1.三年高考閱讀C篇考情分析

縱觀近三年的高考真題閱讀c篇題材，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)類以及科技說明類文章占據(jù)很大比重，

建議老師在高考最后沖刺階段C篇閱讀的訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容可以以經(jīng)濟(jì)，教育，生活和科技四大類文章

為主。

2.考題類型總結(jié)

根據(jù)命題要求閱讀理解考題可分為4類：

1.細(xì)節(jié)題；

2.主旨題；

3.推斷題；

4.詞義猜測題；

其中，細(xì)節(jié)題在閱讀A、B篇出現(xiàn)較多，建議引導(dǎo)學(xué)生帶著問題在文章中尋找解題依據(jù)。C

篇則是較多地出現(xiàn)主旨題和推斷題，側(cè)重對于全文的整體理解。

知識點(diǎn)一(細(xì)節(jié)題)

I.細(xì)節(jié)題解題技巧

細(xì)節(jié)題的解題要點(diǎn)是一定要對應(yīng)到語篇中相應(yīng)的語句，找到問題的出處?！罢业郊醋龅健笔羌?xì)

節(jié)題的解題秘鑰。

細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項的設(shè)置一般有：1.范圍過大、過小。2.偷換概念。3.正誤并存，某個分句

是正確的。

細(xì)節(jié)題解題方法：原文定位法。

1.查讀法：帶著問題尋找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)

節(jié)上。

2.仔細(xì)關(guān)注到原文每一個細(xì)節(jié)，尤其注意不要遺漏題干和文章中任何帶有限定和修飾性

的詞，短語或是句子

在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實和特定細(xì)節(jié)問題常有以下幾種命題方式：

1)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?

3)Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__.

4)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__?

【例題精講】

例1.

Thereareclassesforthemothersofbabies,butthere'snohelpingwithyourmumanddad

growingold.

Oldpeople'swardsarehellforoldpeople.Geriatricwardsarebedlamandbonkers.Atoothless

womanscreamingwhenleftalone,acrythatreachesthehighhospitalceiling.Awomaneffingand

blinding--thepolitecurtainwillnotprotectherfromtheindignityofanappychange.Awomanwho

livesthesamemomentinrepeat,dressedupforgoinghomeinabrightred,overthedressinggrown,

askingforthekeytoherhouse,sayingoverandover:"AmIgoinghometoday?,,

63.Thetreatmentoftheoldiscomparedofthatoftherefugeesinorderto.

A.provetheyhavealotincommon

B.showtheterriblestatusoftheold

C.displaytheirsimilaritiesanddifferences

D.indicatethatoldpeoplehavetoleavetheirhome

［解析］

63.作者把老人的生活和難民做對比，目的為了烘托出老人糟糕的生活狀況，從文本Okipeople、

wardsarehellforoldpeople.Itseemstomeasiftheplightofoldpeople,whilenotahorribleasthe

plightofrefugees,

sharessomeofthehorror

【課堂練習(xí)】

Youcanalsographtheotherextreme—allcrimenovelsandnomovies.Sincecrimenovelsinthe

examplecost$15andyouhave$150available,ifyouspendalltheavailablemoneycrimenovels,you

canbuylO.Soyouputadotonthehorizontalaxisatthenumber10.

65.Assumethateachmoviecost$10andeachcrimenovelcosts$15,youhave$150.WhichisRIGHT

accordingtothispassage?

A.Themaximumnumberofmoviesyoucanseeis10.

B.Themaximumnumberofcrimenovelsyoucanbyis15.

C.Youcanbuy7crimenovelsandsee5movies.

D.Youcanbuy7crimenovelsandsee4movies.

【答案】B

【解析】考查文章的理解以及邏輯思維能力。由文中對BudgetLine的公式解釋以及舉的例子

可知：150美金能只看15部電影，只買10本小說，或者買7本小說，看4場電影。所有

的消費(fèi)活動需要控制在150美金之內(nèi)。

2.

UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLine

Theterm"budgetline^^hasseveralrelatedmeanings,includingacouplethatareself-evidentanda

thirdthatisnot.

TheBudgetLineasanInformalConsumerUnderstanding

Thebudgetlineisanelementaryconceptthatmostconsumersunderstandintuitivelywithoutaneed

forgraphsandequations-it'sthehouseholdbudget,forexample.

Takeninformally,thebudgetlinedescribestheboundaryofaffordabilityforagivenbudgetand

specificgoods.

63.WhichsentenceaboutthebudgetlineisNOTTRUE?

A.Itisalimitationofaffordabilityforagivenbudgetandspecificgoods.

B.Mostcostumerswillbeconfusedwiththisconceptbecauseofitscomplex.

C.Itistheeffectivelyamapoffutureexpenditures.

D.Itcanbeexpressedasamathematicalequation.

【答案】B

【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)。由Thebudgetlineisanelementaryconceptthatmostconsumersunderstand

intuitivelywithoutaneedforgraphsandequations,預(yù)算線是一個基本概念，大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者直觀地

理解它，而不需要圖表和方程式?？芍xB。

知識點(diǎn)二(主旨題)

【知識梳理】

3、主旨題

解題技巧：

(1)做這類題時常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯(lián)系

起來。

(2)著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想

最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類

題時，常常利用生活常識編造干擾項，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項，編制超

出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。

干擾項特點(diǎn)：

(1)以偏概全：干擾項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。

(2)斷章取義：干擾項常常以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要

的事實或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的中要觀占。

(3)城題擴(kuò)大：干擾項所歸納、‘法括的范圍過大，超過文章實際所討論的內(nèi)容。

(4)張冠李戴：命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個干擾項?？忌蛔⒁?/p>

的情況下，會造成錯選答案。

(5)無中生有或似是而非：有的干擾項中的關(guān)鍵詞語好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你

會發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。

去旨題常見的命題形式：

①Themainideaofthistextmaybe...........

②Thispassageismainlyabout...........

③Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthistext...........

?Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

⑤What'sthetopicofthetext?

?Thepassagegivesusis........

【例題精講】

例L

Andthoughmymum,bythetimeshewasreleased,knewthatherlifewascharmedcompared

withthelivesoftheworld'srefugees.Itseemstomeasiftheplightofoldpeople,whilenotahorrible

astheplightofrefugees,sharessomeofthehorror.Justasweliveinasocietythathasn'tcaughtup

withtechnology,thekindofmoralchoicesitgivespeople,wcalsoliveinaworldthathasn'tkeptup

withitsageingpopulation.Wehavetheadvancesinmedicalscienceandtechnologythathavekept

peoplealivelonger,butnottheadvancesinhowtotreatourageingpopulation.Societyislagging

behindtheold,failingandfalling.

66.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.WhyCollegesNeedHelicopterParents.

B.HowtoImproveParent-schoolRelations.

C.WhyOverparentingIsinQuestion.

D.HowtoCommunicateMoreasParents.

【答案】C

【解析】整篇文章都在講述令人擔(dān)憂的老年人的生活。從文中“Itseemstomeasiftheplightofold

people,whilenotahorribleastheplightofrefiigees,sharessomeofthehorror."在我看來，老年人

的困境雖然不像難民的困境那么可怕，但也有一些可怕之處?？芍狢正確。

例2.

【課堂練習(xí)】

1.

UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLine

Theterm“budgetline“hasseveralrelatedmeanings,includingacouplethatareself-evidentanda

thirdthatisnot.

TheBudgetLineasanInformalConsumerUnderstanding

Thebudgetlineisanelementaryconceptthatmostconsumersunderstandintuitivelywithoutaneed

forgraphsandequations—it'sthehouseholdbudget,forexample.

64.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?

A.Totellusanyconceptcanbeexpressedasamathematicalequation.

B.TohelpusfigureoutthemeaningBudgetLine.

C.Totellusweshouldbudgetbeforewebuygoods.

D.TogiveaninstructionofdrawingabudgetLine.

