年1Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things”—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,thatacultureproduces.Examiningatoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthehistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesittheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturesinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellpreservedPaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNeatEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNeareasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultsinthedevelopmentof第1頁(yè)共21頁(yè)mostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,tooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwithpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledouttheinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisallpartofthe“informationrevolution,”atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.21.Researchintothematerialcultureofanation’sofgreatimportance________.第2頁(yè)共21頁(yè)A)ithelpsproducenewculturaltoolsandtechnologyB)itcanreflectthedevelopmentofthenationC)ithelpsunderstandtheFastandpresentD)itcandemonstratethecivilization22.Itcanbelearnedfromthispassagethat________.A)theexistenceofthesymphonywasattributedtothespreadofNearEasternandChinesemusicB)NearEasternmusichadinfluenceontheoftheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraC)thedevelopmentofthesymphonyshowsthemutualinfluenceofEasternandWesternmusicD)themusicalinstrumentsinthesymphonybasisofNearEasternmusic23.Accordingtotheauthor,musicnotationisimportantbecause________.A)ithasagreateffectonthemusic-cultureasmoreandmorepeopleareabletoreaditB)ittendstostandardfolksingswhenitisusedbyfolkmusiciansC)itistheprintedversionofstandardizedfolkmusicD)itencouragespeopletopopularizeprintedversionsofsongs24.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheintroduction第3頁(yè)共21頁(yè)ofelectronicmediaintotheworldofmusic________.A)hasbroughtaboutaninformationrevolutionB)hasspeededupthearrivalofanewgenerationofcomputersC)hasgivenrisetonewformsofmusiccultureD)hasgiventothetransformationoftraditionalmusicalinstruments25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthemainideaofthepassage?A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerlaterbereplacedbycomputers.B)Musiccannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.C)Folksongscannotspreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheets.D)Thedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentoritsmaterialaspect.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyofthegreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocial第4頁(yè)共21頁(yè)entitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,howeverthisstruggleinnature’scompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeet-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailincompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehuman第5頁(yè)共21頁(yè)war,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestrades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometerminorderto________.A)argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenandhumansocietiesB)smoothouttheconflictsinhumansocietiesC)distinguishbetweentwokindsofoppositionD)summarizethethatcharacteristicfeaturesofoppositionandcooperation27.Accordingtotheauthor,competitiondiffersfromconflictinthat________.A)itresultsinwarinmostcasesB)itinduceseffortstoexpandterritory第6頁(yè)共21頁(yè)C)itiskindofoppositionamongariaentitiesD)itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence28.Thephrase“functioninthedisserviceofone(Para.1)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)betrayeachotherB)harmoneanotherC)helptocollaboratewitheachotherD)benefitonanother29.Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflict________.A)isaninevitablestruggleresultingfromcompetitionB)reflectsthestruggleamongsocialanimalsC)isanoppositionamongindividualsocialanimalsD)canbeavoided30.Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion“________”.A)Iswarinevitable?B)Whyisthereconflictandcompetition?C)Isconflictdesirable?D)Cancompetitionleadtoconflict?重點(diǎn)單詞查看全部解釋enthusiast[in'θju:zist]想一想再看n.熱心人，熱衷者聯(lián)想記憶X單詞enthusiast聯(lián)想記憶：第7頁(yè)共21頁(yè)en進(jìn)入+thus[=theo神]…進(jìn)入神的狀態(tài)…熱情+ast物”→熱心者evidence['evid?ns]想一想再看n.根據(jù)，證據(jù)v.證實(shí)，證明聯(lián)想記憶X單詞evidence聯(lián)想記憶：e出+vidreasoning['ri:zni]想一想再看n.推論，推理，論證聯(lián)想記憶X單詞reasoning聯(lián)想記憶：源于：reason（n理由；原因；v推論）widespread['waidspred]想一想再看adj.分布(或散布)廣的，普遍的inevitable[in'evit?bl]想一想再看adj.不可避免的，必然(發(fā)生)的defect[di'fekt]想一想再看n.缺點(diǎn)vi.背叛聯(lián)想記憶X單詞defect聯(lián)想記憶：de壞，fect做－做壞－缺點(diǎn)tend[tend]想一想再看v.趨向，易于，照料，護(hù)理supply[s?'plai]想一想再看n.補(bǔ)給，供給，供應(yīng)，貯備第8頁(yè)共21頁(yè)vt.補(bǔ)給，供聯(lián)想記憶X單詞supply聯(lián)想記憶：sup在下面+ply重疊，折疊→重疊下去→供應(yīng)[下去]，補(bǔ)給eventually[i'ventjuli]想一想再看adv.終于，最后reflect[ri'flekt]想一想再看v.反映，反射，歸咎聯(lián)想記憶X單詞reflect聯(lián)想記憶：re反，flect折－光線(xiàn)反折－反射，在大腦中反射－思考Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreaching,thesurprisingthingaboutcomputerisnotthattheythinklesswellthanaman,butthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperience,followanargument,askproperquestionsandwritepoetryandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations.Computersimitatelife.Ascomputergetmorecomplex,theimitationgetsbetter.Finally,thelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorso,wewill第9頁(yè)共21頁(yè)thecomputerasanewformoflife.Theopinionseemsridiculousbecause,foronething,computerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescarcanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival.Computersmatchpeopleinsomeroles,andwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisis,theyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainonetimeanditfreezesup.Wearestillcontrol,butthecapabilitiesofcomputerareincreasingatafantasticrate,whilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowly,ifasall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990s,whenthesixthgenerationappears,thereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain.Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythehepast,wecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofman,surpassinghisachievementsthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiast第10頁(yè)共21頁(yè)wouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeflesh-and-blooddescendants.ThenewkindofintelligentlifeismoreIlikelytobemadeofsilicon.31.WhatdoyousupposetheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching?A)Hebelievedthatladieswerebornworsepreachersthatmen.B)Hewaspleasedthatladiescouldthoughnotaswellasmen.C)Hedisapprovedofladiespreaching.D)Heencouragedladiestopreach.32.Today,computerarestillinferiortomanintermsof________.A)decisionmakingB)drivesandfeelingsC)growthofreasoningpowerD)informationabsorption33.Intermsofmakingquickdecisions,thehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause________.A)inthelongprocessofevolutionslowpaceoflifetrequiresuchabilityofthecomputerbecausebrainB)thehumanbrainisinfluencedbyotherfactorssuchasmotivationandemotionC)thehumanbrainmaysometimesfreezeupinadangerous第11頁(yè)共21頁(yè)situationD)theevolutionofimitatelifewhilethehumanbraindocsnotimitatecomputers34.Thoughhethinkhighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputerscience,theauthormeanthat________.A)computersarelikelytobecomeanewformofintelligentlifeB)humanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputersC)theintelligenceofcomputerswilleventuallysurpasswillthatofhumanbeingsD)theevolutionofintelligencewillprobablydependonthatofelectronicbrains35.