Unit4:TextB

Passage

LanguageandCulturalPointsUnit4:TextBADifferentView

ByPaulSloaneYoucannotlookinanewdirectionbylookingharderinthesamedirection.—EdwarddeBono1.Haveyoueverbeeninawoodthatjustlookedlikearandomassortmentoftrees,thenwhenyoutakeafewstepstothesideyouseethatallthetreesarelaidoutinneatrows?SometimeswearestandinginthewrongplacetoseeanobviousUnit4:TextBanswer.Wehavetodeliberatelytakeadifferentpointofview,comeattheproblemfromanewdirectionbeforewehaveachanceofcreatingaradicalsolution.

2.In1968theaudienceattheOlympicGamesinMexicoCitywasamazedtoseeayoungmantakethehighjumpwithhisbacktothebar.Alltheothercompetitorsusedthetime-honoredWesternRollapproachofjumpingwiththeirfaceandstomachbrushingthebar.ThetimewasripeforayoungAmerican,DickFosbury,toaskafundamentalquestion：“Isthereabetterwaytoperformahighjump?”Heexperimentedandfoundthattherewas.Unit4:TextBHewonthegoldmedalandtransformedthesport.Hequestionedtheprevailingassumptionsandapproachedtheproblemfromanewandlateraldirection.Hiswastrulyaleapoftheimagination.

3.HenryFordtookadifferentviewtoassemblingmotorcars.Traditionallythecarwouldbeassembledinoneplace,withdifferentworkerscomingalongtofittheengine,thegearbox,thedashboard,thebrakesandsoon.Heasked,“Whatwouldhappenifinsteadoftheworkersmovingtothecar,thecarmovedtotheworkers?”Hisradicalideawasthecarassemblyline.Itenabledthestandardizedmassproductionofcarsatamuchloweroverallcost.Unit4:TextB4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgy,whodiscoveredVitaminC,putitthisway,“Geniusisseeingwhateveryoneelseseesandthinkingwhatnooneelsehasthought.”Ifyoucansurveyasituationfromadifferentviewpointthenyouhaveagoodchanceofgaininganewinsight.ThisiswhatMichaelCullendid.Hetookadifferentviewininventingthesupermarket,whenheimaginedturningtheshoparoundsothatcustomersservedthemselves.5.Addtogetherthesenumbersinyourhead:398,395,396,399.IfyouaddthemtheconventionalwaythenitisataxingpieceofUnit4:TextBmentalarithmetic.Butifyounoticethattheycanberewrittenas400－2,400－5,400－4and400－1thenitiseasytoseethetotalis1600－12＝1588.Ifwetakeaslightlydifferentviewoftheproblemorrestateitinadifferentwayitbecomesmucheasiertosolve.6.Howcanweforceourselvestotakeadifferentviewofasituation?Insteadoflookingatthescenefromyourviewtrylookingatitfromtheperspectiveofacustomer,aproduct,asupplier,achild,analien,apoet,acomedian,adictator,ananarchist,anarchitect,SalvadorDali,LeonardodaVinciandsoon.Unit4:TextB7.Ifyouhadtostudyavalley,howmanywayscouldyoulookatit?Youcouldlookupanddownthevalley,youcouldscanitfromtheriverside,orstandandlookacrossitfromeachhillside.Youcouldwalkit,drivealongtheroadortakeaboatdowntheriver.Youcouldstudyasatellitephoto.Youcouldperuseamap.Eachgivesyouadifferentviewofthevalley,andeachaddstoyourunderstandingofthevalley.Whydowenotdothesamewithabusinessproblem?Whydoweimmediatelytrytoframeasolutionbeforewehaveapproachedtheproblemfrommultipledifferingperspectives?Unit4:TextB8.ThegreatguruoflateralthinkingisEdwarddeBono.HedescribeshowheconsultedwithFordMotorCorporationabouthowtheycouldcompetemoreeffectivelyinEurope.DeBono’sideawasveryinnovative.Fordapproachedtheproblemofcompetingfromthepointofviewofacarmanufacturer,andaskedthequestion,“Howcanwemakeourcarsmoreattractivetoconsumers?”DeBonoapproachedtheproblemfromanotherdirectionandaskedthequestion,“HowcanwemakethewholedrivingexperiencebetterforFordcustomers?”TheanswerheUnit4:TextBcameupwithwastoensurethattheycouldalwaysparkincongestedcities.HisadvicewasthatFordshouldbuyupcarparksinallthemajorcitycentersandmakethemavailableforFordcarsonly.TheideawastooradicalforFord,whichsawitselfasanautomobilemanufacturerwithnointerestinthecarparkbusiness.

