付。2.買(mǎi)方通知當(dāng)?shù)劂y行（開(kāi)證行）開(kāi)立以賣(mài)方為受益人的信用證。3.開(kāi)證行請(qǐng)求另一銀行通知或保兌信用證。4.通知行通知賣(mài)方，信用證已開(kāi)立。5.賣(mài)方收到信用證，并確保其能履行信用證規(guī)定的條件后，即裝運(yùn)貨物。6.賣(mài)方將單據(jù)向指定銀行提交。該銀行可能是開(kāi)證行，或是信用證內(nèi)指定的付款、承兌或議付銀行。7.該銀行按照信用證審核單據(jù)。如單據(jù)符合信用證規(guī)定，銀行將按信用證規(guī)定進(jìn)行支付、承兌或議付。8.開(kāi)證行以外的銀行將單據(jù)寄送開(kāi)證行。9.開(kāi)證行審核單據(jù)無(wú)誤后，以事先約定的形式，對(duì)已按照信用證付款、承兌或議付的銀行償付。10.開(kāi)證行在買(mǎi)方付款后交單，然后買(mǎi)方憑單取貨。信用證開(kāi)立程序Advantage&DisadvantageofL/CAdvantagesofusingL/CIt’sreliableandsafeforbuyersandsellers.Becausetheissuingbankuseitsowncredittoguaranteethepaymentoforders.DisadvantagesofusingL/CComplicatedprocedureofapplyingforaL/C.BankswillchargeservicefeeforissuingaL/C,thereforeitaddsmorecosttothebuyer.DifferentTypesofL/CLetterofcredit信用證documentaryL/C&cleanL/C跟單信用證&光票信用證irrevocableL/C&revocableL/C不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證&可撤銷(xiāo)信用證confirmedL/C&unconfirmedL/C保兌信用證&不保兌信用證sightL/C&timeL/C即期信用證&遠(yuǎn)期信用證第一節(jié)按銀行責(zé)任分類(lèi)一、可撤銷(xiāo)與不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證

revocableandirrevocableL/C根據(jù)開(kāi)證行對(duì)所開(kāi)出的信用證所負(fù)的責(zé)任來(lái)區(qū)分(theobligationsoftheissuingbanktoseller)，信用證分為可撤銷(xiāo)信用證和不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證。在《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》UCP中規(guī)定，信用證應(yīng)明確注明是可撤銷(xiāo)的或是不可撤銷(xiāo)的。如無(wú)此注明，應(yīng)視為不可撤銷(xiāo)的。RevocableL/C

可撤銷(xiāo)信用證

可撤銷(xiāo)信用證是指在開(kāi)證之后，開(kāi)證行無(wú)需事先征得受益人同意就有權(quán)修改其條款或者撤銷(xiāo)的信用證。這種信用證對(duì)于受益人來(lái)說(shuō)是缺乏保障的。

Arevocablecreditisonewhichcanbeamendedorcancelledatanytimewithoutnoticetotheseller.Itprovidesnoprotectiontotheseller.

RevocableL/C

可撤銷(xiāo)信用證

可撤銷(xiāo)信用證在貿(mào)易結(jié)算中及少使用，偶爾用于子公司之間，或特殊貿(mào)易，或作為支付承諾的替代物?？沙蜂N(xiāo)信用證的常用措辭：

1.Thiscreditissubjecttocancellationoramendmentatanytimewithoutpriornoticetoyou.2.Weundertaketohonoryourdraftsdrawnandnegotiatedinconformitywiththetermsofthiscreditprovidedsuchnegotiationhasbeenmadepriortoreceiptbyyouofnoticeofcancellation.

我們保證在你們接到撤銷(xiāo)通知以前，根據(jù)本信用證條款開(kāi)出和議付的匯票在我行提示時(shí)，我們照付。IrrevocableL/C

不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證

不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證是指未經(jīng)開(kāi)證行、保兌行（如有）以及受益人同意，既不能修改也不能撤銷(xiāo)的信用證。這種信用證對(duì)于受益人來(lái)說(shuō)是比較可靠的。

Anirrevocablecreditcanneitherbeamendednorcancelledwithouttheagreementoftheissuingbank,theconfirmingbank(ifany)andthebeneficiary.注意：不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證有開(kāi)證行確定的付款承諾，具有不可撤銷(xiāo)性。當(dāng)然，在征得開(kāi)證行、保兌行和信用證受益人統(tǒng)一的情況下，即使是不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證也是可以撤銷(xiāo)和修改的。ConfirmedandUnconfirmedL/C

保兌的和不保兌的信用證

Theterm“unconfirmed”and“confirmed”dealwiththeresponsibilitiesoftheadvisingbank(thesecondbank)totheseller.保兌行的承諾在程度上和文義上與開(kāi)證行的承諾完全相同，即它構(gòu)成與開(kāi)證行相同的支付、承兌或議付的明確承諾。ConfirmedL/C

