高中化學關鍵知識點易錯辨析（Thekeypointofhighschoolchemistryknowledgeerror）ThekeypointofhighschoolchemistryknowledgeerrorKnowledgemoduleofelementcompounds1.thelargertheatomicradiusofthealkalimetalelement,thehigherthemeltingpoint,thegreatertheactivityoftheelementarysubstanceThemeltingpointdecreasesastheradiusoftheatomincreasesAll2.sulfurandwhitephosphorussolubleincarbondisulfide,carbontetrachlorideandotherorganicsolvent,organicacidisinsolubleinwaterError:lowerorganicacidsaresolubleinwater3.addenoughconcentratedsulfuricacidtoproducebluesolidinasaturatedsolutionofcoppersulphateRight,concentratedsulfuricacidwaterafterprecipitationwithvitriol4.theonlyelementsthatcanreactwithcoldwatertoemitgaseousmatterareactivemetallicelementsoractivenonmetallicelementsForexample,2Na2O2+2H2Oerror,O2=+4NaOH5.liquefytheairandthengraduallyheatup,firstproducingoxygen,andremainingnitrogenError,theboilingpointofN2isbelowO2,andN2isfirstobtained,leavingliquidoxygen6.smeltingpigironintocarbonsteel,themainproblemistoremovethepigironinadditiontovariouselementsexceptFe,pigironpurificationThemistakeistoreducethepercentageofCinpigiron,nottopurifyit7.althoughpotassiuminnatureissolubleinwater,butK%insoilisnothigh,soitisnecessarytousepotassiumfertilizertomeettheneedsofplantgrowthThepotassiumcontentinnatureisnotlow,butitexistsintheformofcomplexsilicateandisdifficulttodissolveinwater8.preparationofbleachingpowder,preparationofBordeauxandmodifiedacidsoil,limeshouldbeusedRight,preparationoflimeandbleachingpowderforCl2reaction,Bordeauxmixtureofcoppersulfateandhydratedlime9.silicaisanacidoxidewhichisinsolubleinacidsolutionsError,SiO2canbedissolvedinhydrofluoricacid10.ironexcesssolubleinhydrochloricacid,thenaddingchlorineorbromineoriodineorzincnitrate,allcanproduceFe3+ErroraddingiodinewaterwillresultinFeI2,becausetheoxidationofFe3+isnotasgoodasCl2,Br2,butstrongerthanI2,andFeI3doesnotexistinsolution11.atroomtemperature,concentratednitricacidcanbestoredinaluminumcans,indicatingthataluminumandconcentratednitricaciddonotrespondError,passivationisachemicalpropertythatessentiallyproducesadenseAl2O3oxidefilmthatprotectsthealuminumcans12.NaAlO2,Na2SiO3,Na2CO3,Ca(ClO)2,NaOH,C17H35COONa,C6H5ONaandothersaturatedsolutionintothewhiteprecipitateCO2,continuetopassintotheCO2toexcess,whiteprecipitationstilldoesnotdisappearError,Ca(ClO)2continuestopassthroughCO2toexcess,whiteprecipitatedisappears,andfinallygetsCa(HCO3)213.alargeamountofsulfurdioxideintheatmosphereisderivedfromthecombustionofcoalandpetroleumandthesmeltingofmetaloresCorrect14.,aclearsolutionbyNH4Cl,AgNO3,NaOHthreesubstancesmixedinto,andifyouaddsufficientnitricacid,whiteprecipitatewillbeproducedCorrect,NH4Cl,AgNO3andNaOHreactaftermixingtoform[Ag(NH3)2]+AddsufficientnitricacidtoproduceAgClandNH4NO315.,inordertomakefulluseofrawmaterials,thetailgasinsulfuricacidindustrymustbepurifiedandrecoveredThemistakeistopreventairpollution16.thereactionof1molAlwithsufficientNaOHsolutionleadstothetransferof3molelectronsCorrect17.sodiumsulfidecanneitherreactwithcausticsodanorreactwithhydrogensulfateError,sodiumsulfidecanreactwithhydrogensulfate:Na2S+H2S====2NaHS18.inasolutioncontaininghighconcentrationofFe3+init,I,AlO,S2,CO32-,HCO3-,notalotofcoexistenceProperly,Fe3+canreactwithSCN-,reactwithI-andS2-,andundergodoublehydrolysiswithCO32-,HCO3-andAlO2-19.activatedcarbon,sulfurdioxide,chlorine,etc.canmakethemagentafade,buttheessenceofthereactionisdifferentRight,theactivatedcarbonadsorptionformagenta,physicalchanges,SO2isgeneratingunstablecompoundsandreversibleredoxreaction,chlorineisirreversible20.ethylacetate,sodiumacetate,bromine,glass,tribromophenol,barite,TSPcanreactionwithcausticsodaError,barite(maincomponentBaSO4)doesnotreactwithcausticsoda21.FeBr3,FeCl2andBr2canbeobtainedbyenteringacertainamountofCl2inFeBr2solutionMistake,Fe2+andBr2donotcoexist22.becauseFe3+andS2-canundergoredoxreactions,Fe2S3doesnotexistError,inthePH=4solutionaroundFe3+,Na2Scanbeobtained,andthesolubilityofFe2S3issmall23.sodiumhypochloriteandhypochloritecanbeobtainedbypassingasmallamountofsulfurdioxideintothesodiumhypochloritesolutionError,hypochloritecanoxidizesodiumsulfiteandwillyieldNaClandH2SO424.5.6gironreactswithsufficientacidandthenumberofelectronstransferredis0.2NAErroriftransferredwithastrongoxidizingacidsuchasnitricacid,0.3NA25.compoundscontainingthehighestvalenceelementsdonotnecessarilyhavestrongoxidizingpropertiesCorrect,suchasthinnerHClO4,H2SO4,etc.Theweakerthereducibilityofthe26.elements,thestrongertheoxidationofthecationsErrorssuchasthereducibilityofCuareweakerthaniron,whileCu2+islessoxidizedthanFe3+27.CuCO3canbeobtainedbyaddingCO32-inCu2+solutionError,pureCuCO3withoutlaw.AddingCO32-toCu2+solutionwillproduceCu2(OH)2CO3immediately28.elementalXcandisplaceelementalYfromthesolutionofsalt,andthephysicalpropertiesofXandYcanbeasfollows:(1)metalsandmetals;(2)nonmetalsandnonmetals;(3)metalsandnonmetals;(4)nonmetalsandmetals;Error,(4)nonmetalsandmetalsarenotlikelytooccurinthisreaction29.H2S,HI,FeCl2,concentratedH2SO4,Na2SO3,phenolandothersolutionsintheairforalongtimeduetooxidationreductionreactionandmetamorphismError,H2SO4isspoiledbywaterabsorptionandreleaseofSO330.concentratednitricacidandconcentratedsulfuricacidcanreactwithcopperandironatroomtemperatureError,concentratedsulfuricacidandcopperdonotrespondatnormaltemperatureBasicconcepts,basictheories,knowledgemodules1.oxidesthatreactwithwatertoproduceacidsareacidicoxidesTheerroristhatanoxidethatproducesonlyacidcanbedefinedasanacidoxideThegreaterthebondenergyin2.molecules,themorestablethemolecularchemicalproperties.Correct3.themetalactivityorderinwhichthemetalinfrontofhydrogencandisplacehydrogenfromtheacidsolutionError,Sn,Pbandotherreactionsarenotobvious,encounteredweakacidalmostdoesnotreact;whileinthestrongoxidizingacidmaynotgetH2,suchasnitricacid4.thesubstancethatreactswiththeacidandreactswiththebaseiseitheranamphotericoxideoranamphoterichydroxideErrorssuchasSiO2canreactwithHF/NaOHatthesametime,butitisanacidoxide5.atomoftheoutermostlayerofe-islessthanorequalto2isametalatom;theoutermetalatomelectronnumberis1/2/3/4/5/6/7Wrong,outsidetheatomicnucleusoftheoutermostlayerofe-islessthanorequalto2canbeHe,Handothernonmetalatoms;theoutermetalatomelectronnumberis1/2/3/4/5/6,117metalelementsintheoutermostlayerof7e-hasnoclearconclusion6.nonmetalatomsareweakinoxidation,andthereducibilityoftheiranionsisstrongerCorrect7.particleswiththesametotalnumberofprotonsandtwoofthetotalnumberofelectronsoutsidethenucleuscanbe:(1)atomsandatoms;(2)atomsandmolecules(3)moleculesandmolecules;(4)atomsandions;(5)moleculesandions;(6)anionsandcations;(7)cationsCationError,thesegroupsarenot:(4)atomsandions;(5)moleculesandions;(6)anionsandcations;(7)cationsandcations8.,saltandalkalireacttoproducenewsaltsandbases;acidsandbasesreactonlytoproducesaltsandwaterWrong,suchas10HNO3+3Fe(OH)2=3Fe(NO3)3+NO=+8H2OThetwoacidsof9.pH=2andpH=4aremixed,andthepHvalueofthemixturemustbebetween2and4Wrong,suchas2H2S+H2SO3=3S:+3H2O10.strongelectrolytesareionicintheionicequationThestrongelectrolyteandH2SO4thatareinsolubleinwatershouldbewrittenasmoleculesThe11.ionizationcompoundsonlyH+cationcanmakepurplelitmusredWrong,likewater12.formicacidionizationequationis:HCOOH===H++COOH-Errorfirst,ionizationisreversible,followedbyformateionshouldbeHCOO-13.ioniccrystalsareioniccompounds,MolecularcrystalsarecovalentcompoundsManymoleculesareelementarysubstances14.generally,metaloxides,colloidalparticlesofmetalhydroxides,arepositivelychargedCorrectInthe15.elementperiodictable,thenumberofelementsineachcyclesatisfies2n^2(nisthenaturalnumber)Yes,notethatnisnotaperiodicordinalThestrongsolutionofthe16.strongelectrolyteisstrongerthantheconcentratedsolutionoftheweakelectrolyteAweaksolutionwithastrongelectrolytesolubility,concentratedsolutionwithaweakelectrolyteduetoincompleteionization,aweakconductivity,suchasasaturatedsolutionofBaSO4Inthe17.standard,thetotalnumberofcarbonatomsinCOandCO2mixedwith22.4LatanyproportionisaboutNACorrect18.atthesamepressure,withthequalityoftwokindsofgasvolumeratioisequaltotwokindsofinversegasdensityCorrectThediameteroftheultrafinepowderparticlesinthe19.nanometermaterialisinthesameorderofmagnitudeasthatofthecolloidalparticlesCorrect,bothare10-100nmWhen20.1molOH-dischargescompletelyduringelectrolysis,thecircuitpassesthroughNAelectronsRight,4OH--+O2=4e-=2H2O21.theamountofNa2SO3,Na2S,NaHSO3andH2SO3inthesamevolumeandmassconcentrationdecreasesinturnCorrect,itissuggestedthattheconservationofelectricityfromtheangleofunderstandingTherelativeatomicmassof22.carbon-12is12,andthemolarmassofcarbon-12is12g/molCorrect23.,electrolysis,electrophoresis,ionizationandelectrochemicalcorrosionallneedtobecarriedoutunderelectrifiedconditions,allofwhicharechemicalchangesError,ionizationdoesnotrequireenergization,electrochemicalcorrosionitselfproduceslocalcurrent,electrophoresisisaphysicalchange24.fat,starch,protein,phenol,ethylene,nitroglycerin,sodiumalum,Al2S3,Mg3N2,CaC2,etc.undercertainconditionscanundergohydrolysisError,ethylenehydrolysisThepresenceofK+andCl-25.potassiumchloridecrystal;sodiumperoxideinthepresenceofNa+andO-for1:1;Si,OatomsexistonlyinquartzTheerrorinNa+andO22-,sodiumhydroxide2:1,withoutO-,thepresenceofimpuritiesinquartz26.,NANO2gasmoleculesinastandardcondition,thevolumeofabout22.4LError,NO2willpartiallydoublepolyasN2O427.atroomtemperatureandatmosphericpressure,32goxygencontainsNAoxygenmolecules;60gSiO2containsNAmolecules,3NAatomsError,therearenomoleculesinSiO228.particlesthatmakeupmolecularcrystalsmustcontaincovalentbondsAraregasinsolidstateintheformofamonatomicmoleculecrystal29.,colloidsproduceelectrophoresis,socolloidsdonotcarrychargesError,colloidwithchargeThesmallerthepHvalueofthe30.solutionis,themorehydrogenionitcontainsErrordoesnotindicatevolume31.onlyanionsexistinioniccompoundsError.TheanionsinthesolutionexistintheformofhydrationThemeltingof32.atomiccrystalsrequiresdestructionofpolarbondsornonpolarcovalentbondsCorrect33.NH3,Cl2,SO2andsoonareallnonelectrolytesError,Cl2isneitherelectrolytenornonelectrolyteThemeltingpointof34.moleculecrystalsisnotnecessarilylowerthanthatofmetalcrystalsRight.Forexample,Hgisliquidatnormaltemperature35.,themeltingpointofthesameprimarygroupelementsdoesnotnecessarilyrisefromtoptobottom,butthemeltingpointofthehydriderisesThemeltingpointofhydridesisnotnecessarilyhigherthanthatofhydrogenbonds36.afterelectrolysisofcoppersulfatesolutionorsilvernitratesolution,theacidityofthesolutionwillincreaseError,ifCuisusedasanode,electrolyticaciditywillbereducedIn37.sodiumchloridecrystals,thereare6nearestandequalsodiumionsaroundeachsodiumionWrong,thereare1238.1L1mol/LFeCl3solutioniscompletelyhydrolyzedtoproducecolloidalparticlesofNATheerrorisfarsmallerthanNA,andacolloidalparticleinthecolloidismadeupofmanyions39.inHF,PCl3,P4,CO2,SF6andothermolecules,allatomsmeettheoutermost8e-structureError,HFandSF6arenotsatisfied40.metallicelementswithlessoutermostelectrons,ItmustbemorelivelythanthatoftheoutermostelectronErrorssuchasAgandCaOrganicchemistryknowledgemoduleThe1.hydroxylgroupscanbereactiontype,substitution,elimination,esterification,oxidation,condensationpolymerization,neutralizationreactionCorrectly,replacing(alcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids);elimination(alcohols);esterification(alcoholsandcarboxylicacids);oxidation(alcoholsandphenols);condensation(alcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids);neutralizationreactions(carboxylicacids,phenols)2.simplestCH2Oorganiccompounds:methylformate,maltose,celluloseMistake,maltoseandcellulosearenotconsistent3.molecularformulaC5H12O2diol,backbonecarbonatomstructure3has2kindsCorrect4.atroomtemperature,theC(H+)producedbyionizedwaterinpH=11solutionis10^4timesofC(H+)producedbypurewaterionizationTheerrorshouldbe10^(-4)5.thereare4kindsofreactionproductsofmethaneandchlorineunderUVirradiationError,plusHCl,5inall6.alcoholscanbeoxidizedtoaldehydesundercertainconditions,andaldehydescanoxidizetocarboxylicacidsundercertainconditionsError,alcoholscannotbeoxidizedtoaldehydesundercertainconditions,butaldehydescanoxidizetocarboxylicacidsundercertainconditions7.CH4OandC3H8Odehydrateunderconcentratedsulfuricacidandobtain7kindsoforganicproductsatmostCorrect.6ethers,onealkeneThereare5possiblestructuresinwhich8.moleculesareC5H10olefinsCorrect9.molecularformulaisC8H14O2,andthereare7kindsofesterscontainingsixmemberedcarbonringsinthestructureCorrectWhen10.equalmassmethane,ethyleneandacetylenearefullyburned,theamountofoxygenconsumedisfrommuchtolessCorrect,samequalityhydrocarbons,thegreatertheratioofH,themoreoxygenconsumedbycombustion11.cottonandrayonarethemainingredientsofcelluloseRight.Cotton,rayon,rayon,cellophanearecellulose12.,thechemicalstabilityofpolytetrafluoroethyleneisgood,anditsmonomerisunsaturatedhydrocarbon,thenatureislivelyWrong,themonomeristetrafluoroethylene,unsaturatedThehydrolysisproductsof13.estersareonlyacidsandalcohols;fournitrosubstituentsofmethanehave3kindsThehydrolysisproductsofestersmayalsobeacidsandphenols14.formicaciddehydrationcangetCO,CO,undercertainconditionsandNaOHreactionHCOONa,soCOisformicacidanhydrideTheacidanhydrideofformicacidis:(HCO)2O15.applicationofsubstitution,addition,reduction,oxidationandothertypesofreactionsmayleadtohydroxylgroupsinorganicmoleculesCorrect,replace(LuDaiting),add(XiTing),reduce(QuanJi),oxidize(aldehydegrouptoacid,alsointroduce-OH)16.bynaturalrubbermonomer(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)withtheamountofmaterial,bromineadditionreaction,therearethreepossibleproductsYes,1,2,1,4,3,4threeadditivemethods17.benzenemixedwithcyclohexene,inadditionafterremovalofliquidbromineWrong,benzeneand1,2-pylenecanbeobtainedbyheating2-propanolwithsodiumbromideandsulfuricacidErrorwillget2-bromopropane19.mixedinethylbromideethanolamountcanbeaddedtoremovehydrobromicacidCorrect,insteadofthesubliquid20.themethodofcarbonizationcanseparatearomaticcompoundssuchasbenzenefromcoaltarTheerrorshouldbefractionaldistillation21.glycineandglutamicacid,benzeneandnaphthalene,acrylicacid,oleicacid,glucoseandmaltosearenothomologoustoeachotherMistake,acrylicacidandoleicacidarehomologues22.gasoline,gas,activatedcarbon,ammonia,crudecarbolicacid,CCl4,cokeovengascanmakewaterfadeRight,gasoline,gas,cokeovengas(addition)activatedcarbon(adsorption),crudeammonia(alkali),phenol(substituted),CCl4(extraction)23.phenolreactswithcausticsodaandreactswithnitricacidCorrect24.atroomtemperatureethanol,ethyleneglycol,glycerinandphenolcandissolveinwateratanyproportionPhenolisdifficulttodissolveinwateratnormaltemperature25.usingnitricacidnitrationpropertiescanbeprepared,nitrobenzene,nitroglycerine,nitrocelluloseMistake,NitroglycerineandnitrocelluloseispreparedbyesterificationThe26.formulaC8H16O2organicX,hydrolysisoftwokindsofstraightchainproductscontainingsidechain,istodoX7Thecarbonnumberoftheacid+alcoholequalsthecarbonnumberoftheester27.1,2-,two,dichloroethane,1,1-,twochloropropaneandchlorobenzeneareheatedinNaOHalcoholsolutiontoformacetylene,propargylandalkynerespectivelyWrong,thereisnosuchthingasbenzene28.formaldehydepolymerizationtoproducePOM,ethyleneglycoltoeliminatetheformationofepoxyether,methylmethacrylatecondensationtoformorganicglassError,ethyleneglycolissubstitutedtoproduceepoxyether,methylmethacrylateisaddedtoformorganicglass29.silvermirrorreactionscanoccurinformaldehyde,acetaldehyde,formicacid,formate,formate,glucose,fructose,maltose,andsucroseError,sucroseisnotareducingsugar,nosilvermirrorreactionoccurs30.,acetylene,polyacetylene,ethylene,polyethylene,toluene,acetaldehyde,formicacidandaceticacidcanmakeKMnO4(H+)(AQ)fadeWrong,polyethylene,aceticacidcanmakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolution.Knowledgemoduleofchemicalexperiment1.silverammoniasolution,copperhydroxidesuspension,hydrogensulfateandotherreagentsshouldnotbestoredforalongtime,shouldbepreparedwhenusingRight.ThesilverammoniasolutioniseasytoproduceAg3Nforalongtime.Itisextremelyexplosive2.aftertheoxygenhasbeencompleted,thegastankshouldbetakenoutfirst,thenthecatheterwillbetakenout,andthentheheaterwillbestoppedCorrect3.fuchsintestpaper,testpaperofleadacetate,pHpaper,litmuspapermustfirstusedistilledwaterwettingbeforeuse.Error,PHtestpaperisnotwetted4.whentitratinganunknownNaOHsolutionwithstandardhydrochloricacid,theconicalflaskusedshallnotbewashedwithanunknownNaOHsolutionCorrect5.inordertopreventthevolatilizationofammonia,hydrofluoricacid,bleachingpowder,liquidbromine,gasolineandethylacetatearerequiredtosealpreservationWrong,bleachingpowderisnotvolatile,butperishable,soitneedssealingpreservation6.,concentratedH2SO4stainedontheskin,shouldbeimmediatelywashedwithwater,andthenwipewithdrycloth,andfinallycoatedwithNaHCO3solutionError,wipewithdryclothfirst,rinsewithwater,andthenapplyNaHCO3solutionA7.25mLburet,wherethesurfacescaleis12,whichiscontainedintheliquidvolumeisgreaterthan13.00mLCorrect8.KMnO4solutionaccuratequantityof25.00mL,available50mLburetteError,applicationofacidburetteWhentheliquidisdividedinto9.parts,theliquidinthemiddlepartoftheseparatingfunnelisreleasedfromtheloweropening,andtheupperliquidispouredoutfromtheupperopeningCorrect10.whendistilling,thethermometermercurybulbshouldbenearthedistillingflaskinlet.Analyzethepositionofthemercurybulbinthefollowingexperimentalthermometer.(determinationofsolubility,ethylene,nitrobenzene,benzenesulfonicacid,phenolicresin,phenol,CCl4,andcokeovengascanmakewaterfadeRight,gasoline,gas,cokeovengas(addition)activatedcarbon(adsorption),crudeammonia(alkali),phenol(substituted),CCl4(extraction)23.phenolreactswithcausticsodaandreactswithnitricacidCorrect24.atroomtemperatureethanol,ethyleneglycol,glycerinandphenolcandissolveinwateratanyproportionPhenolisdifficulttodissolveinwateratnormaltemperature25.usingnitricacidnitrationpropertiescanbeprepared,nitrobenzene,nitroglycerine,nitrocelluloseWrong,nitroglycerineandnitrocelluloseispreparedbyesterificationThe26.formulaC8H16O2organicX,hydrolysisoftwokindsofstraightchainproductscontainingsidechain,istodoX7Thecarbonnumberoftheacid+alcoholequalsthecarbonnumberoftheester27.1,2-,two,dichloroethane,1,1-,twochloropropaneandchlorobenzeneareheatedinNaOHalcoholsolutiontoformacetylene,propargylandalkynerespectivelyWrong,thereisnosuchthingasbenzene28.formaldehydepolymerizationtoproducePOM,ethyleneglycoltoeliminatetheformationofepoxyether,methylmethacrylatecondensationtoformorganicglassError,ethyleneglycolissubstitutedtoproduceepoxyether,methylmethacrylateisaddedtoformorganicglass2