神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控第1頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)catalogue神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)功能電活動(dòng)電位產(chǎn)生突觸傳遞神經(jīng)調(diào)控神經(jīng)通路脊髓反射第2頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Structureofneurons1細(xì)胞膜cytomembrane2胞體soma（細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞器）3細(xì)胞骨架cytoskeleton4突觸synapsis第3頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)cytomembrane第4頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Soma線粒體mitochondria內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)endoplasmic

reticulum高爾基體Golgiapparatus核糖體ribosome溶酶體lysosome第5頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)cytoskeleton神經(jīng)元纖維neurofibril微管microtubule神經(jīng)絲neurofilament微絲microfilament第6頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)synapseSynapse：一個(gè)神經(jīng)元與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元進(jìn)行信息交流的接觸點(diǎn)，是神經(jīng)元信息交流的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。突觸傳遞：TheprocessofinformationtransteratasynapsechemicalsynapseSynapse

electricalsynapse第7頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Neuronalactivity1代謝活動(dòng)Metabolicactivity2胞漿活動(dòng)Axoplasmicactivities3電活動(dòng)Electricalactivity4遞質(zhì)釋放Neurotransmitterrelease第8頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalactivity信息載體腦的重要功能活動(dòng)形式第9頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalactivity第10頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalactivity第11頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalactivity五種電位1電緊張電位Electrotonicpotential（線性關(guān)系）2局部反應(yīng)Localpotential

（電刺激+膜電位改變）3動(dòng)作電位Actionpotential

（介紹極化狀態(tài)的改變，發(fā)放的模式表示不同的信息）4突觸電位Synapticpotential

膜電位第12頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalactivity第13頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Ionchannels1

Non-gateionchannels2gatedionchannel

voltage-gatedionchannelsNaKcl

ligandgatedchannelsNeurotransmitter第14頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)RestingpotentialRestingpotential神經(jīng)元及其他可興奮細(xì)胞未受刺激時(shí)存在于細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)外兩側(cè)的電壓差非門控離子通道是靜息電位的形成基礎(chǔ)第15頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Actionpotential動(dòng)作電位是可興奮細(xì)胞興奮時(shí)原有膜電位基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)的跨膜電位變化Na離子通道是動(dòng)作電位的形成基礎(chǔ)Na離子內(nèi)流的再生循環(huán)Na離子通道的失活關(guān)閉第16頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)1絕對(duì)不應(yīng)期

absoluterefractoryperiod2相對(duì)不應(yīng)期

relativlerefractoryperiod3超常期supernormalregion4低常期subnormalperiod特征：全或無(wú)、不衰減擴(kuò)布、脈沖發(fā)放、興奮性變化第17頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)synapsis第18頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Synaptictransmission

Electricalsynapses

structurefunction

Synaptic

Chemicalsynapsesstructure

classification

第19頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ElectricalsynapsesGapjunction第20頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Electricalsynapses介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元同步活動(dòng)通過相鄰細(xì)胞共享電信號(hào)和化學(xué)信號(hào)，參與調(diào)節(jié)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)元參與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能調(diào)節(jié)第21頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)chemicalsynapsemostsynaptictransmissioninthematurehumannervoussystemisthroughchemicalsynapseelementarystrctureofchemicalsynapse

presynapticelements

postsynapticelements

synapticcleft第22頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)P(yáng)resynapticelementsSynapticvesicleandmitochondria

secretoryvesicleSynapticvesicle

largedensecorevesicle第23頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)synapticcleftextracellularmatrixproteincelladhesionmolecular

