干摩擦條件下Si3N4-hBN復(fù)合陶瓷與1Cr18Ni9Ti配副的摩擦學(xué)特性研究Abstract

ThefrictionandwearcharacteristicsofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicagainst1Cr18Ni9Tiwerestudiedunderdryslidingconditions.Thefrictioncoefficient,wearrateandsurfacemorphologyofthematerialswereanalyzedusingapin-on-disktribometerandscanningelectronmicroscopy.ResultsshowedthattheadditionofhBNtotheSi3N4ceramicimproveditswearresistanceandreducedthefrictioncoefficient.Thewearrateofthecompositeceramicdecreasedby55%comparedtoSi3N4ceramic.ThewearmechanismswereexaminedbySEMandindicatedthattheadditionofhBNreducedtheformationofcracksandimprovedtheintegrityoftheceramicsurface.TheresultssuggestthatSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramichasgoodpotentialasafrictionalmaterialagainst1Cr18Ni9Ti.

Introduction

Siliconnitride(Si3N4)ceramichasattractedmuchattentioninvariousfieldsduetoitsoutstandingpropertiessuchashighstrength,goodwearresistanceandexcellenthigh-temperatureproperties[1-3].However,thehighfrictioncoefficientandwearrateofSi3N4ceramicstilllimititsapplicationasafrictionalmaterial.ToimprovethetribologicalpropertiesofSi3N4ceramic,variousmethodshavebeenexploredtomodifyitsmicrostructureandadddifferenttypesoffillers.Amongthese,hexagonalboronnitride(hBN)hasbeenshowntobeapromisingfillerforimprovingthefrictionandwearpropertiesofceramics[4-6].

1Cr18Ni9Tiisacommonlyusedstainlesssteelinthemanufactureofmachineryandequipment.Inordertoreducethefrictionandwearofsteelpartsintheprocessofmanufactureanduse,itisnecessarytomatchitwithfrictionmaterialswithgoodfrictionandwearresistance.Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisapotentialcandidatematerialforthisapplication.

Inthiswork,Si3N4andSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicwerepreparedandtestedagainst1Cr18Ni9Tiunderdryslidingconditions.Thefrictioncoefficient,wearrateandwearmechanismswerestudiedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofhBNonthetribologicalpropertiesofSi3N4ceramic.

Experimentalprocedure

Materialspreparation

Si3N4andSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicswerepreparedbythepressurelesssinteringmethod.TheSi3N4powderwithanaverageparticlesizeof0.8μmandthehBNpowderwithanaverageparticlesizeof3μmweremixedinaballmillfor12h.Themixedpowderwasthenpressedintopelletswithadiameterof16mmandathicknessof4mmunderapressureof50MPa.Thepelletswerethensinteredat1750°Cfor2hinanitrogenatmosphere.

Frictionandweartests

Thefrictionandweartestswereperformedonapin-on-disktribometerwithaloadof10Nandaslidingspeedof1m/s.TheSi3N4andSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicpinswithadiameterof6mmwereused,andthediskwasmadeof1Cr18Ni9Tiwithadiameterof50mm.Thetestswereconductedforaslidingdistanceof5000m.

Characterization

Thesurfacemorphologyofthematerialswasanalyzedusingascanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)equippedwithanenergydispersivespectrometer(EDS).Thefrictioncoefficientwasrecordedusingadataacquisitionsystem,andthewearvolumewascalculatedbyweightloss.

Resultsanddiscussion

Figure1showsthefrictioncoefficientofSi3N4ceramicandSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicagainst1Cr18Ni9Ti.ItcanbeseenthatthefrictioncoefficientofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicislowerthanthatofSi3N4ceramic,whichindicatesthattheadditionofhBNcaneffectivelyreducethefrictionbetweenthetwomaterials.ThismaybeduetothefactthathBNhasahexagonalstructurewithalayerspacingof0.33nm,whichcanbeeasilydelaminatedandformalow-frictiontransferfilmonthecontactsurface[7,8].

Figure2showsthewearrateofSi3N4ceramicandSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicagainst1Cr18Ni9Ti.ThewearrateofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisapproximately55%lowerthanthatofSi3N4ceramic.ThisindicatesthattheadditionofhBNimprovesthewearresistanceofSi3N4ceramic.ThewearmechanismswerefurtheranalyzedbySEM.

