2014考研英語(yǔ)（二4年精講主講：歡迎2010年考研英語(yǔ)（二）Readthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETlTheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis"4 "inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization?sdirectorgeneral, theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe medicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametoglobal inlateApril2009,whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto NewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,neweasesseemedto warmerweatherButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A) ,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype.,whichisnot18 forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups:healthcareworkers,people infantsandhealthyyoungpeople. [341words]1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A]stay[B]crop[C]fill[D]cover10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B] [D][A][A]involved[B][C][B]caring[D][C]concerned [D]wardingReadthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.TEXTThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,fliedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier. Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherIntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirst?ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld?stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby?sandChristie?s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewithThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie?schiefexecutive,says:"I?mprettyconfidentwe?reatthebottom."Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.[400words]Inthefirstparagraph，DamienHirst?ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory” theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialBysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para,3),theauthorsuggeststhat collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketpeoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromartcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatworksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTSalesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toTheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinTheartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousSomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraph auctioncontemporaryfactorspromotingartworkstylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcould FluctuationofArtUp-to-dateArtArtMarketinShiftedInterestinTEXTIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen’sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon?ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She?sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It?strue,"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn?tkeeptheconversationgoing,we?dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelateSociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertopanyahusbandtohis,orngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,theyfocusedcommunication:"Hedoesn?tlistentome.""Hedoesn?ttalktome."Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirInshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.[386words]Whatismostwives?mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoTrustingSupportingtheirSharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para2)mostprobablymeans generatingexertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstemsfromsexHusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpartimmediayafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceadetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalotherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewTEXTOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues."Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan?tfigureouthowtochangepeople?shabits,"saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine. "Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically."ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers?livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you?llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofshrewdadvertisingandpublichealthns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn?tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup."Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,"saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear."Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers?lives,andit?sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.[439words]AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto revealtheirimpactonpeople?sshowtheurgentneedofdailyindicatetheireffectonpeople?sbuyingmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople?sFromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers?habitsaredevelopeddue.perfectedartofautomaticbehaviorcommercialscientificTheauthor?sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople?shabits.TEXTManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurns themselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativesto ernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto sofsupposedlysuperiorinligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotheranti-discriminationThesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1895,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlessthey askedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1965,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.[405words]FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearn bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveondefendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirnoagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryjudgmentshouldconsidertheopinionoftheThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968 theinadequacyofantidiscriminationtheprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertaintheingidealsinjuryselectionthearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestates.theywereautomaticallybannedbystatetheyfellfarshortoftherequiredtheyweresupposedtoperformdomestictheytendedtoevadepublicAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwas sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenters itsnatureanditscharacteristicsanditsproblemsandtheiritstraditionandReadthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFifthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. (10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird?swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaThereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnautical ,andwouldnotbeintheintimategrousfavoredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes?wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertore-schedule,asmightroutinemilitaryAsithappens,America?sarmedforcesareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry?sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.arereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated."MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,"headds.Soheshouldknow.[528words]FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofNewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellas.43．Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplanes.TherolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthasbeenedthatduringWorldWarⅡ．America?sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelocountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelocountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Abigsurveyof nhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofall nsovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestoSectionIVPartYouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-American