第二講│任務(wù)型作文之一——寫好文章概要從近五年江蘇高考分析，高考書面表達主要考查讀寫任務(wù)型作文。讀寫任務(wù)型作文的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩部分：寫作內(nèi)容一為摘要寫作，即概括短文大意；寫作內(nèi)容二，就某個主題發(fā)表個人看法?！白x寫任務(wù)”是“讀”和“寫”的有機結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為后面的“寫”提供情景；同樣，“寫”也是對“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。讀寫任務(wù)型作文主要以記敘文和議論文為主。從近五年江蘇高考書面表達來看，都是議論性的讀寫任務(wù)型作文。eq\a\vs4\al\co1(如何寫記敘文概要)記敘文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，除明確文章主題外，還應(yīng)抓住六個要素：when，where，who，what，why，how。在這六個要素中，所占內(nèi)容比重較大的是what，學生最容易犯的錯誤就是把what寫得太詳細。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用這樣的模板來表示：1.沒有寓意只單純介紹事件的記敘文摘要要素：人物——事件——結(jié)果2.篇末有表示文章內(nèi)涵的記敘文摘要要素：人物——事件——結(jié)果——啟示記敘文摘要可以用下列句式開頭：experience...llsushisexperience...Theauthorshareshisexperiences...Fromthepassage，weknowthat...Thepassagetellsusthat...當然，不是說每個故事概要都包含how或why，有時兩者選其一即可。請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。A__father__came__home__from__work__late，tired__and__exhausted.Heworkeddayandnight，hopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His__5-year-old__daughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad，how__much__do__you__earn__an__hour？”askedthedaughter.“Whydoyouaskthat？”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow...Iearn$20anhour.”“Oh，”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingup，shesaid，“Dad，may__I__borrow__$10？”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare.Iworkhardeveryday，butyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy！”Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroom，feelingsad.Afteranhourorso，thefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidn’taskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughter’sroomandgaveher$10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh，thankyou，Dad！”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid，“Dad，Ihave$20now.Can__I__buy__an__hour__of__your__time?Pleasecomehomeearliertomorrow.I__would__like__to__have__dinner__with__you.”[材料分析]這是一篇小女孩想購買父親的時間，渴望得到父親陪伴的記敘文。首先我們先找出記敘文的六要素：whoagirlandherfatherwhenatthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromworkwhereathomewhatThegirlborrowed$10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.列出了要點之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段：Inthispassage，thewritermainlytellsusaboutalittlegirl，whowantedtobuysometimefromherbusyfathersothathecouldaccompanyher.請用約30個單詞概述短文信息的主要內(nèi)容。Oncetherelivedaveryrichandpowerfulking.Allthepeopleinhiskingdomwereafraidofhim.Butwashehappy?No，hewasalwaysillandunhappy.Hismoneyandpowercouldnothelphim.Thedoctorinhiskingdomcouldnotcurehim，either.Hewassoangrywiththemthathehadtheirheadscutoff.Onedaytwofamousdoctorsfromanotherkingdomcametohispalace.“Ifyoucancuremeandmakemehappy，”saidtheking，“Iwillgiveyouallthegoldyoucancarry.”Thefirstdoctorexaminedtheking.Hefoundnothingwrongwithhimsohesaidtotheking，“Youonlythinkyouareillandthatmakesyourselfunhappy.”Thekingwasveryangrywhenheheardthis.Hetoldhissoldierstocutoffthedoctor’shead.Theseconddoctorknewhehadtobecareful.