9.Inthe1950sthefreightshippingbusinesswasindecline.Cargoshipswereexpensivetobuildandrun.TheyspentalongtimeinharbourwaitingforunionizeddockerstounloadandthenUnit4:TextBloadthem.Airfreightwasrapidlytakingmarketshare.Foryearstheindustryhadtriedtoreducecosts,butthiswasnottheanswer.Adifferentapproachwasneeded,anditcamewithcontainerization.Ifthecargowasloadedintocontainers,mostoftheworkcouldbedonebeforetheshiparrivedinharbour.Thevesselsachievedmuchfasterturnaroundsandthereforetheircost-effectivenesswasdramaticallyincreased.Newefficientcontainerportssprangupwhichwerenotriddledwithold-fashionedpractices.Unit4:TextB

10.Thegreatinnovatorsdidnottakethetraditionalviewanddevelopexistingideas.Theytookanentirelydifferentviewandtransformedsociety.Picassotookadifferentviewofpainting,Einsteinimaginedanewapproachtophysics,Darwinconceivedadifferentviewofcreation.Eachofthemlookedattheworldinanewway.InsimilarfashionJeffBezostookadifferentviewofbookretailingwithAmazon,SteliostookanewperspectiveonflyingwithEasyjet,SwatchtransformedourviewofwatchesandIKEAchangedthewaywebuyfurniture.IfyoucancomeatproblemsfromentirelynewdirectionsthenyouhaveunlimitedUnit4:TextBpossibilitiesforinnovation.Forceyourselftoreframetheproblem,tobreakdownitscomponentsandassemblethemadifferentway,andsometimesabettersolutionbecomesapparent.（1,022words）

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsPaulSloanePaulSloaneisanauthorandpublicspeakeronlateralthinkingandinnovation.Hewasbornin1950inJohnstone,ScotlandandwaseducatedatStJoseph'sCollege,BlackpoolandTrinityHall,CambridgewherehereadEngineering.Heistheleadingauthorofbooksoflateralthinkingpuzzles,manyofthebooksareco-authoredwithDesMacHale.Heworkedfor11yearsforIBMbecameMDforAshton-TateandVPInternationalforMathsoft.HewastheheadoftheInnovationUnitattheBritishQualityFoundation.Hewritesoninnovation,openinnovationandcrowdsourcing.Hehelpeddeveloptheconceptoftheinnovationcamp.HisbooksincludeTheInnovativeLeader,TheLeader'sGuidetoLateralThinkingSkills,andAGuidetoOpenInnovationandCrowdsourcing.HelivesinCamberleyandismarriedwiththreedaughters.Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsExamples:Theshophasarichassortmentofgoods.

這個(gè)商店有各種各樣的貨品。assortment—n.amixtureofdifferentthingsorofvariouskindsofthesamethingItspopulationwasahybridassortment.這里的居民是個(gè)大雜燴。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsradical—a.1.(ofchangeordifference)verybigandimportantExamples:Thegovernmentisputtingthroughsomeradicalsocialreforms.政府正在實(shí)行某些重大的社會改革。Thereareradicaldifferencesbetweenthetwoorganizations.這兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)有著很大的差異。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsradical—a.2.favoringthoroughpoliticalorsocialreform;holdingextremeviewsExamples:Ihaveamoreradicalsuggestion.我有一個(gè)更激進(jìn)的建議。Idon’tbelongtotheschoolofthoughtthatfavorsradicalchange.我不屬于激進(jìn)派。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—a.adheringtobeliefsorpracticesapprovedbyauthorityortraditionExamples:SpringFestivalisatime-honoredcelebrationofthenewyearinChina.春節(jié)在中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的、慶祝新年的節(jié)日。time-honoredItisobviousthatthesewestern-basedfestivalsareharmingourtime-honoredtraditions.很明顯，這些西方舶來的節(jié)日正在破壞我們歷史悠久的傳統(tǒng)。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—a.relatingtothemostbasicandimportantpartsofsth.Example:Therearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenyourreligiousbeliefsandmine.你我的宗教信仰有著根本的不同。fundamental

Aknowledgeofeconomicsisfundamentaltoanyunderstandingofthisproblem.經(jīng)濟(jì)知識對于理解這個(gè)問題至關(guān)重要。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—n.(usu.pl.)themainormostimportantrulesorpartsExample:Loyaltyisoneofthemostbasicfundamentalsyoushouldfollowasasoldier.作為一名士兵，忠誠是你必須遵循的最基本的原則之一。fundamental