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood.B)Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman.C)Thereasoningpowerofcomputershasalreadysurpassedthatofman.D)Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter.重點(diǎn)單詞查看全部解釋enthusiast[in'θju:zist]想一想再看n.熱心人，熱衷者聯(lián)想記憶X單詞enthusiast聯(lián)想記憶：第12頁(yè)共21頁(yè)en進(jìn)入+thus[=theo神]…進(jìn)入神的狀態(tài)…熱情+ast物”→熱心者evidence['evid?ns]想一想再看n.根據(jù)，證據(jù)v.證實(shí)，證明聯(lián)想記憶X單詞evidence聯(lián)想記憶：e出+vidreasoning['ri:zni]想一想再看n.推論，推理，論證聯(lián)想記憶X單詞reasoning聯(lián)想記憶：源于：reason（n理由；原因；v推論）widespread['waidspred]想一想再看adj.分布(或散布)廣的，普遍的inevitable[in'evit?bl]想一想再看adj.不可避免的，必然(發(fā)生)的defect[di'fekt]想一想再看n.缺點(diǎn)vi.背叛聯(lián)想記憶X單詞defect聯(lián)想記憶：de壞，fect做－做壞－缺點(diǎn)tend[tend]想一想再看v.趨向，易于，照料，護(hù)理supply[s?'plai]想一想再看n.補(bǔ)給，供給，供應(yīng)，貯備第13頁(yè)共21頁(yè)vt.補(bǔ)給，供聯(lián)想記憶X單詞supply聯(lián)想記憶：sup在下面+ply重疊，折疊→重疊下去→供應(yīng)[下去]，補(bǔ)給eventually[i'ventjuli]想一想再看adv.終于，最后reflect[ri'flekt]想一想再看v.反映，反射，歸咎聯(lián)想記憶X單詞reflect聯(lián)想記憶：re反，flect折－光線(xiàn)反折－反射，在大腦中反射－思考Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Videorecordersandphotocopiers,eventicketmachinesontherailways,oftenseemunnecessarilydifficulttouse.LastDecemberIboughtmyselfaVideocassetterecorder(VCR)describedas“simpletoInthefirstthreeweeksIfailedrepeatedlytoprogramthemachinetorecordfromtheTV,andaftermonthsofpracticeIstillmademistakes.Iamnotalone.AccordingtoasurveylastyearbyFerguson,theBritishmanufacturer,morethanoneinfourVCRownersneverusethetimerontheirmachinestorecordaprogramme:theydon’tuseitbecausefounditfartoohardtooperate.SowhydomanufacturerskeepondesigningandproducingVCRSthatareawkwardtouseiftheproblemsaresoobvious?第14頁(yè)共21頁(yè)First,theproblemswenoticearenotobvioustotechnicallymindeddesignerswithyearsofexperienceandtrainedtounderstandhowapplianceswork.Secondly,designerstendtoaddoneortwofeaturesatatimetoeachmodel,whereasyouorIfaceallamachine’sfeaturesatonce.Thirdly,althoughfindproblemsinafinishedproductiseasily,itistoolatebythentodoanythingaboutthedesign.Finally,ifmanufacturerscangetawaywithsellingproductsthataredifficulttouseit,itisnotworththeeffortofanyoneofthemtomakeimprovements.Somemanufacturerssaytheyconcentrateonprovidingawiderangeoffeaturesratherthanonmakingthemachineseasytouse.Butthatgivesrisetothequestion,“whyyouhavefeaturesthatareeasytoTheanswerisyoucan.Gooddesignpracticeisamixtureofspecificproceduresandgeneralprinciples.Forastart,designersshouldbuildanoriginalmodelofthemachineandtryitoutontypicalmembersofthepublic-notoncolleaguesinthedevelopmentlaboratory.Simplepubictrialswouldquicklyrevealmanydesignmistakes.Inanidealworld,therewouldbesomewaysofcontrollingqualitysuchasthattheVCRmustberedesignedrepeatedlyuntil,say,90percentofuserscanwork90percentofthefeatures第15頁(yè)共21頁(yè)correctly90percentofthetime.36.TheauthorhadtroubleoperatinghisVCRbecause________.A)hehadneglectedtheimportanceofusingthetimerB)themachinehadfarmoretechnicalfeaturesthannecessaryC)hehadsetaboutusingitwithoutpropertrainingD)itsoperationwasfarmoredifficultthanthedesignerintendedittobe37.Accordingtotheauthor,manufacturers________.AshouldaddmoreusefulfeaturestotheirmachinesB)oftenfailtomaketheirproductseasytouseC)shouldmaketheirappliancesasattractiveaspossibleD)oftenfailprovidepropertrainingintheuseoftheirproducts38.Itseemsthatmanufacturerswillremainreluctanttomakeimprovementsunless________.A)theycandosoasaverylowcostB)theyfindtheirmachineshardtooperateC)theyhavedifficultysellingtheirproductsD)theyreceivealotofcomplaintsabouttheirmachines39.AccordingtothepassagebeforeaVCRiscoldonthemarket,itsoriginalmodelshouldbetriedout________.A)amongordinaryconsumerswhoarenottechnicallyminded第16頁(yè)共21頁(yè)B)amongpeoplewhoaretechnicallymindedC)amongexperiencedtechniciansandpotentialusersD)amongpeoplewhoareinchargeofpublicrelations40.OneofthereasonswhyVCRsaresodifficulttouseisthat________.A)thedesig