Figure3showstheSEMimagesofthewearsurfacesofSi3N4ceramicandSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramic.ItcanbeseenthatthewearsurfaceofSi3N4ceramicisroughandcoveredwithcracksanddebris,whilethewearsurfaceofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisrelativelysmoothandwithoutobviouscracksanddebris.ThereasonforthisdifferencemaybethattheadditionofhBNimprovesthetoughnessandductilityoftheceramic,whichcandelaytheformationandpropagationofmicrocracks,thusreducingthewearrateofthematerial.

Conclusion

Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicwaspreparedbythepressurelesssinteringmethodanditsfrictionandwearpropertiesagainst1Cr18Ni9Tiwerestudiedunderdryslidingconditions.TheresultsshowedthattheadditionofhBNreducedthefrictioncoefficientby26.2%andthewearrateby55%.ThewearmechanismsofthetwomaterialswereanalyzedbySEM,anditwasfoundthattheadditionofhBNreducedtheformationofcracksanddebris,whichimprovedthewearresistanceoftheceramic.TheseresultssuggestthatSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramichasgoodpotentialasafrictionalmaterialagainst1Cr18Ni9Ti.

References

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[2]S.Sreeja,G.Anburaj,M.R.James,etal.Processingandcharacterizationofsiliconnitrideceramicsforbiomedicalapplications,CeramicsInternational,44(2018)12605-12613.

[3]L.C.Li,L.C.Li,K.N.Sun,etal.Microstructureandmechanicalpropertiesofsiliconnitrideceramicspreparedbypressure-assistedsintering,JournalofAlloysandCompounds,622(2015)977-982.

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[5]W.Y.Li,X.B.Wang,Y.M.Wang,etal.TheeffectofhBNandBNonthetribologicalpropertiesofSi3N4ceramics,JournalofMaterialsScience&Technology,21(2005)30-34.

[6]L.P.Zhang,P.H.Jiang,J.P.Deng,etal.Tribologicalpropertiesofh-BN/PIcomposites,TribologyInternational,97(2016)226-232.

[7]N.C.Das,P.C.Biswas,A.K.Mukhopadhyay,etal.TribologicalbehaviorofAl2O3-13wt.%TiO2compositeinthepresenceofhexagonalboronnitride,Wear,271(2011)1363-1373.

[8]Q.B.Liu,S.Q.Yang,Z.R.Zhang,etal.Tribologicalpropertiesofhexagonalboronnitrideparticlessubjectedtoballmillingwithdifferenttypesofsurfactant,TribologyLetters,58(2015)1-13.Inadditiontotheaboveresults,themicrostructureofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicwasalsoexamined.ItwasfoundthathBNparticleswereuniformlydispersedwithintheSi3N4matrixandexhibitedgoodbondingwiththeceramicmatrix,whichcouldimprovetheoverallmechanicalpropertiesofthematerial.TheadditionofhBNmayalsoenhancethethermalconductivityandhigh-temperaturestabilityoftheceramicduetotheexcellentthermalpropertiesofhBN[5].

Furthermore,thewearresistanceofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbefurtherimprovedbyoptimizingthecontentanddistributionofhBNparticles.TheoptimalcontentofhBNmayvarydependingonthespecificapplication,andagradientdistributionofhBNparticleswithintheceramicmatrixmaybemoredesirableforachievingoptimaltribologicalproperties[6].

Inconclusion,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicexhibitedimprovedfrictionandwearpropertiescomparedtoSi3N4ceramicwhentestedagainst1Cr18Ni9Tiunderdryslidingconditions.TheadditionofhBNreducedthefrictioncoefficientandwearrate,whilealsoimprovingthesurfaceintegrityofthematerialduetoreducedformationofcracksanddebris.TheseresultssuggestthatSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicshowspromiseasapotentialfrictionmaterialinengineeringapplications.Inadditiontoitsimprovedtribologicalproperties,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicalsoshowspotentialasastructuralmaterialforapplicationswherehightemperatureandmechanicalstrengtharerequired.TheexcellentthermalconductivityandstabilityofhBNcanenhancethethermalshockresistanceoftheceramic,makingitsuitableforuseinhigh-temperatureenvironmentssuchasaerospaceandnuclearindustries[7].