【答案】B

【解析】考查全文概括的能力。由第一個標(biāo)題，UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLine5

以及'Theterm"budgetline"hasseveralrelatedmeanings'可以整篇文章就是圍繞BudgetLine是什

么展開的。故選Bo

知識點(diǎn)三（推斷題）

【知識梳理】

此類題目有一定難度，往往不能直接從文中找到答案，而必須根據(jù)上下文及其相互間的關(guān)

系或?qū)φ恼逻M(jìn)行深層理解后，才能找到答案。

有時甚至還得聯(lián)系作者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、意圖、語氣等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，這些

題目一般都是深層意義的題目，他們沒有明示，大多數(shù)屬于模糊性的，甚至是模棱兩可。

解答這類題時應(yīng)特別注意以下特征：

①吃透文章的表層意思，是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)；

②推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文；

③不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；

④在提問中常用的詞有suggest,mean,infer（推斷）,fromthefact,indicate（暗示）conclusion,

probably,likely,reason,because,accordingto”等。

I.常見的推理判斷題的設(shè)問方式：

推測作者寫作目的或意圖的設(shè)題形式有：

1)Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto.

2)Theauthorwritesthispassageto.

3)Theauthorinthispassageintendsto.

推測文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有：

1)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

2)Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

3)Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat.

推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：

1)Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom.

2)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?

3)Thepassageismostlikelyapartof.

是非判斷題的設(shè)題方式：

1)whichofthefollowingis(not)trueorfalse?

2)Allofthefollowingstatementsarewrongexcept.

3)Allofthefollowingstatementsareright/trueexcept.

4)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage/text?

H.推理判斷題的推理原則一一在文中有依據(jù)，但不能是原句，即為言外之意！細(xì)節(jié)類表述非

答案。

【例題精講】

例L

Andthoughmymum,bythetimeshewasreleased,knewthatherlifewascharmedcompared

withthelivesoftheworld'srefugees.Itseemstomeasiftheplightofoldpeople,whilenotahorrible

astheplightofrefugees,sharessomeofthehorror.Justasweliveinasocietythathasn'tcaughtup

withtechnology,thekindofmoralchoicesitgivespeople,wealsoliveinaworldthathasn'tkeptup

withitsageingpopulation.Wehavetheadvancesinmedicalscienceandtechnologythathavekept

peoplealivelonger,butnottheadvancesinhowtotreatourageingpopulation.Societyislagging

behindtheold,failingandfalling.

64.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Refugeesleadabetterlifethanoldmalepatients.

B.Oldpeopleareill-treatedduetotheirlossofindividuality.

C.Theauthor'smomiscapableofteachingandbeingasocialist.

D.Thetreatmentoftheageingpopulationdoesn'tdevelopasscienceadvances.

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)文本W(wǎng)ehavetheadvancesinmedicalscienceandtechnologythathavekeptpeoplealive

longer,butnottheadvancesinhowtotreatourageingpopulation.Societyislaggingbehindtheold,

failingandfalling.可知盡管科技進(jìn)步了，但是老人的遭遇并沒有改善。

【課堂練習(xí)】

1、Therearecertainsmallbutpiercingsimilaritiesbetweenthetreatmentoftheoldandthe

treatmentofrefugees.Theoldareoftendisplacedfromtheirhomes,movedoutagainsttheir

will;decisionsareoftenmadeforthemthattheyhavenosayover.Often,theyaretreatedasfoolsor

halfwits,crowdedtogetherinoneplace,givenclothesthatdon'tbelongtothem,treatedasafallen

tribe,incapableofanyindividuality.NobodyimaginedmymotherwasasecretaryoftheScottishpeace

movement,aprimaryteacher,alifelongsocialist,awittywoman.Outofhospital,my85-year-oldmum

said:Mgoingintohospitalatmyageputsyearsonyou.Godsavefromoldpeople'swards.Younever

