Pragmatics

Preview:Invisiblemeaning(隱含意義)Context(語(yǔ)境)Deixis(指示語(yǔ))Reference(指稱)Anaphora(照應(yīng))Presupposition(預(yù)設(shè))Speechacts(言語(yǔ)行為)Politeness(禮貌原則)Pragmatics：

Itreferstothestudyof“intendedspeakermeaning”.Invisible

meaning

隱含意義Inorderforustorecognizetheinvisiblemeaning,thewritersmustbeabletodependonalotofsharedassumptionsandexpectations.Then,weusethemeaningofthewords,incombination,andthecontextinwhichtheyoccur,andwetrytoarrivedatwhatthewriterofthesignintended

hismessagetoconvey.Context

語(yǔ)境Therearedifferentkindsofcontext.Onekindisdescribedas

linguisticcontext,alsoknownas

co-text.Moregenerally,weknowhowtointerpretwordsonthebasisofphysicalcontext.Co-textTheco-textofawordisthesetofotherwordsusedinthesamephraseorsentence.Thesurroundingco-texthasastrongeffectonwhatwethinkthewordmeans.BankIneedtogotothebank

towithdrawsomecash.It’sonthenorthbank

oftheThames.Thegirlsrandownthesteepgrassybank.Hehasabankofknowledge.thesideofariver,canal,etc.andthelandnearitanorganizationthatprovidesvariousfinancialservicesanamountofsththatiscollected;aplacewheresthisstoredreadyforusearaisedareaofgroundthatslopesatthesides,oftenattheedgeofsthordividingsthPhysicalcontextOurunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.Deixis

指示語(yǔ)

Persondeixis:it,this,me,you,him,them,etc.Spatialdeixis:here,there,nearthat,etc.Temporaldeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek,etc.You’llhavetobringitbacktomorrowbecausesheisn’there

today.PersondeixisPersondeixisPersondeixisTemporaldeixisTemporaldeixisSpatialdeixisAllthedeicticexpressionshavetobeinterpretedintermsofwhichperson,placeortimethespeakerhasinmind.Wemakeabroaddistinctionbetweenwhatismarkedasclosetothespeaker(this,here,now)andwhatisdistant(that,there,then),wecanalsoindicatewhethermovementisawayfromthespeaker’slocation(go)ortowardthespeakerslocation(come).Reference

指稱Indiscussingdeixis,weassumedthattheuseofwordstorefertopeopleandthingswasasimplematter.However,wordsthemselvesdon’trefertoanything.Peoplerefer.Wehavetodefinereferenceasanactbywhichaspeaker(orwriter)useslanguagetoenablealistener(orreader)toidentifysomething.A:CanIlookatyourChomsky?

B:Sure,it’sontheshelfoverthere.

Chomsky

referstothebookwrittenbyChomsky.Waiter1:Where’sthefreshsaladsitting?

Waiter2:He’ssittingbythedoor.Freshsaladreferstothecustomerwhoorderedfreshsalad.Teacher:YoucanborrowmyShakespeare.Waiter:thehamsandwichleftwithoutpaying.Nurse:Thehernia（疝氣）inroom5wantstotalktothedoctor.Dentist:myeleven-thirtycanceledsoIhadanearlylunch.Wecanusenamesassociatedwiththingstorefertopeopleandnamesofpeopletorefertothings.Thekeyprocesshereiscalledinference.Aninferenceisanyadditionalinformation

usedbythelistenertoconnectwhatissaidtowhatmustbemeant.

TermsLinguisticcontext(co-text)(語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境\上下文語(yǔ)境):Itreferstothatwhichoccursbeforeand\orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Itoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Physicalcontext(客觀環(huán)境語(yǔ)境):Ourunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.Deixis(指示語(yǔ)):ItcomesfromtheGreekworddeixiswhichmeans“pointing”vialanguage.Reference(指稱):Itisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto,ormo