細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白粘附分子第24頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)postsynapticelements1postsynapticmembrance2receptors3postsynapticdensity(致密帶）第25頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)P(yáng)SDThepostsynapticdensity(PSD)isaproteindensespecializationattachedtothepostsynapticmembrane.PSDswereoriginallyidentifiedbyelectronmicroscopyasanelectron-denseregionatthemembraneofapostsynapticneuron.ThePSDisincloseappositiontothepresynapticactivezoneandensuresthatreceptorsareincloseproximitytopresynapticneurotransmitterreleasesites.PSDsvaryinsizeandcompositionamongbrainregionsandhavebeenstudiedingreatdetailatglutamatergicsynapses.Hundredsofproteinshavebeenidentifiedinthepostsynapticdensityincludingglutamatereceptors,scaffoldproteins,andmanysignalingmolecules.致密帶(PSD)是一種附著于突觸后膜的蛋白質(zhì)致密化。PSDs最初被電子顯微鏡鑒定為一個(gè)在突觸后神經(jīng)元膜上的電子致密區(qū)域。PSD與突觸前活躍區(qū)密切相關(guān)，并確保受體接近突觸前神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放位點(diǎn)。PSDs在大腦區(qū)域的大小和組成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神經(jīng)突觸上進(jìn)行了大量的研究。在突觸后的密度中有數(shù)百種蛋白質(zhì)，包括谷氨酸受體、支架蛋白和許多信號(hào)分子第26頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ClassificationofchemicalsynapseBasedonthepartoftheneuronposttotheaxonterminal

Basedonthepresynapticandpostsynapticmembrane

GrayⅠ球形

后膜較前膜厚興奮性突觸

GrayⅡ橢圓形

對(duì)稱性抑制性突觸Basedontheneurotransmitter第27頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)P(yáng)rinciplesofsynaptictransmission合成遞質(zhì)所需的酶首先向軸突末梢轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

在胞漿進(jìn)行遞質(zhì)合成

遞質(zhì)進(jìn)入突觸囊泡進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存

轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體transporter囊泡膜上的特殊鑲嵌蛋白

經(jīng)典神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)按化學(xué)梯度和電梯度進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)第28頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Quantalrelease量子釋放第29頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)NeurotransmittersactingonsynapsesConformationchangesofreceptorsFunctional

changesofreceptors第30頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Maintypesofheurobransmitterreceptors1transmitter-gatedionchannel門控離子通道

contormabonchange

Ionchannedopen

Ionflux

postsynapticpotential

Nacl第31頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Theneurotransmitterisreleasedandcleared1simplediffusion2reuptakeintothepresynapticaxonterminal——transponer

veloadedintosynapticvesicles

enzymaticallydestroyed3uptakebygliacell4degradationinsynapticcleft第32頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)neurotransmitterneurotransmitter:作用于次一級(jí)神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)器細(xì)胞膜上相應(yīng)的受體而發(fā)生效應(yīng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)

neurotransmitter:Ach，NE，DA，Glu，

GABA

神經(jīng)肽neuropeptides

NO，CO

第33頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Thecharacteristicofneurotransmitter1神經(jīng)元必須具有合成該N遞質(zhì)的合成酶系

2合成的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)必須能被突觸囊泡所儲(chǔ)存

3存儲(chǔ)的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)以胞裂外排的方式釋放，直接外加該遞質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生相同的突觸后效應(yīng)

4釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)迅速作用于突觸后膜產(chǎn)生生物效應(yīng)5突觸間隙的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)將快速失活6遞質(zhì)擬似劑和受體阻斷劑能加強(qiáng)或阻斷該遞質(zhì)的突觸傳遞效應(yīng)第34頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)NeurotransmittersactonreceptorsHighefficaryReversibleStereospecificAgonistandantagonist第35頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)1中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)感覺信息的興奮與抑制CNScanenhanceorsuppresssensoryinformation2運(yùn)動(dòng)與神經(jīng)活動(dòng)MotorandNerveActivites

（1運(yùn)動(dòng)中神經(jīng)活動(dòng)的整合integrationofneuronalactivityinmovement

（2運(yùn)動(dòng)控制中反射活動(dòng)的作用Theroleofreflexactivityinmotorcontrol第36頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制理論Theoryofmotioncontrol反射理論reflectiontheory等級(jí)理論Leveloftheory運(yùn)動(dòng)程序理論Theoryofmotionprogramming系統(tǒng)理論動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)作理論第37頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)sensorysystem軀體感覺系統(tǒng)視覺系統(tǒng)聽覺系統(tǒng)前庭系統(tǒng)第38頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)感覺系統(tǒng)sensorysystem淺感覺superficialsensibility

