英語時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)名稱結(jié)構(gòu)常連用的詞基本用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.be動(dòng)詞用am/is/are，后接n./a./prep.often;usually;every…;sometimes;always;never;seldom;once/twice/…aweek/month/year;onSundays/Mondays/….;1)表示現(xiàn)在存在的習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。Hetakesawalkaftersuppereveryday.Thechildrengotoschoolatseveneverymorning.2)表示主語的特征、性格、能力等。Thechildrendrawwell.Doesshelikesports?3)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。Thesunrisesintheeast.Twoplustwomakesfour.Knowledgeispower.4）在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動(dòng)作。Whentheyleaveschool,theywillgotoworkinTibet.IfYouseehim，willyoutellhimtoringme?We'llvisitthecottonmillifitisfinetomorrow.5）表示安排或方案好的將來的動(dòng)作(一般只限于某些表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如go，come，arrive,leave，begin,start等)，這種安排很固定，不易改變。Thetrainstartsatteno'clockinthemorning.Thefilmbeginsinaminute.WhendoestheJapaneseYouthdelegationleaveforXi’an?2.行為動(dòng)詞用v.或v.-s、-es.一般過去時(shí)1．be動(dòng)詞用過去式was或were表示。yesterday;thedaybeforeyesterday;lastweek/month/year/….;…ago;amomentago;justnow;on/in+過去的時(shí)間;1)表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)WehadagoodswimlastSunday.Shesuddenlyfellillyesterday.2)敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一件件事。Hegotupearlyinthemorning，fetchedwater，swepttheyardandthenwentouttowork.3)表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Whenmybrotherwasateenager，heplayedtabletennisalmosteveryday.Itusedtobedifficulttogetdrinkingwaterhere.其他用法：(1)在賓語從句中，由于時(shí)態(tài)照應(yīng)的關(guān)系，可用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在：Ididn’tknowyouwerehere.我不知道你在這兒。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)Ididn’tknowyouweresobusy．我沒想到你這么忙。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)(2)表示客氣委婉的現(xiàn)在：Iwonderedifyouwerefreethisevening.不知您今晚是否有空。Ithoughtyoumightlikesomeflowers.我想您也許想要些花?！咀ⅰ磕苓@樣有的動(dòng)詞主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞。(3)用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中:It’stimewestarted.我們該動(dòng)身了。IwishIknewhisname.要是我知道他的名字就好了。I’dratheryoulivedclosertous.我希望你能住得離我們近點(diǎn)?！咀ⅰ吭撚梅ㄖ饕糜趇t’s(high)time,Iwish,I’drather,ifonly,asif,asthough等少數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)后接從句的情形。(4)表主觀想法的虛擬條件句也用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在：IfIhadthemoneynowI’dbuyacar.假若我現(xiàn)在有錢，我就買輛小汽車。(5)當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時(shí)。IhavelivedinthehousesinceIcametothecity.GreatchangeshavetakenplacesinceIvisitedthecity.2.行為動(dòng)詞用V-ed。一般將來時(shí)1.will+v.tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow;soon;nextweek/month/year/...;theweek/month/year/...afternext;on/in+將來的時(shí)間；in+一段時(shí)間；.1)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Mydaughterwillbetwelveyearsoldtomorrow.TheindoorswimmingpoolwillbeopentothepublicfromOctober16.2)表示將來經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Weshallworkinthisfactoryeveryday.2.is/am/are+goingto+V，表示方案打算做什么事。其他形式1)"begoingto+v.''多用于口語中，常表示打算、即將、決心去做的事或可能要發(fā)生的事。如：WearegoingtovisittheMuseumofChineseHistory.我們要去參觀中國歷史博物館。(表打算)Tomstudiesveryhard.Heisgoingtotryforascholarship.湯姆學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，他將爭取獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。(表決心)Lookatthoseclouds.It'sgoingtorain.瞧那些云，要下雨了。(表估計(jì)可能)Thewallisgoingtocollapse!那墻要倒塌了?(即將)2)go,come,leave,start等表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Sheisgoingtothedentisttomorrowbecausesheishavingatoothache.I'mcoming.3)"beaboutto+v."表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：TheEnglisheveningisabouttobegin.英語晚會(huì)即將開始。Weareabouttoleave，sothereisnotimetovisithimnow.我們就要離開了，所以現(xiàn)在沒有時(shí)間去看他。4)"betodo"表示安排或方案好了的動(dòng)作等。如：Theboysaretogotoschoolnextweek.這些男孩子下周要上學(xué)了。HeandIaretomeetattheShanghaiRailwayStation.他和我約定在上?；疖囌疽娒?。I'mtobehomebeforemidnight.我午夜前回家。過去將來時(shí)was/weregoingto+V原形表示對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)間而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用在賓語從句中。Theywantedtoknowwhenyouwouldfinishthearticle.Weaskedhimwhereweshouldgotoworknextweek.would+V原形其他形式Iwastoldthatthepressconferencewastobeheldthenextday.Iwasabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.Hetoldmehewasleavingsoon.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)名稱結(jié)構(gòu)常連用的詞主要用法現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are+V-ingnow；atpresent;atthemoment;