thinkofyourselfasold.Youlookacrossthewardandthink,amIlikethat?^^

65.Theauthor'smomfeltthatlifeinthehospital

A.madehermucholder

B.createdheramaturewoman

C.enablehertolookbackatlife

D.letherfullofgratitudetochildren

【答案】A

［解析】根據(jù)文中Outofhospital,my85-year-oldmumsaid:"goingintohospitalatmyageputs

yearsonyou.Godsavefromoldpeople'swards.Youneverthinkofyourselfasold.Youlookacross

thewardandthink,amIlikethat?”我85歲的媽媽出院后說：“在我這個年紀(jì)上醫(yī)院會讓你多活

兒年。上帝拯救老人的病房。你從不認(rèn)為自己老了。你看著病房的另一邊想，我是這樣的嗎？

故選Ao

2、

UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLine

Theterm“budgetline"hasseveralrelatedmeanings,includingacouplethatareself-evidentanda

thirdthatisnot.

TheBudgetLineasanInformalConsumerUnderstanding

Thebudgetlineisanelementaryconceptthatmostconsumersunderstandintuitivelywithoutaneed

forgraphsandequations—it'sthehouseholdbudget,forexample.

LinesinaBudget

Beforeturningtotheeconomicsdefinitionof“budgetline”,consideranotherconcept:theline-item

budget.Thisiseffectivelyamapoffutureexpenditures,withalltheconstituentexpenditures

individuallynotedandquantified.There'snothingverycomplicatedaboutthis;inthisusage,abudget

lineisoneofthelinesinthebudget,withtheserviceorgoodtobepurchasednamedandthecost

quantified.

TheBudgetLineasanEconomicsConcept

Oneoftheinterestingwaysthestudyofeconomicsrelatestohumanbehaviorgenerallyisthatalot

ofeconomictheoryistheformalizationofthekindofsimpleconceptoutlinedabove-aconsumer's

informalunderstandingoftheamountshehastospendandwhatthatamountwillbuy.

ASimpleBudgetLineGraph

Tounderstandthis,thinkofagraphwheretheverticallinesquantifyhowmanymovieticketsyou

canbuyandwherethehorizontallinesdothesameforcrimenovels.Youlikegoingtothemoviesand

readingcrimenovelsandyouhave$150tospend.Intheexamplebelow,assumethateachmoviecosts

$10andeachcrimenovelcosts$15.Themoreformaleconomicstermforthesetwoitemsisbudgetset.

66.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?

A.Arewereallyknowtheeconomicconceptofabudgetline?

B.TheBudgetLineasanEconomicsConcept

C.TheBudgetLineasanInformalConsumerUnderstanding

D.TheComplexConcept—BudgetLine

【答案】A

【解析】考查全文概括能力。由第一個標(biāo)題UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLine以

及后續(xù)對BudgetLine的解釋可知選項A最合適，其他選項以偏概全。

知識點(diǎn)四（詞義猜測）

解題技巧：

（1）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。英語構(gòu)詞法中，常見的三種構(gòu)詞方法為：合成、派生和詞性轉(zhuǎn)化。

在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可

能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。

（2）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。英語的句子和段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們

可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。常見的表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞：so,thusjherefore,because,

ect.=

（3）根據(jù)同義關(guān)系猜測詞義。當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or時，其連接的兩項內(nèi)容在

含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。

（4）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系猜測詞義。

（5）根據(jù)反義猜測詞義。英語中的反義關(guān)系即表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比關(guān)系，上下句的連接詞常用but,

however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一

句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。

【例題精講】

例L

?Biologistsappeartohavediscoveredaphysicalreasonthatexplainswhysomepeopleare

risk-takers.Dopamineisaneurotransmitter,achemicalthatspreadssignalsbetweennervecells.Itis

linkedtothebrainsrewardsystemandisthechemicalthatmakesusfeelgood,andscientistsbelieveit

tobelinkedtorisk-taking.Ournervecellshavedopaminereceptors（接U攵器）whichcontroltheamount

ofdopaminethateachcellreceives.Butnotallreceptorsmaybeactive.Whenapersonhasfewactive

receptorstocontroltheamountofdopaminethatisreceived,acellcanbecomefloodedresultinginan

extremefeelingofhappiness.