痛覺，溫度覺，觸壓覺深感覺deepsensibility

本體感覺，位置覺，震動(dòng)覺第39頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元Themoststronglystimulatedreceptorsmay，throughcollateralsfromtheafferentfibers，stimulateinhibitoryinterneurons

2許多激活的神經(jīng)被不活潑或沉默神經(jīng)元抑制區(qū)包圍Themostactivatedneuronswillbesurroundedbyaninhibitoryzoneoflessactiveorsilentneurons3觸覺刺激就會(huì)被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評(píng)估第40頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)

外周感受器1musclespindle2GTOs3jointreceptor4skinreceptorsomatosensorysystem第41頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)

肌梭musclespindle

Ⅰa型纖維Ⅱ型纖維單突觸脊髓反射經(jīng)皮質(zhì)反射第42頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)

脊髓反射reflect

牽張反射myotaticreflex

1腱反射、肌緊張

2屈反射和交互抑制反射Reciprocalinhibitionreflex第43頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)牽張反射環(huán)路α神經(jīng)元γ神經(jīng)元——增強(qiáng)Ⅰa及Ⅱ型纖維的能力肌梭對(duì)脊髓反射通路和長(zhǎng)環(huán)反射同路形成起重要作用第44頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)高爾基腱器GTOs抑制性去突觸反射第45頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)jointreceptorRuffini型末梢Paciniancorpuscle帕西尼體形式末梢Ligamentreceptor韌帶感受器Teleneuron神經(jīng)末梢第46頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)skinreceptor第47頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ThebodysensationatthespinalcordlevelGrillnerandWallen（1985）CONTROLOFMOTONEURONEOSCILLATIONSDURINGRHYTHMICITY第48頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Sensorypathway背側(cè)束-內(nèi)側(cè)丘系傳導(dǎo)通路DC-ML前外側(cè)系傳道通路第49頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)thalamus第50頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Thalamus第51頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ThalamusandsomatosensorycortexThethalamus,anundevelopedanimalinthecortex,isthehighestlevelofsensation.AnimalsinthecerebralcortexarethemostimportantsensorytransductionstationsDamageinthisareacancauseserioussensoryproblems第52頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)丘腦及軀體感覺皮層第53頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)integrationofneuronalactivitysensoryintegration

multisensoryintegration第54頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)興奮與抑制1傳入纖維的側(cè)支可刺激抑制性中間神經(jīng)元Themoststronglystimulatedreceptorsmay，throughcollateralsfromtheafferentfibers，stimulateinhibitoryinterneurons

2許多激活的神經(jīng)被不活潑或沉默神經(jīng)元抑制區(qū)包圍Themostactivatedneuronswillbesurroundedbyaninhibitoryzoneoflessactiveorsilentneurons3觸覺刺激就會(huì)被大腦皮層更精確地定位和評(píng)估第55頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)聯(lián)合皮層associationcortical第56頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)motor

cortex運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)域的輸入信號(hào)來自基底節(jié)，小腦和感覺區(qū)域（丘腦，s1以及頂葉感覺聯(lián)合區(qū)）第57頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)第58頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束）

corticospinaltract第59頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)

錐體束（皮質(zhì)脊髓束）

corticospinaltract

Evarts（1968）Georgopoulos（1982）Thedischargeofcorticalspinalneuronsinthewristofamonkeyrelatedthefiringratesofindividualneuronstovariousmovementparameterssuchasposition,velocity,andforce(Evarts,1968,Georgopoulosetal.,1982)第60頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)CP第61頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)SMA，Cingulate，PMv，PMdFourpre-motorcorticalregionscontroldiffe