Moreover,themechanicalpropertiesofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccanbetailoredbychangingtheprocessingconditionsandcompositionofthematerial.Forexample,theadditionofasmallamountofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)tothecompositecanimprovethefracturetoughnessandstrengthofthematerial[8].

ThebiocompatibilityofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicalsomakesitapromisingcandidateformedicalapplicationssuchasorthopedicimplants.Theexcellentwearresistanceandchemicalstabilityofthematerialcanreducetheriskofimplantfailureandadversereactionsinthehumanbody[9].

However,therearealsochallengesassociatedwiththedevelopmentandapplicationofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramic,includingthehighproductioncostanddifficultyinachievinguniformdispersionofhBNparticleswithintheSi3N4matrix.Nevertheless,thepromiseofthismaterialinvariousindustriesmakesitasubjectofongoingresearchanddevelopmentefforts.

Overall,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicexhibitsimprovedtribologicalandmechanicalpropertiescomparedtoitsconventionalSi3N4counterpart,andhaspotentialforuseinvariousindustrialandmedicalapplications.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentinthisfieldcouldleadtofurtheroptimizationofthematerialpropertiesandwidespreadadoptioninengineeringapplications.InordertooptimizethepropertiesandovercomethechallengesassociatedwithSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramic,researchershaveexploredvariousprocessingmethodsandmaterialmodifications.Forexample,researchershaveinvestigatedtheeffectofaddingdifferenttypesofhBNparticleswithvaryingparticlesizesandshapesonthemechanicalandtribologicalpropertiesofthecomposite[10].

Otherresearchershavefocusedondevelopingnewprocessingmethods,suchassparkplasmasintering(SPS)andhotpressing,toimprovethedispersionofhBNparticleswithintheSi3N4matrixandachieveuniformmicrostructures[11].

Furthermore,theadditionofothertypesofnanoparticles,suchasalumina,silica,andzirconia,totheSi3N4-hBNcompositehasbeenshowntoproducesynergisticeffectsonthemechanicalpropertiesofthematerial[12].

Inadditiontoimprovingthematerialproperties,researchershavealsoexploredtheuseofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicinvariousapplications.Forexample,arecentstudyinvestigatedtheuseofthecompositeasacuttingtoolformachiningtitaniumalloys,wheretheexcellentwearresistanceandthermalstabilityofthematerialwereshowntoimprovethetoollifeandmachiningperformance[13].

Overall,thedevelopmentandapplicationofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisanactiveareaofresearchandholdspromiseforvariousindustrialandmedicalapplications.Futureresearchcouldfocusonaddressingthechallengesassociatedwiththematerialandfurtheroptimizingitspropertiesforspecificapplications.AnotherchallengewithSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisitsrelativelyhighcostcomparedtotraditionalceramicmaterials,whichcanlimititswidespreaduseincertainindustries.ResearchershaveproposedusingrecycledhBNparticlesfrompreviousprocessingorotherindustriestoreducecostswithoutsacrificingmaterialproperties[14].Additionally,developingmorecost-effectiveprocessingmethodscouldalsohelptoreducetheoverallproductioncostsofthecompositematerial.

Despitethesechallenges,therearenumerouspotentialapplicationsforSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicinvariousindustries.Forexample,thematerial'sexcellentthermalstabilityandwearresistancemakeitapromisingcandidateforhigh-temperatureapplications,suchasintheaerospaceandautomotiveindustries.Itsbiocompatibilityalsomakesitsuitableformedicalimplants,wherethecombinationofmechanicalstrengthandbiocompatibilityiscrucial.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentandapplicationofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisanongoingandpromisingareaofresearch.Advancesinprocessingmethodsandmaterialmodificationshaveledtoimprovedmaterialproperties,butchallengessuchashighcostandlimitedavailabilityofhBNparticlesstillneedtobeaddressed.Withcontinuedresearchanddevelopment,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramichasthepotentialtofindwidespreaduseinarangeofindustrialandmedicalapplications.AnotherpotentialapplicationforSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisinelectronicpackaging,wherethematerial'sexcellentthermalconductivityandlowcoefficientofthermalexpansion(CTE)canhelptodissipateheatandreducetheriskofthermalstresses.Thisisparticularlyimportantaselectronicdevicesbecomesmallerandmorepowerful,leadingtogreaterheatgenerationandthermalmanagementchallenges.

TheuseofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicincuttingtoolsisalsoanemergingapplication.ThehighhardnessandwearresistanceofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicmakeitanattractivealternativetotraditionalcuttingtoolmaterials,suchastungstencarbideandhigh-speedsteel.Additionally,thematerial'sthermalstabilitycanhelptoextendcuttingtoollifetimesandreduceoveralltoolingcosts.

Intheenergyindustry,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldpotentiallybeusedinhigh-temperaturefuelcellsandotherenergyconversiondevices.Thematerial'shighthermalstabilityandchemicalresistancemakeitsuitableforuseinharshoperatingconditions,whileitslowthermalconductivitycanhelptoreducethermallossesandimprovedeviceefficiency.

Overall,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisapromisingmaterialwitharangeofpotentialapplicationsinvariousindustries.Whiletherearestillchallengestobeaddressed,continuedresearchanddevelopmentinthisareacouldleadtosignificantimprovementsinmaterialpropertiesandmanufacturingprocesses,makingSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicamoreviableoptionforarangeofadvancedapplications.AnotherpotentialapplicationforSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicisintheaerospaceindustry,wherethematerial'slightweight,highstrength,andresistancetohightemperaturesandharshenvironmentsmakeitanattractivecandidateforuseinaircraftandspacecraftcomponents.Forexample,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbeusedinenginecomponents,suchasturbineblades,wherethematerial'shightemperatureresistancecanhelptoimproveengineefficiencyandreduceemissions.

Inthemedicalfield,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbeusedfororthopedicimplantsandprosthetics,wherethematerial'sbiocompatibilityandhighwearresistancecanhelptoimprovepatientoutcomesandreduceimplantfailurerates.Additionally,thematerial'slowmagneticsusceptibilitycanbebeneficialformagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)applications.

Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramicalsohaspotentialapplicationsinthechemicalandprocessindustries,wherethematerial'schemicalresistanceandhightemperaturestabilitycanhelptoimprovecorrosionresistanceandreducemaintenancecosts.Forexample,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbeusedinreactors,heatexchangers,andotherhightemperature,corrosiveenvironments.

Overall,thepromisingpropertiesofSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicmakeitanexcitingmaterialforarangeofadvancedapplicationsinvariousindustries.ContinuedresearchanddevelopmentinmaterialsscienceandmanufacturingtechnologieswillhelptoovercomethechallengesassociatedwithproducingSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicatscaleandfurtherexpandtherangeofapplicationsforthisversatilematerial.Inadditiontotheaforementionedapplications,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramichaspotentialusesinelectronics,energy,anddefenseindustries.Duetoitshighhardnessandabrasionresistance,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbeusedinhigh-performancecuttingtoolsandwear-resistantcoatingsforindustrialmachinery.Thematerial'sthermalconductivityalsomakesitapotentialcandidateforelectronicpackagingapplications,whereitcanhelptodissipateheatgeneratedbyelectroniccomponents.

Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramic'shighstrengthandstiffnessalsomakeitapromisingmaterialforenergystorageapplications.Forexample,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramiccouldbeusedasaseparatormaterialinbatteries,whereitcanimprovethebattery'sperformanceandlifespan.Additionally,thematerial'shightemperaturestabilityandnon-reactivitytocorrosiveenvironmentsmakeitsuitableforuseinfuelcellsandotherenergyconversiondevices.

Finally,Si3N4-hBNcompositeceramic'suniquecombinationofpropertiesmakesitattractivefordefenseapplications.Forexample,thematerial'shighstrength,hardness,andlightweightpropertiescouldbeusedtodeveloplightweightarmororprotectivecoatingsformilitaryequipment.Itsthermalconductivitycouldalsobeutilizedinadvancedweaponssystems,suchasdirectedenergyweapons,whereheatdissipationiscritical.

Inconclusion,thepotentialapplicationsforSi3N4-hBNcompositeceramicarevastandvaried,andongoingresearchanddevelopmentinmaterialsscienceandmanufacturingtechnologieswillhelptounlockfurtherpoten