“Oh，king.Youwillbewellifyouweartheshoesofamanwhoisalwayshappy.”hesaid.Thekingwaspleasedwithhisanswerandthoughtthatthedoctorwasverywise.Hegavethedoctorabagofgold.Thekingaskedhundredsofpeopleiftheywerealwayshappy.Theyallsaidtheyweresometimeshappyandsometimessad.Atlasthemetabeggarwhosaidthathewasalwayshappy.“Givemeyourshoesquickly，”saidtheking.“AndIwillmakeyouaveryrichman.”Thebeggarlaughed，“Iamsorry，”heanswered，“Ineverwearshoes！”【參考答案】Astheabovestorygoes，theking，whowasrichandpowerful，wasnothappyatallwhilethebeggarclaimedhewasalwayshappy，indicatingthatwealthdoesn’tmeanhappiness.eq\a\vs4\al\co1(如何寫說明文的概要)說明文通常會有明確的主題句，先抓住關(guān)鍵詞，并根據(jù)各段落的主題，有序地組織語言，完整地表達出文章的中心內(nèi)容。如果是分析型說明文，概括時要找出文章所說明的現(xiàn)象、產(chǎn)生的原因及解決的方法或建議，然后用自己的話將這些信息重組起來。請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。Urbanpublicbikeserviceisn’tanewphenomenon.Government-sponsored__public__bike__systems__have__been__introduced__into__many__cities__in__China.Mobike，a__new__kind__of__public__bike__rental__service，started__in__Shanghai__and__has__expanded__to__Beijing.PeoplecanusethisservicebyscanningtheQRcode(二維碼)onthebiketounlockthesmartlock.Thestandardcostofthisserviceis1yuanper30minutes.UserscanpaywithpopularmobilepaymentmethodssuchasAlipayandWeChat.Mobikenowhasmorethan10，000bikesinShanghai，allowingmostriderstofindabikeanywherewithinadiameter(直徑)of300meters.ManypeoplerideaMobikeforashorttrip，suchasfromhometothesubway，subwaytotheworkplaceortoagrocerystore.ExpertssayMobikeisagoodsupplement(補充)tothepublicbikerentalservicesincecitypeoplearenowfondof“GreenRiding”，andenvironmentally-friendlymeansoftransportation.Justbecauseofthis，the__company__providing__the__service__is__increasing__the__number__by__hundred__every__day.[材料分析]短文的開頭和結(jié)尾(畫線句)為中心句?！緟⒖即鸢浮縈obike，anewkindofpublicbikerentalservice，hasbeenputintouseinShanghaiandBeijing.Withtheirgreatfavourwithcitypeople，moreMobikeswillbeavailableinthefuture.請用約30個單詞寫出下文概要。ApairofBritishresearcherssaidMondaytheyhadworkedoutasimpleequation(方程式)toquantify(量化)happinessthatcouldputanexactfigureontheemotionalstate.Afterinterviewing1，000people，theresearchersconcludedthathappinessequalsP＋5E＋3H.Intheequation，PstandsforPersonalCharacteristics(outlookonlife，adaptabilityandresilience);EforExistence(health，friendshipsandfinancialstability)andHrepresentsHigherOrder(self-esteem，expectationsandambitions).Theresearchersaskedinterviewees—amixofmenandwomenallover18yearsold—tochoosefivescenariosthatmadethemmorehappyorlesshappyfromalistof80differentsituations.Theyalsoaskedaseriesofquestionsabouttheirownnatures，outlookandsituations.Notsurprisingly，theresultsshowedthatdifferentpeoplefoundhappinessindifferentways.【參考答案】TwoBritishresearchersinterviewed1，000peopleabouttheiropinionsonhappinessandconcludedhappinessequals“P＋5E＋3H”，asimpleequationtoquantifyhappiness.Anddifferentpeopledefinehappinessdifferently.eq\a\vs4\al\co1(如何寫議論文的概要)議論文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，應(yīng)該緊緊抓住議論文的文體特點、文章結(jié)構(gòu)和三要素，準確捕捉材料的內(nèi)容要點。議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有“總分”、“總分總”、“分總”或“并列”等。文章的三要素是：論點、論證、論據(jù)。而三要素中最重要的應(yīng)是論點，因此，準確把握文章的論點就顯得非常重要了。文章的論點往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶爾也在文章的中間。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句。還應(yīng)特別注意段落中表轉(zhuǎn)折或因果的連詞，因為這些詞往往會引出文章的論點。