Ifyoutwoaregoingtomarry,Iadvisethatyoushouldknowthefundamentalsofcooking.如果你倆要結(jié)婚的話，我建議你們要了解烹調(diào)的基本知識。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointstransform—v.tocompletelychangetheappearance,form,orcharacterofsth.orsb.,esp.inawaythatimprovesitExamples:Hisplansweretransformedovernightintoreality.他的計(jì)劃迅速變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。Theclothesdesignedbymecantransformintolotsofstyles.我設(shè)計(jì)的衣服可以轉(zhuǎn)變成許多不同的風(fēng)格。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointslateral—a.relatingtothesidesofsth.,ormovementtothesideExamples:Thewallisweakandrequireslateralsupport.這堵墻不結(jié)實(shí)，需要從側(cè)面支撐一下。Forlateralhires,wearegenerallylookingforrelevantacademicskillsorworkexperience.在橫向招聘中，我們尋找的一般是有相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)技能或工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointstaxing—a.needingalotofeffort;demanding

Examples:Furthermore,workisnowsaferandnotastaxingonthehumanbody.此外，現(xiàn)在的工作比較安全，而且在體力上也沒有那么繁重。Bearingandraisingtwinsistaxingforthemother.對于母親而言，生養(yǎng)雙胞胎是很費(fèi)力的。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsperspective—n.1.aparticularwayofconsideringsth.2.view,esp.onestretchingintothedistanceExamples:Fromanotherperspective,hesavedthefirmbysellingit.從另一個(gè)角度來說，他通過出售公司而挽救了它。Youcanseeitfromanewperspective.你可以從一個(gè)新的角度來看它。Fromthetopofthehillyoucangetaperspectiveoftheentirepark.從山頂上你能眺望整個(gè)公園的景色。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsalien—n.sb.whoisnotalegalcitizenofthecountrytheyarelivingorworkingin;acreaturefromanotherworldExamples:I’mveryhappytobebackintheUSwhereeverythingisfamiliarandwhereIdon’tfeellikeanalienwhenIspeakEnglish.我很高興回到美國，這里的一切都讓我感到親切，在這里我說英語時(shí)不會被認(rèn)為是個(gè)外星人。Immigrantworkerswereclassedasresidentaliens.移民來的工人已歸入外僑類。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsalien—a.verydifferentfromwhatyouareusedto,esp.inawaythatisdifficulttounderstandoracceptExamples:Iranintoanoldfriendinthealienland.我在異國他鄉(xiāng)遇到故知。Afterthealienspacecrafthadhoveredovertheparkforashorttime,itvanished.那只外星飛船在公園上空盤旋了一會兒之后就消失了。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsarchitect—n.sb.whosejobistodesignbuildingsExamples:Theycommissionedanarchitecttodesignthenewlibrary.他們委托一位建筑師設(shè)計(jì)這座新圖書館。

Thearchitectwaspresentedwithablankchequetodesignanewcitycentre.這位設(shè)計(jì)師被授予全權(quán)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)新的城市中心區(qū)。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsperuse—v.(fml.)toreadsth.,esp.inacarefulwayExamples:Afterbreakfastheperusedthenewspapers.早飯后，他認(rèn)真閱讀了報(bào)紙。Shecasthereyesagainoverthelettertoperuseitasecondtime,andsawtherewasapostscript.她的目光又回到了那封信上,又讀了第二遍,發(fā)現(xiàn)還有一小段附言。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscongested—a.crowded;fullofvehiclesortrafficExamples:Thestreetwascongestedwithtraffic.街道因往來車輛而堵塞。