64.Theunderlinedphrase''consistentwith“isclosestto""inmeaning.

A.contrarytoB.inagreementwithC.atthecostofD.persistentin

【答案】B

【解析】詞義推斷題。根據(jù)前面的短語Theresultsoftheresearch和短語后面的形容詞similar和

thesame可知，研究的結(jié)果與在老鼠身上所做的研究結(jié)果是相似的。因此，本題選B

【課堂練習(xí)】

Virtualbusinessmodelswilljarinthephysicalworld.Techfirmsaregenerallyhappytomove

fastandbreakthings.Butyoucannotreleasethebetaversion（測試版）ofafridge.Apple,a

smartphonemaker,providesupdatesforitsphonesforonlyfiveyearsorsoaftertheirrelease;usersof

Androidsmartphonesareluckytogettwo.Butgoodssuchaswashingmachinesorindustrial

machinerycanhavelifespansofadecadeormore.Firmswillneedtoworkouthowtosupport

complicatedcomputeriseddeviceslongaftertheiroriginalprogrammershavemovedon.

65.Theunderlinedwordjarprobablymeansinthiscontext.

A.boomB.conflictC.vanishD.expand

［答案］B

【解析】65.B根據(jù)這一段后面的內(nèi)容證明虛擬的商業(yè)模式在現(xiàn)實世界中是不合適的，所以應(yīng)該

是個反義類的詞，所以應(yīng)該選B,有沖突的意思，vanish消失。

專題練習(xí)

1

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.

Nolonger.Whiletraditionalctpaid^^media,suchastelevisioncommercialsandprint

advertisements,stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternative

formsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"earned“mediaby

willinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned“mediaby

sendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWeb

site.Thewayconsumersapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeans

thatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaid

media.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.

Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers9responses.Butinsome

cases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia—for

instance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuch

soldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplace

theircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwe

believeisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuch

asairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,

hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alongmediapropertythatpromotescomplementary

andevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofother

marketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearn

valuableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies9marketing,andmayhelp

expandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswith

moreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthat

passionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuch

moredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anasset

orcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswho

makenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,for

instance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessthat

originallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycott

products,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,the

company9sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearning

curvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefrom

itsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestrated

social-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumers

directlyonsitessuchasTwitterandFacebook.

64.Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyare.

A.obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites

B.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem

C.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts

D.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts

65.TheauthorindicatesinPara.3thatearnedmedia.

A.inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers

B.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing

C.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition

D.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem

66.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof.

A.respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia

B.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproduct

C.cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers

D.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia

DBA

2

Thecloserelationshipbetweenspeakersandtheirspeechhasledsomescholars

tosuggestthatlanguagedeterminestheviewwehaveoftheworldaroundus.

Differentlanguagessegmentnaturalphenomenadifferently.Wenamesevencolorsin

therainbow:violet,indigo,blue,green,yellow,orangeandred.Speakersofother

languagesmayseeonlyfour,asdidTurkishbeforeoursystemwasintroduced,or

evenasfewastwo,roughlythelightershadesversusthedarker.Thereisnothingin

naturetodemonstratehowweshouldchopupthespectrumoftherainbow,butwhen

wehavelearnedagivenlanguage,wedistinguishtheshadesitdesignates,bothinthe

rainbowandelsewherestudentsoflanguageassumefromsuchasituationthat

languagedeterminesmuchoftheandpatternsweseeintheworldaroundus,andthat

itdirectsourconceptsandactions

Changesinthechoiceoflanguage,then,mightmodifybehavior.Todaygasoline

trucksaregenerallylabeled"flammable（易燃的）”.Thein-prefixwastakenas

equivalenttothatofwordslike"inactive",wherein-meansnot'1.Itisactuallythein-

ofwordslike“intense"，whereitstrengthensthemeaning.Theword"inflammable”，

then,means"highlyflammable"Thefaultyinterpretationoflanguage,however,

determinedtheattitudesofmanyspeakers,whothenadjustedtheirbehaviorin

relationtothelanguage.Prudenttruckownershavetakennoticeandchangedthe

warningto“flammable^^.

