2010年BEC初級段落寫作訓(xùn)練1一般來說，段落主要由三部分組成，即主題句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句。主題句是篇章的核心，它表明作者的態(tài)度、觀點、意圖等，同時反映了段落的中心思想。主題句應(yīng)具備：一是明確的觀點，二是有一定的概括性，能用其它句子來解釋、描述、分析等。擴展句主要圍繞著主題句進行敘述，說明或論述等。擴展句必須明確、具體。總結(jié)句指用一句話將某一主旨進行歸納總結(jié)或概括，有時還起承上啟下的作用?？偨Y(jié)句需要與主題呼應(yīng)，引發(fā)讀者對段落主題的進一步認(rèn)識?？傊?，篇章的主題必須統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)容完整、結(jié)構(gòu)連貫，長度適度。段落的發(fā)展段落的擴展對構(gòu)成一篇文章，展示文章的主題，有著舉足輕重的作用。常用的方式有：1.排列順序：既按照內(nèi)容的主次、時間的先后或位置的先后來進行論證，陳述或解釋。常用的詞語有：first／firstly，second／secondly，furthermore，finally，aboveall，firstandmostimportant，tobegin／startwith，inthesecondplace，eventually.2.比較和對比：一般來說，比較包括相同點和相異點。對比則僅指相異點。常見的詞及詞組有：incomparison(with)，likewise，similarly，inthesameway，equally，but，incontrastWith／to，instead，conversely，onthecontrary，in／bycontrast，while，Correspondingly.3.因果和推理：這種段落發(fā)展方式通常用于解釋某件事發(fā)生的原因和結(jié)果。經(jīng)常用到的因果關(guān)系的動詞和動詞詞組有：cause，produce，leadto，bringaboutresultfrombedueto，haveaneffecton，resultin.因果關(guān)系的連接詞有：dueto，thefactthat，forthesimplereason，because(of)，sothat，consequently，hence，asaresult，accordingly，therefore，solongas，so，thus，owingto，nowthat，for／as，since.4.舉例：用實例來說明作者的觀點是舉例段落的發(fā)展方式。采用舉例的方式，使文章內(nèi)容更加充實，更富有內(nèi)涵。常用于舉例的詞和詞組有：suchas，forexample，forinstance，asanillustration，toillustrate，acaseinpoint，asfollows，justas，justas，including，like.短文短文的基本格式為：開始段，主體段和結(jié)論段。開始段是短文的中心，即主題。文章的開頭段必須把握兩個原則：表明文章的主題使文章的發(fā)展有所遵循；引發(fā)讀者的興趣、使他確信值得讀下去。主體段，即文章的發(fā)展，是文章的中心的發(fā)展，它以文章的開頭為線索，準(zhǔn)確，具體而充實地論證、說明或分析文章的主題。主體段須遵循1)文章的發(fā)展必須通暢、自然。2)文章的發(fā)展必須聯(lián)貫統(tǒng)一。3)文章的發(fā)展必須長短適度。結(jié)論段：同文章的開頭和發(fā)展一樣，文章的結(jié)尾也是寫作成敗的關(guān)鍵。它起著總結(jié)，概括全篇的作用，使主題更加鮮明，結(jié)構(gòu)更加完美。SectionI補充主題句1)__________________，generally，thestandardofeducationishigher.Thisisbecausecollegesanduniversitieshaveup-to-dateequipmentandotherresources.Also，teachersandlecturesarehighly-skilledprofessionalswhoareawareofallthelatestdevelopmentsintheirfieldsofinterest.Afinalpointisthattheoverseasqualificationswhichastudentobtainsarevalidusuallyanywhereintheworld.2)__________________.Theseincludedefensecapabilitiesandsocialsecurity.Privateenterpriseandtheprofitmotiveshouldnotformpartoftheseessentialservices.Ontheotherhand，someservicescouldbeprovidedbyeithergovernmentsorprivategroupsorboth.Educationandhealthcareareexamplesofsuchservices.Agovernmentmustprovideatleastabasiclevelofeducationandhealthcaresoallcitizenscallhaveaccesstothem.3)__________________.EverydaythereareopportunitiestopracticelisteningtoandspeakingwithAustralians.Also，studentscanexperiencetheculturefirst-hand，whichisagreathelpwhentryingtounderstandthelanguage.ThisisespeciallytrueiftheychoosetolivewithAustralians，aspartofahome-stayfamily，forexample.Furthermore，ifstudentsattendalanguageschoolfull-time，theteacherswillbenativespeakers.4)__________________.Josedidnotcompletehismathematicsyesterday.Hespentthefirstfifteenminutesofthehourworkingonthefirstofthetenexaminationproblems.Hespentotherminutesdoodlingonhistestpaper.5)__________________.Oneexampleistheword“graft.”Theverbtograftfirstmeantmerelytowork.Englishpeopleonceusedthewordinsuchexpressionsas“Whereareyougrafting？”，respectablemeaning，thewordhasgraduallychanged.Todaygraftreferstoillegalgainswonbydishonestpoliticians.SectionII重組下面的段落6.CertainlyTVcanbeapowerfuleducationaltool.Peoplecanlearnaboutsituationsandproblemsfaraway，andbegintounderstanddifferentcultures.Manyinformativedocumentariesaboutaremadenowandthesecanstimulatepeopletoaction.Peopleinisolatedareascanknowforthemselveswhatishappeningintheworld.Thisgivesthemthepowertomaketheirowndecisionsandformtheirownopinions.7.Inmyopinion，televisionisthemostimportanttechnologicaldevelopment.NowadaysalmosteveryoneintheworldhasaccesstoTV.Televisionhascausedsignificantchangesinfamilylifeandeducation.Someofthesechangeshavebeenpositivewhileothershavebeennegative.8.However，thechangeshavenotallbeenpositive.Beforetelevisionwaswidelyavailable，familiesspentmoretimetogethertalkingandplayinggames.Theyseemedmuchclosertoeachotherthanmodemfamilies.veralltherearestrongpositiveeffectsofTVintermsofitseducationrole，butithasinmaywaysalteredpeopleandfamiliesinanegativesense.10.Also，thefactisthatpeoplewastealotoftimewatchingpoorqualityprogramswhichdonothaveapositiveinfluence.Peoplegetabadimpressionoftherealworldfromsuchprograms.Furthermore，TVissometimesusedtodeliberatelymisinformpeople；forexamplewhenitisusedtoasapropagandatoolbygovernments.SectionIII根據(jù)所給出的主題句寫出支持句11.Themostobviousadvantagetooverseasuniversitystudyisreal-lifeuseofadifferentlanguage._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12.Fortheindividualofficeworker，telecommutingwouldmeanspendingmoretimeathome._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13.Theyoungergenerationisessentiallydifferentfromtheolder