DepartmentstoresareoftencongestedbeforeChristmas.圣誕節(jié)前百貨商店里常常很擁擠。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsfreight—n.goodstransportedbyships,planes,trainsortrucksExamples:TheCustomshavefoundheroinhiddeninfreight.海關(guān)查出了隱藏在貨物中的海洛因。Wecansenditbyairorseafreight.我們可以將其空運(yùn)或海運(yùn)。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscargo—n.goodsthatarebeingtransportedinashiporplaneExamples:Howlongwillthedischargeofthecargotake?卸貨需要多久？Thisporthandles100milliontonsofcargoeachyear.這個(gè)港口每年的貨物吞吐量達(dá)1億噸。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsvessel—n.1.alargeshiporboatExamples:It’shardtopilotavesselinroughweather.在惡劣天氣中為船舶引航是很困難的。ThevesselisfullyloadedwithcargoforShanghai.這艘船滿載貨物駛往上海。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsvessel—n.2.atubethatcarriesbloodthroughthebodyofapersonorananimalExamples:Heburstabloodvesselinafitofcoughing.他一陣咳嗽咳破了血管。Firstthesurgeonperformedthesectionofthebloodvessel.外科醫(yī)生首先切開血管。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsriddled—a.fullofsth.badorunpleasantExamples:Thisledtobusinessesriddledwithconflictsofinterestandculture.這使得企業(yè)充斥著利益和文化沖突。Hiscampaignwasriddledwithaccusationsandpersonalattacks.他的競選活動充斥著指責(zé)和人身攻擊。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsretail—v.tobesoldforaparticularpriceinashopExamples:Thesesocksretailat1dollarapair.這些襪子零賣一美元一雙。TheiPhoneisexpectedtoretailforunder＄300.據(jù)估計(jì),iPhone的零售價(jià)不超過300美元。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsretail—n.thesellingofgoodstoconsumers，usu.insmallquantitiesandnotforresaleExamples:Couldyoutellmetheretailpricesoftheseshoes?你能告訴我這些鞋子的零售價(jià)嗎？Therateofretailpricerosegreatly.零售價(jià)上漲了很多。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscomponent—n.oneofseveralpartsthattogethermakeupawholemachine,system,etc.Examples:Eachcomponentiscarefullycheckedbeforeassembly.每個(gè)零件在裝配前都經(jīng)過仔細(xì)檢查。Whatifnoneofthemcontainsthecomponentthatyouneed?如果它們都不包含你所需要的零件，那該怎么辦呢？Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscomponent—a.beingpartofsth.Examples:Brimstoneisacomponentpartofexplosive.硫磺是炸藥的一種組成成分。Weshouldanalyzethecomponentpartsofthesentence.我們應(yīng)該分析這個(gè)句子的組成成分。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsapparent—a.easytonoticeExamples:Sheheardthenewsofhisdeathwithapparentunconcern.她聽到他的死訊無動于衷。Eventhoughshehadinnerdoubts,itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.即使心中生疑她也不形于色。

Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Wildlifeconservationisimportantfromboththecommercialandnon-commercialstandpoint.Wildlifeconservationisimportantfromboththecommercialandnon-commercialperspective.Thisdecisionrepresentsthefundamentalinterestsofthepeople.Thisdecisionrepresentsthebasicinterestsofthepeople.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReplacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Themagicianchangedthefrogintoaprincess.Themagiciantransformedthefrogintoaprincess.ButgiventheevermorecongestedstateofChina’sroads,andsomanyinexperiencednewdrivers,theauthorities’interventionseemsnotstrongenough.ButgiventheevermorecrowdedstateofChina’sroads,andsomanyinexperiencednewdrivers,theauthorities’interventionseemsnotstrongenough.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReplacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Shehadmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherobviousrudeness.Shehadmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherapparentrudeness.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReadthefollowingpassage.Foreachnumberedblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.transmittingB.transformingC.transferringD.transportingA.shaped B.shaded C.shook D.shockedA.make B.takeC.triggerD.promoteHenryForddidnotinventtheautomobile.Butmorethananyothersingleindividual,hewasresponsiblefor1._____________theautomobilefromaninventionofunknownutilityintoaninnovationthatprofoundly2.________the20thcentury,andcontinuestoaffectthe21st.Innovatorschangethings,theytakenewideas,sometimestheirown,sometimesotherpeople’s,anddevelopand3._______thoseideasuntiltheybecomeanacceptedpartofdailylife.InnovationUnit4Exercises:ClozetransformingshapedpromoteReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.inquiresB.requiresC.acquiresD.appealsA.fiction B.vision C.illusionD.preparationA.characteristicsB.phenomenaC.circumstancesD.prospectsA.largelyB.partiallyC.fullyD.properly4.________selfconfidence,atastefortakingrisks,leadershipability,anda(an)

5.________ofwhatthefutureshouldbe.HenryFordhadallthese6._____________,butittookmanyyearstodevelopallofthem7._______.

Intheturbulentworldofearlyautomobilemanufacturing,HenryFordUnit4Exercises:ClozecharacteristicsvisionrequiresfullyReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.better B.more C.worse D.lessA.to B.forC.against D.onA.distributionsB.attributionsC.contributionsD.contradictionsA.match B.contactC.combinationD.cooperation

stoodout8.______forproductdesignthanforhisracecarmarketing

andhissuccessfulresistance9.______theSeldenautopatents(塞爾登汽車專利).What,then,pushedhimintothegroupofUSheroes?Three10.______________combinedtoformhisenduringreputation:TheModelT,theMovingAssemblyLine,andtheFiveDollarDay.

The1908ModelTisarguablythebest11.__________oftechnicalUnit4Exercises:ClozetolesscontributionsmatchReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.respondedtoB.l