Look!(放在句首);Listen!(放在句首);1)表示此時(shí)此刻(說話人說話時(shí))正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。－Whatareyoudoing?－I'mdoingsomewashing.Look!Itissnowing.2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，雖然此時(shí)此刻這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能并不在進(jìn)行。Heisworkingonapaper.Theyarecompilingadictionary.3)有時(shí)可表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有"意圖"或"打算"的含義(用于go，come，stay，leave，start等表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞)。TheyaretakingthechildrentothezooonSunday.－WhatareyoudoingnextSunday?－I'mgoingonapicnicwithmywifeanddaughter.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were+V-ingatthattime;atthistimeyesterday;at+時(shí)間點(diǎn)+yesterday/lastnight;atthatmoment;1)表示過去一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Iwaspracticingtheviolinateighto'clockyesterdayevening.ShewasreadinganEnglishmagazinewhenIcamein.2）表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞go，come，start，stay，leave等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，可以表示過去將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。TheywantedtoknowwhenwewereleavingforShanghai.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shallbev-ingatthistime+將來時(shí)間點(diǎn)1）表示在將來某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoGuangzhou.Whatwillyoubedoingateighttomorrowmorning?2）表示將來被客觀情況所決定的動(dòng)作或者按照安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。We'llbehavingteaafterdinnerasusual.Theleaveswillbefallingsoon.過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)should/wouldbev-ing1)表示在過去的將來的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingattenthenextday.Theysaidthattheywouldbeexpectingusthenextweek.2)表示在過去某一時(shí)間之后即將或按方案進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Hesaidhecouldnotcomebecausehewouldbehavingameeting.完成時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)名稱結(jié)構(gòu)常連用的詞主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

have/has+p.p（過去分詞）already；just；before;yet(否定句中)；ever；never；since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)；since+一段時(shí)間+ago;by+現(xiàn)在時(shí)間；sofar;uptonow;tillnow;untilnow;recently/lately;1)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛完成，漢語常用"了"或"過"來表示。Wehavealreadysetupmanynewfactoriesinthisarea.Thenewbookshavenotarrivedyet.Manywesternershaveneverseenagiantpanda.2）還可表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。－HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?－IhavebeeninBeijingforfouryears.Threeyearshavepassedsinceweleftschool.Uptonow,Ihavefinishedtwo-thirdsofthework.3）在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中表示將來某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已完成的動(dòng)作。PerhapsI'llknowmoreEnglishafterIhavelearntitfortwoyears.特別注意：1.Thisis(Itis)thefirst/secondtimethat…句型中，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在“Itwasthesecondtimethat…”中，也能用過去完成時(shí)。ThisisthesecondtimethatIhaveseenthefilm.ThatwasthethirdtimethatIhadvisitedtheplace.2.Itis(hasbeen)…since句型中，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Itis（hasbeen）threeyearssinceIbegantoworkonthestatefarm.3.在完成時(shí)中，一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語（for,since,howlong等）連用，此時(shí)必須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。buyhaveborrowkeepcatch/getacoldhaveacoldcome/arrive/reach/gettobebecomebegobeputonwearjoinbeingotoschoolbeastudentdiebedeadbegin/startbeonleavebeawayfallasleepbeasleepopenbeopenclose/shutbeclosedendbeovermarrybemarriedHehascomebackforthreeweeks.