此外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫作關(guān)鍵詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，關(guān)鍵詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。If__you__ask__people__what__makes__them__happy，you__will__probably__get__many__different__answers__but__there__are__two__fundamental__things__that__will__ensure__happiness.The__first__part__of__what__makes__people__happy__is__growth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife，that’swhenyouarehappy.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.The__second__part__of__what__makes__people__happy__is__the__sense__of__contribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheywereputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere，bydoingwhatyouaredoing，youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere，itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofind__happiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.[材料分析]通讀文章可知，happy為本文的關(guān)鍵詞，本文為總分結(jié)構(gòu)的“觀點對比式議論文”。1.人們的觀點：Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy.2.作者的觀點：Happinesscomesfromtwofundamentalsources.基于以上分析之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段：Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy，thewriterthinksthathappinesscomesfromthetwofundamentalsources:theimprovementofone’slifeandthesenseofcontribution.請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。It’saquestioneverysocialmediauserfacesaftertakingagreatphoto:ShouldIpostthis?Orisitgoingtocomebacktoworryme?Thequestionsgetdoublycomplexwhentheyinvolvechildren.Aparentonaveragewillpostalmost1，000photosofachildonlinebeforethechildturnsfive，accordingtoarecentsurvey.Areparentsputtingkidsatriskbyoversharingonsocialmedia?Herearetheselectionsoftheviews.LaurenApfel(US)Thebigreasontoshareistobuildacommunity.Ilive，forexample，thousandsofmilesfrommyfamily.Inthisatmosphereofmodernparenthood，weallstruggletomakeitthroughtheday，andtheInternethasbecomeasourceofsupport.Intheearlyyearsofmotheringtwins，oneofthethingsthatbroughtmethemosthappinesswaspostingpicturesofthemonFacebook.Sharingthosephotosandengagingwithanonlinecommunitywasalifeline.Dracarys(China)Idon’tpostpicturesofmykidsonlinebecauseIdon’tlikeitwhenfriendsofminepostphotosofmeonline.Itfeelswaytoopublicandanexhibitionisttome.SoItreatmykidsthewayIwanttobetreated.Thatisprobablywhattheparentswhoarecomfortablewithonlinephotosthink，too，whentheydecidetoputthephotosoutthere.【參考答案】Whileitiscommonforaparenttopostchildren’sphotosonlinenowadays，peopletakedifferentattitudestowardit.Somethinkit’sbeneficialwhileothersareanxiousaboutit.eq\a\vs4\al\co1(如何寫“圖表/圖畫＋文字類”的概要)如果讀寫任務(wù)所給的閱讀材料是“圖表/圖畫＋文字”，那么務(wù)必看清題目的概述要求，是對文字加圖表/圖畫內(nèi)容進行概述，還是僅概述圖畫或圖表信息。如果是文字加圖表/圖畫一起概述，那么概述的要點必須包括文字內(nèi)容與圖表信息。若僅是要求對圖表/圖畫概述，只要描述圖畫內(nèi)容即可。(2018·南京市、鹽城市高三二模)請認真閱讀下面有關(guān)“不同年齡達到不同能力巔峰”的研究結(jié)果，用約30個單詞概述圖表和下文的主要內(nèi)容?！癆talmostanygivenage，mostofusaregettingbetteratsomethingsandworseatothers，”JoshuaHartshorne，anMITcognitivescienceresearcherandtheleadauthorofastudylookingathowintelligencechangesasweage，toldBusinessInsider.Theteambehindthatstudyquizzedthousandsofpeopleaged10--90ontheirabilitytodothingslikerememberinglistsofwords，recognizingfaces.Their__results__suggest__that__no__matter__wha