附錄(1)外文文獻Driveaxle/differentialAllvehicleshavesometypeofdriveaxle/differentialassemblyincorporatedintothedriveline.Whetheritisfront,rearorfourwheeldrive,differentialsarenecessaryforthesmoothapplicationofenginepowertotheroad.Powerflow

SeeFigure1Thedriveaxlemusttransmitpowerthrougha90°angle.Theflowofpowerinconventionalfrontengine/rearwheeldrivevehiclesmovesfromtheenginetothedriveaxleinapproximatelyastraightline.However,atthedriveaxle,thepowermustbeturnedatrightangles(fromthelineofthedriveshaft)anddirectedtothedrivewheels.Thisisaccomplishedbyapiniondrivegear,whichturnsacircularringgear.Theringgearisattachedtoadifferentialhousing,containingasetofsmallergearsthataresplinedtotheinnerendofeachaxleshaft.Asthehousingisrotated,theinternaldifferentialgearsturntheaxleshafts,whicharealsoattachedtothedrivewheels.Figure1Componentpartsofatypicaldrivenaxleassembly

Differentialoperation

SeeFigure2Thedifferentialisanarrangementofgearswithtwofunctions:topermittherearwheelstoturnatdifferentspeedswhencorneringandtodividethepowerflowbetweenbothrearwheels.Theaccompanyingillustrationhasbeenprovidedtohelpunderstandhowthisoccurs.Thedrivepinion,whichisturnedbythedriveshaft,turnstheringgear(1).Theringgear,whichisattachedtothedifferentialcase,turnsthecase(2).Thepinionshaft,locatedinaboreinthedifferentialcase,isatrightanglestotheaxleshaftsandturnswiththecase(3).Thedifferentialpinion(drive)gearsaremountedonthepinionshaftandrotatewiththeshaft(4).Differentialsidegears(drivengears)aremeshedwiththepiniongearsandturnwiththedifferentialhousingandringgearasaunit(5).Thesidegearsaresplinedtotheinnerendsoftheaxleshaftsandrotatetheshaftsasthehousingturns(6).Whenbothwheelshaveequaltraction,thepiniongearsdonotrotateonthepinionshaft,sincetheinputforceofthepiniongearsisdividedequallybetweenthetwosidegears(7).Whenitisnecessarytoturnacorner,thedifferentialgearingbecomeseffectiveandallowstheaxleshaftstorotateatdifferentspeeds(8).Astheinnerwheelslowsdown,thesidegearsplinedtotheinnerwheelaxleshaftalsoslows.Thepiniongearsactasbalancingleversbymaintainingequaltoothloadstobothgears,whileallowingunequalspeedsofrotationattheaxleshafts.Ifthevehiclespeedremainsconstant,andtheinnerwheelslowsdownto90percentofvehiclespeed,theouterwheelwillspeedupto110percent.However,becausethissystemisknownasanopendifferential,ifonewheelshouldbecomestuck(asinmudorsnow),alloftheenginepowercanbetransferredtoonlyonewheel.

Figure2Overviewofdifferentialgearoperatingprinciples.Limited-slipandlockingdifferentialoperation

SeeFigure3Limited-slipandlockingdifferentialsprovidethedrivingforcetothewheelwiththebesttractionbeforetheotherwheelbeginstospin.Thisisaccomplishedthroughclutchplates,conesorlockingpawls.Theclutchplatesorconesarelocatedbetweenthesidegearsandtheinnerwallsofthedifferentialcase.Whentheyaresqueezedtogetherthroughspringtensionandoutwardforcefromthesidegears,threereactionsoccur.Resistanceonthesidegearscausesmoretorquetobeexertedontheclutchpacksorclutchcones.Rapidonewheelspincannotoccur,becausethesidegearisforcedtoturnatthesamespeedasthecase.Somostimportantly,withthesidegearandthedifferentialcaseturningatthesamespeed,theotherwheelisforcedtorotateinthesamedirectionandatthesamespeedasthedifferentialcase.Thus,drivingforceisappliedtothewheelwiththebettertraction.Lockingdifferentialsworknearlythesameastheclutchandconetypeoflimitedslip,exceptthatwhentirespeeddifferentialoccurs,theunitwillphysicallylockbothaxlestogetherandspinthemasiftheywereasolidshaft.

Figure3Limited-slipdifferentialstransmitpowerthroughtheclutchesorconestodrivethewheelhavingthebesttraction.Identifyingalimited-slipdriveaxleMetaltagsarenormallyattachedtotheaxleassemblyatthefillerplugortoaboltonthecover.Duringthelifeofthevehicle,thesetagscanbecomelostandothermeansmustbeusedtoidentifythedriveaxle.Todeterminewhetheravehiclehasalimited-sliporaconventionaldriveaxlebytiremovement,raisetherearwheelsofftheground.PlacethetransmissioninPARK(automatic)orLOW(manual),andattempttoturnadrivewheelbyhand.Ifthedriveaxleisalimited-sliptype,itwillbeverydifficult(orimpossible)toturnthewheel.Ifthedriveaxleistheconventional(open)type,thewheelwillturneasily,andtheopposingwheelwillrotateinthereversedirection.Placethetransmissioninneutralandagainrotatearearwheel.Iftheaxleisalimited-sliptype,theoppositewheelwillrotateinthesamedirection.Iftheaxleisaconventionaltype,theoppositewheelwillrotateintheoppositedirection,ifitrotatesatall.Gearratio