保兌信用證

保兌信用證（ConfirmedCredit）是指由另一家銀行即保兌行（通常是通知行，也可是其他第三者銀行）對(duì)開(kāi)證行開(kāi)立的不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證加負(fù)保證兌付責(zé)任的信用證。其要點(diǎn)是：

第一，保兌的對(duì)象必須是不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證。

第二，對(duì)不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證加保的銀行，稱(chēng)為保兌行（ConfirmedBank）

第三，對(duì)開(kāi)證行開(kāi)立的信用證進(jìn)行加保，一般是應(yīng)受益人的要求而作的

ConfirmedL/C

保兌信用證

第四，信用證一經(jīng)保兌，受益人便取得了開(kāi)證行和保兌行的雙重付款保證，收匯更為穩(wěn)妥；經(jīng)過(guò)保兌的信用證，首先由保兌行承擔(dān)付款責(zé)任，故保兌行在此成為“第一性付款人”（FirstDrawee），即只要受益人提供了符合信用證規(guī)定的單據(jù)，保兌行必須付款，或承兌或議付。

第五，凡使用保兌信用證，應(yīng)在該證上注明“不可撤銷(xiāo)”的字樣和保兌行加保的文句。

ConfirmedandUnconfirmedL/C

保兌的和不保兌的信用證

保兌信用證的常用措辭：1.Asrequestedbyourcorrespondent,weherebyconfirmtheabove-mentionedCredit.應(yīng)通知行要求，我行因此給該信用證加具保兌。2.Asrequestedbyourcorrespondent,weconfirmtheCreditandengagewithyouthatdraftsdrawnunderandinconformitywiththetermsandconditionsofthisCreditwillbedulyhonoredbyusonpresentation.對(duì)本信用證予以加保并在此保證，凡向本銀行提示符合本信用證條款的匯票時(shí)予以議付或承兌。

UnconfirmedL/C

不保兌信用證不保兌信用證是未經(jīng)另一家銀行加保的信用證。即便開(kāi)證行要求另一家銀行加保，如果該銀行不愿意在信用證上加具保兌，則被通知的信用證仍然只是一份未加保的不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證。通知行在給受益人的信用證通知中一般會(huì)寫(xiě)上：

Thisismerelyanadviceofcreditissuedbytheabovementionedbankwhichconveysnoengagementonthepartofthisbank.不保兌信用證的特點(diǎn)是：只有開(kāi)證行一重確定的付款責(zé)任。AmendmentofL/C

如果受益人和/或銀行在審證中發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證條款不能接受和/或其中有與買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同不一致之處和/或含有不完整的條款等，受益人應(yīng)要求修改信用證。

修改的原則

在任何情況下，不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證的修改應(yīng)由開(kāi)證申請(qǐng)人提出，由開(kāi)證行修改，并經(jīng)開(kāi)證行、保兌行（如已保兌）和受益人的同意，才能生效。支付條款：1、匯付方式①信匯、電匯流轉(zhuǎn)程序②實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中出口商的做法：出口商必須按照合同規(guī)定的交貨期及時(shí)向外運(yùn)訂艙，把貨裝運(yùn)出口，及時(shí)發(fā)裝船通知，并根據(jù)合同規(guī)定繕制全套出口單據(jù)傳真給進(jìn)口商查閱，進(jìn)口商查收到傳真后安排貨款付給出口商，出口商收到電匯底單后，將全套單據(jù)直接寄給進(jìn)口商。①信匯、電匯流轉(zhuǎn)程序收款人匯款人匯出行匯入行簽訂買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同約定以信匯、電匯付款向本地銀行銀行辦理匯款手續(xù)以信匯或電匯方式匯款通知匯款領(lǐng)取匯款

使用匯付應(yīng)該注意：對(duì)出口方來(lái)說(shuō),如果交易時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),對(duì)進(jìn)口人的信用程度不了解,或者金額比較大,不要輕易采用這種方式.因?yàn)橛械馁I(mǎi)家不講信譽(yù),貨發(fā)了以后,不付款.甚至用假匯票、假電匯底單欺騙出口方。如果想用電匯方式，可在發(fā)貨前讓對(duì)方支付定金，等貨發(fā)后，再將單據(jù)傳真給進(jìn)口方，讓對(duì)方把余款匯進(jìn)。但要注意，金額不要太大，應(yīng)該在公司能承受的范圍內(nèi)。

③匯付條款舉例匯付條款的內(nèi)容：匯付金額、具體的匯付方法和匯付時(shí)間。e.g.:預(yù)付貨款(paymentinadvance)Payment:TheBuyersshallpaythetotalvalueofthegoodstoreachtheSellersinadvancebyT/T(M/T,D/D)notlaterthanJune30,2008

支付方式：買(mǎi)方應(yīng)于6月20日前將全部貨款以電匯（信匯/票匯）方式