(×)Hehasbeenbackforthreeweeks.(√)Thewriterhasdiedfortwoyears.(×)Thewriterhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(√)Hehasleftfor6days.(×)Hehasbeenawayfor6days.(√)過去完成時(shí)had+p.p（過去分詞）過去的過去：by+過去的時(shí)間；表“過去某動(dòng)作或時(shí)間以前”的時(shí)間狀語。1)過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。Bytheendoflastweekwehadlearnedtenlessons.Intheexhibitionhesawmanyoilpaintingsthathehadneverseenbefore.2)表示由過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。Itrainedyesterdayafterithadbeendryformanymonths.Hesaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinhishometownsince1980.3)常用語nosooner…than…和hardly(scarcely)…when…句型的主句中，從句用一般過去時(shí)。（倒裝）Nosoonerhadhereachedhomethanitbegantorain.他一到家，就開始下雨了。Hehadhardlygotonthetrainwhenthetrainstartedout.他剛上火車，火車就開了。4)在wouldrather,wouldprefer等后面的從句中，如果表示過去的動(dòng)作或情況，用過去完成時(shí)。I’dratheryouhadbeenhereyesterday.要是你昨晚在這就好了。將來完成時(shí)willby+將來時(shí)間bythetime+將來時(shí)間表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。Bytheendofthisweek，Ishallhavefinishedthebook.Thechildrenwillhavegonetosleepbythetimewegethome.Whenyoucometonightateighto'clock，Ishallhavewrittenmypaper.過去將來完成時(shí)should表示在過去的將來的某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。Hesaidhewouldhavepaidbackthemoneybytheendoftheweek.Wetoldhimthatweshouldhavereturnedtothecampbyfouro'clock.IhopedshewouldhavefinishedtheworkbeforeIgotback.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)名稱結(jié)構(gòu)主要用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/hasbeen+v-ing表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)終止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行著。Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.Hehasbeenworkingonthepaperallday.--HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?--IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears.注意：有些不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如be，have，like，love，know，see，hear等，同樣也不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，而只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Shehasbeenillforalongtime.Ihavenotseenyouforages.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeen+V-ing表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始并延續(xù)到過去這個(gè)時(shí)間，這一動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行，也可能已經(jīng)停止。Thebabyhadbeencryingforfifteenminuteswhenhermothercamein.Theteacherhadbeenteachingforfortyyearsbythetimeheretired.Itseemedtoherthattheboyshadbeenshoutingforalongtime.專項(xiàng)練習(xí)________aconcertnextSaturday?A.TherewillbeB.WilltherebeC.TherecanbeD.ThereareIt’sgoodtoseeyouagain,Agnes.—ThishasbeenourfirstchancetovisitsincefromIran.A.youreturnB.youreturnedC.youhavereturnedD.returningIfit________tomorrow,we’llgoroller-skating.A.isn’trainB.won’trainC.doesn’trainD.doesn’tfine4.ThereportersaidthattheUFO___easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel5.Sorry,Ican’topenthedoor,forIthekeytoit.A.lostB.loseC.hadlostD.havelost6.“What'sthematter,Ali?Youlooksad.”“Oh,nothingmuch.Asamatteroffact,I___ofmyfriendsbackhome.”A.justthoughtB.havejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingD.havejustthought7.—DidyouexpectFranktocometotheparty?—No,butIhadhoped.A.himcomingB.himtocomeC.thathecomesD.thathewouldcome8.—Bobmustbeverywealthy.—Yes,hemoreinonedaythanIdoinaweek.A.hasbeenearnedB.hadearnedC.earnsD.hasearned9.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.She___ataradioshopatthetime.A.hasworkedB.wasworkingC.hadbeenworkingD.hadworked10.She_____herkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband____home.Ahasleft;comesBhadleft;wouldcomeChadleft;cameDleft;hadcome11.ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studyingMrGordenaskedmetoremindyouofthemeetingthisafternoon.Don’tforgetit!OK.I______.A.won'tB.don'tC.willD.doWhenIreachedhome,myparents__________theirsupper.A.arehavingB.havealreadyhadC.havehadD.hadalreadyhadShe__________inthisschool________thepasttenyears.A.wasteaching,sinceB.hadbeenteaching,sinceC.wouldteach,forD.hasbeenteaching,forIfirstmetTom10yearsago.He______inaradiofactoryatthattime.A.hadworkedB.hasworkedC.wasworkingD.hasbeenworkingWhat______whenIphonedyou?I______mywork,andIwantedtogoout.A.haveyoudone;finishedB.wereyoudoing;havefinishedC.didyoudo;hadjustfinishedD.wereyoudoing;hadjustfinishedIusedtodrinkalotofteabutthesedaysI______coffee.A.preferB.preferredC.hadpreferredD.ampreferringJimtalkedforabouthalfanhouryesterday.Never______himtalksomuch.A.IheardB.didIhearC.IhadheardD.hadIheardHe___articlesforourwall-newspaperthesethreeyears,andhe____aboutfortyarticles.A.hasbeenwriting;haswrittenB.hadbeenwriting;wroteC.iswriting;hasbeenwritingD.haswritten;haswrittenWhenhewasalive,theoldscientistusedtosaythatknowledge______frompracticeandhegainedhisexperiencebydoingalotofpracticalwork.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.comesD.wouldcomeHowareyouplanningtotraveltoShanghai?I______yet,butI______takingatrain.A.didn’tdecide;amconsideringB.haven’tdecided;considerC.haven’tdecided;amconsideringD.hadn’tdecided;haveconsideredWho’sthemanoverthere?It’sJack.Oh?______inItaly.A.Ithinkhe’sB.I’vethoughthe’sbeenC.IthoughthewasD.I’dthoughthe’dbeenIthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe______it.A.doesn’tmentionB.hadn’tmentionedC.didn’tmentionD.hasn’tmentioned—Howlong________eachotherbeforethey________married?—Foraboutayear.A.havetheyknown;getB.didtheyknow;getC.dotheyknow;aregoingtogetD.hadtheyknown;gotWewouldliketogoandthankhimourselves，butwe________outhisaddressyet,A.haven’tfoundB.hadn’tfoundC.didn’tfindD.don’tfindShirley________abookaboutChinalastyearbutIdon’tknowwhethershehasfinished.A.haswrittenB.wroteC.hadwrittenD.waswriting—DoyouknowwhenTom________fromabroad?—Perhapsitwillbealongtimebeforehe________back.A.willcome;willcomeBes;willcomeC.willcome;comesDes;comesThepenI________I________isonmydesk，rightundermynose.A.think;lostB.thought;hadlostC.think;hadlostD.thought;lostHoweverhardyou________，youwillneversucceedinpleasingher.A.tryB.willtryC.shouldtryD.wouldtryBythistimetomorrowwe________themachine.A.haverepairedB.shallhaverepairedC.willrepairD.wouldrepairI________theroomtobeemptybutfounditoccupied.A.hadthoughtB.havethoughtC.didn’tthinkD.wasthinking

論大學(xué)生寫作能力寫作能力是對(duì)自己所積累的信息進(jìn)行選擇、提取、加工、改造并將之形成為書面文字的能力。積累是寫作的基礎(chǔ)，積累越厚實(shí)，寫作就越有基礎(chǔ)，文章就能根深葉茂開奇葩。沒有積累，胸?zé)o點(diǎn)墨，怎么也不會(huì)寫出作文來的。寫作能力是每個(gè)大學(xué)生必須具備的能力。從目前高校整體情況上看，大學(xué)生的寫作能力較為欠缺。一、大學(xué)生應(yīng)用文寫作能力的定義那么，大學(xué)生的寫作能力究竟是指什么呢？葉圣陶先生曾經(jīng)說過，“大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不一定能寫小說詩歌，但是一定要寫工作和生活中實(shí)用的文章，而且非寫得既通順又扎實(shí)不可?！睂?duì)于大學(xué)生的寫作能力應(yīng)包含什么，可能有多種理解，但從葉圣陶先生的談話中，我認(rèn)為：大學(xué)生寫作能力應(yīng)包括應(yīng)用寫作能力和文學(xué)寫作能力，而前者是必須的，后者是“不一定”要具備，能具備則更好。眾所周知，對(duì)于大學(xué)生來說，是要寫畢業(yè)論文的，我認(rèn)為寫作論文的能力可以包含在應(yīng)用寫作能力之中。大學(xué)生寫作能力的體現(xiàn)，也往往是在撰寫畢業(yè)論文中集中體現(xiàn)出來的。本科畢業(yè)論文無論是對(duì)于學(xué)生個(gè)人還是對(duì)于院系和學(xué)校來說，都是十分重要的。如何提高本科畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量和水平，就成為教育行政部門和高校都很重視的一個(gè)重要課題。如何提高大學(xué)生的寫作能力的問題必須得到社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注，并且提出對(duì)策去實(shí)施解決。二、造成大學(xué)生應(yīng)用文寫作困境的原因：（一）大學(xué)寫作課開設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。就目前中國多數(shù)高校的學(xué)科設(shè)置來看，除了中文專業(yè)會(huì)系統(tǒng)開設(shè)寫作的系列課程外，其他專業(yè)的學(xué)生都只開設(shè)了普及性的《大學(xué)語文》課。學(xué)生寫作能力的提高是一項(xiàng)艱巨復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，而我們的課程設(shè)置僅把這一任務(wù)交給了大學(xué)語文教師，可大學(xué)語文教師既要在有限課時(shí)時(shí)間內(nèi)普及相關(guān)經(jīng)典名著知識(shí)，又要適度提高學(xué)生的鑒賞能力，且要教會(huì)學(xué)生寫作規(guī)律并提高寫作能力，任務(wù)之重實(shí)難完成。（二）對(duì)實(shí)用寫作的普遍性不重視?！按髮W(xué)語文”教育已經(jīng)被嚴(yán)重地“邊緣化”。目前對(duì)中國語文的態(tài)度淡漠，而是呈現(xiàn)出全民學(xué)英語的大好勢頭。中小學(xué)如此，大學(xué)更是如此。對(duì)我們的母語中國語文，在大學(xué)反而被漠視，沒有相關(guān)的課程的設(shè)置，沒有系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練。這其實(shí)是國人的一種偏見。應(yīng)用寫作有它自