SeeFigure4Thedriveaxleofavehicleissaidtohaveacertainaxleratio.Thisnumber(usuallyawholenumberandadecimalfraction)isactuallyacomparisonofthenumberofgearteethontheringgearandthepiniongear.Forexample,a4.11rearmeansthattheoretically,thereare4.11teethontheringgearforeachtoothonthepiniongearor,putanotherway,thedriveshaftmustturn4.11timestoturnthewheelsonce.Actually,witha4.11ratio,theremightbe37teethontheringgearand9teethonthepiniongear.Bydividingthenumberofteethonthepiniongearintothenumberofteethontheringgear,thenumericalaxleratio(4.11)isobtained.Thisalsoprovidesagoodmethodofascertainingexactlywhichaxleratiooneisdealingwith.Anothermethodofdetermininggearratioistojackupandsupportthevehiclesothatbothdrivewheelsareofftheground.Makeachalkmarkonthedrivewheelandthedriveshaft.Putthetransmissioninneutral.Turnthewheelonecompleteturnandcountthenumberofturnsthatthedriveshaft/halfshaftmakes.Thenumberofturnsthatthedriveshaftmakesinonecompleterevolutionofthedrivewheelapproximatestheaxleratio.Figure4Thenumericalratioofthedriveaxleisthenumberoftheteethontheringgeardividedbythenumberoftheteethonthepiniongear.

(2)文獻翻譯驅(qū)動橋/微分所有車輛有某種類型的驅(qū)動橋/微分裝配納入動力傳動系統(tǒng)。不管它是前、后或四輪驅(qū)動,差距是必要的,為順利應用發(fā)動機功率的馬路上。看到圖1圖1傳輸功率的汽車車橋必須通過一個90°角的影響。在傳統(tǒng)的流程引擎/力量面前后輪驅(qū)動的車輛從發(fā)動機到移動驅(qū)動橋大約在一條直線。然而,在汽車車橋、權(quán)力必須被轉(zhuǎn)變成直角(從線的傳動軸上)和直接跳轉(zhuǎn)到驅(qū)動輪。這是一個小齒輪驅(qū)動齒輪來完成,它把一個圓環(huán)形齒輪。環(huán)形齒輪系在一微分住房,包含一套小齒輪,每到軸。隨著住房轉(zhuǎn)動時,內(nèi)部差動齒輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動輪軸,也是連接到驅(qū)動輪。圖1三個組成部分典型的驅(qū)動橋總成。差動參見圖2圖2差壓的安排是齒輪和兩個功能:允許后輪轉(zhuǎn)向以不同速度轉(zhuǎn)彎和分開時,二者之間的功率流后輪。所附插圖都被提供,幫助大家了解這發(fā)生。在驅(qū)動小齒輪,它是由傳動軸上,輪流轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)形齒輪(1)。環(huán)形齒輪,這是連接到微分案例,把格(2)。齒輪軸,位于是個令人討厭的家伙在差分案子里,是角度正確的剛性車軸,并將這個案子,(3)。差動齒輪(驅(qū)動)齒輪安裝在齒輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn),以軸(4)。微分側(cè)方齒輪組(驅(qū)動)與齒輪插齒齒輪相嚙合,把與微分住房和環(huán)形齒輪作為一個單位(5)。側(cè)方齒輪組是到內(nèi)在剛性車軸的兩端且轉(zhuǎn)動軸隨著住房轉(zhuǎn)(6)。當兩輪有平等的牽引力,插齒齒輪不旋轉(zhuǎn)的齒輪軸上,因為輸入力的插齒齒輪是平分秋色兩個側(cè)方齒輪組(7)。當有必要把一個角落,差動齒輪生效,并允許軸軸旋轉(zhuǎn)速度不同(8)。當內(nèi)在的車輪減速時,其側(cè)齒輪軸內(nèi)輪也慢了下來。作為平衡齒輪齒牙負荷杠桿通過維持兩個相等的齒輪,同時讓不平等的速度在軸旋轉(zhuǎn)軸心。如果車輛速度不變,和內(nèi)心的車輪開始減緩到90%的車速度、外部輪將加快向110個百分點。然而,因為本系統(tǒng)被認為是一個開放的微分,如果有一個輪子卡住了(如應成為在泥地或雪地上),所有的發(fā)動機功率可以轉(zhuǎn)移到只有一個輪子。圖2的概述微分齒輪的經(jīng)營方針。Limited-slip和鎖定差動式操作看到如圖3圖3Limited-slip和鎖定差距提供驅(qū)動力方向盤,與在其他的最佳牽引輪開始旋轉(zhuǎn)。這是完成離合器片,通過pawls錐或鎖定。離合器盤或者錐細胞位于即墨市側(cè)方齒輪組和內(nèi)部墻面微分案件。當他們被擠壓的彈簧拉力,一起經(jīng)歷的向外的力量從側(cè)面齒輪、三種不良反應的發(fā)生。電阻對側(cè)方齒輪組產(chǎn)生更大的扭矩是對離合器包或離合器球果。有一個輪子旋轉(zhuǎn)快速不能發(fā)生,因為身邊齒