2017年上海交通大學(xué)博士入學(xué)測試英語試題回憶閱讀理解PassageOneRentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.UnderNewYork'scontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's,which,combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing,(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeingbuiltareluxuryunits,whichareexemptfromcontrols.InSantaMonica,California,newapartmentsarenotbeingconstructed.Newofficerentalspaceandcommercialdevelopmentsare,however.Theyareexemptfromrentcontrols.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)TheconstructionofapartmentsintheUnitedStates.(B)Causesandeffectsofrentcontrol(C)Thefluctuationsofrentalprices(D)TheshortageofaffordablehousingintheUnitedStates.2.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheintroductionofrentcontrolsinSantaMonica,California?(A)rapidpopulationgrowth(B)inflation(C)economicconditionsduringwartime(D)record-highhousingprices3.Itcanbeinferredthatthepurposeofrentcontrolisto(A)protecttenants(B)promoteconstruction(C)increasevacancyrates(D)decreasesalesofrentalunits10.Theword"stringent"inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)straightforward(B)strict(C)expanded(D)efficient11.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTexemptfromrentcontrol?(A)Luxuryapartments(B)Commercialdevelopment(C)Moderatelypricedapartments(D)Officespace.PassageTwoTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonmostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused,Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisviestales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.題目回憶：.文章講述了幾種戲劇的起源.宗教儀式和戲劇的區(qū)別是什么PassageThreeThereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunits(stateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses-allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.\;Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevel-variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuum-orthedatamanyrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreducingtocomprehensiblyformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.\;Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfast,havebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficiencytoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"mother"and"father"inthefirstparagraph?(A)Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics(B)Tointroduceinferentialstatistic(C)Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables(D)Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousandunderstandableway2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?(A)Tocomparedifferentgroups(B)Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation(C)Todetectdifferencesnotobservableinthewholepopulation(D)Tocompilemoreaccuratedata3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?(A)Tocomparedifferentgroups(B)Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation(C)Todetectdifferencesnotobservableinthewholepopulation(D)TocompilemoreaccuratedataPassageFourManyofthemostdamagingandlife-threateningtypesofweather-torrentialrains,severethunderstorm,andtornadoes-beginquickly,strikesuddenly,anddissipaterapidly,devastatingsmallregionswhileleavingneighboringareasuntouched.Onesuchevent,atornado,struckthenortheasternsectionofEdmonton,Alberta,inJuly1987.Totaldamagesfromthetornadoexceeded'250million,thehighesteverforanyCanadianstorm.Conventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmospherehavelimitedvalueinpredictingshort-livedlocalstormsliketheEdmontontornado,becausetheavailableweatherdataaregenerallynotdetailedenoughtoallowcomputerstodiscernthesubtleatmosphericchangesthatprecedethesestorms.Inmostnations,forexample,weather-balloonobservationsaretakenjustonceeverytwelvehoursatlocationstypicallyseparatedbyhundredsofmiles.Withsuchlimiteddata,conventionalforecastingmodelsdoamuchbetterjobpredictinggeneralweatherconditionsoverlargeregionsthantheydoforecastingspecificlocalevents.Untilrecently,theobservation-intensiveapproachneededforaccurate,veryshort-rangeforecasts,or"Nowcast",wasnotfeasible.Thecostofequippingthousandsofconventionalweatherstationswasprohibitivelyhigh,andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrapidlycollectingandprocessingtherawweatherdatafromsuchanetworkwereinsurmountable.Fortunately,scientificandtechnologicaladvanceshaveovercomemostoftheseproblems.Radarsystems,automatedweatherinstruments,andsatellitesareallcapableofmakingdetailed,nearlycontinuousobservationsoverlargeregionsatarelativelylowcost.Communicationssatellitescantransmitdataaroundtheworldcheaplyandinstantaneously,andmoderncomputerscanquicklycompileandanalyzethislargevolumeofweatherinformation.Meteorologistsandcomputerscientistsnowworktogethertodesigncomputerprogramsandvideoequipmentcapableoftransformingrawweatherdataintowords,symbols,andvividgraphicdisplaysthatforecasterscaninterpreteasilyandquickly.Asmeteorologistshavebegunusingthesenewtechnologiesinweatherforecastingoffices,Nowcastingisbecomingareality.TheauthormentionsthetornadoinEdmonton,Canada,inorderto.A.B.giveanexampleofadamagingstormC.explaindifferenttypesofweatherD.showthattornadoesoccurfrequentlyinCanadaAllthefollowingarementionedasanadvanceinshort-rangeweatherforecastingEXCEPT.A.weatherballoonsB.radarsystemsC.automatedinstrumentsD.satellites3.WithNowcasting,itfirstbecamepossibletoprovideinformationabout.A.short-livedlocalstormsB.radarnetworksC.long-rangeweatherforecastsD.generalweatherconditions4.Nowcastingwouldbebestillustratedby.A.afive-dayforecastB.awarningaboutaseverethunder-stormontheradioC.theaveragerainfallforeachmonthD.alistoftemperaturesinmajorcitiesPassageFivePassageSix還有一篇是關(guān)于潛水員減壓病的，與我的學(xué)業(yè)背景有關(guān)，所以記得的東西不足以查到原文ClozeTwo （標(biāo)紅的是要添進(jìn)去的詞）Japanisanationbuiltentirelyonthetipsofgiant,suboceanicvolcanoes. Littleofthelandisflatandsuitableforagriculture.Terracedhillsidesmakeuseofeveryavailablesquarefootofarableland.Smallhomesbuiltveryclosetogether furtherconservetheland.Japanalsosuffersfromnaturaldisasterssuchasearthquakesandhurricanes.Traditionallyhomesaremadeoflightconstructionmaterials,soahousefallingdownduringadisaste