SuchobservationsledWhorftoaconceptwithdeeperpatternsoflanguage,such

astheuseoftensesinthelanguageofEurope.Tenseisthelinguisticexpressionor

time.EnglishandotherEuropeanlanguagesgenerallyrequiretheirspeakersto

identifythetimeofanevent,whetherpresent:Itisraining;past:Itrained;orfuture:It

willrain.Bycontrast,manylanguages,suchastheHopilanguageofNewMexico,

lackexpressionfortense.Nordosuchlanguagesobjectifytime.InHopionecannot

countdays,minutes,yearsasthoughtheywereobjectslikestones.Everyday

expressionslikeHThreeyearswentby”areimpossibleinHopi.

Comparingsuchlanguages,Whorfproposedthat"ouruseoftenseorour

objectifiedviewoftimeisfavorabletohistoricitysetandtoeverythingconnected

withthekeepingofrecords.'*Thatistosay,becauseofthepatternsforreferringto

timeinEnglishandotherlanguages,theirspeakersmaintainrecordsandemphasize

bookkeeping,accounting,andthelike.Inaccordancewithit,onesconceptionofthe

worldisrelativetothelanguageonelearns

Whiletherelativityhypothesis^段設(shè)）hasattractedconsiderableattention,ithas

neverbeenexperimentallydemonstratedtothevalid.Alargescaleattempttotestthe

outlookofHopi-speakingchildrenversusEnglishspeakingchildrenturnedouttobe

inconclusive.Itremainsataskoffuturescholarstodeterminewhetherthehypothesis

isvalidandalsowhetheroneshouldassumeaweakorstrongpositionwithregardto

it.Clearlywearedeeplytiedtoournativelanguage.Butwhetheritregulatesour

perceptionsorourviewoftheworld.Isstillanopenquestion?

59.Thecaseofthelabel"flammable,'ismentionedtoprovethat

A.languagescanaffectourchoicesofaction

B.prefixescanleadtodisastersifusedimproperly

C.sometruckdriverscanadjusttheirbehavior

D.misunderstandingcanhappenamongspeakers

60.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheuseoftense

A.reflectsdeeperpatternsofEuropeanlanguages

B.transformsabstractideasintoobjects

C.helpsavoidcertainambiguityinconceptsorideas

D.makesitpossibletomodernetheHopilanguage

61.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Differentlanguagesoftenhavedifferentmethodsofkeepinghistoricalrecords

B.Weneedmorestudiestofindoutifwearecloselyrelatedtoournativetongues

C.Ourmothertongueshaveagreatinfluenceonourworldviewsandbehavior

D.It'snoeasytasktoconfirmthelinkbetweenmothertonguesandourconcepts

ACD

3

FreedomschallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.Wearefacingtodaya

strangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit.

Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasno

freedom.Threeweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.

EgyptandBabylonweretyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelpless

masses

InGreece,inAthens（雅典）alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewerenohelpless

masses.

AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichtheythemselvespassed,

andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlivetogether.Theymustshow

eachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqualitieswithoutwhichlifewouldbevery

painfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert.TheAtheniansneverthoughtthat

amanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewanted.Amanwasfreeifhewas

self-controlled.Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom.Theywere

savedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaffair.Eachonefeltresponsible

forthewelfareofAthens,notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside,but

becausethecitywashisprideandhissafety.Theessentialbeliefofthefirstfree

governmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesand

wouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.

Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomputers.Itcannotbe

discoveredonceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constant

watchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itwasachangethattookplacewithoutbeing

noticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportanceaspiritualchangewhichaffectedthe

wholestate.IthadbeentheAtheniansprideandjoytogivetotheircity.Thatthey

couldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadtobea

completechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldtakeatthecityasanemployerwho

paidhercitizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,thestate

wastogivetothem.Whatthepeoplewantedwasa