考研英語(yǔ)翻譯的文章特點(diǎn)1997年動(dòng)物權(quán)利問(wèn)題1998年宇 1999年歷史學(xué)研究問(wèn)題2000 200320042005年大眾傳媒2006 2007年法律 2008年 2011JamesAllen2012145以文科視角研究社會(huì)科學(xué)與自然科學(xué)相結(jié) 老 1998（典型理科類Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersa lite-CobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathaseknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantex nationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars, ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)AstrophysicistsworkingSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingsIfthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitis迄今為止，科學(xué)家所發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大、最遙遠(yuǎn)的物體是：離地球大約150億光年的一塊狹長(zhǎng)的巨大宇宙云系。（71）更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家Cobe號(hào)（宇宙背景探測(cè)器）已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的，表明宇宙確實(shí)于最早的一次爆炸，人們稱之為"大"（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙于一大塊能量的。（巨云上是0年大 以宇宙 的不少亞微觀的、密度相大的純能量，它在向四方發(fā)散的過(guò)程中放輻射，濃成粒子，然成氣體原子。數(shù)十年來(lái)，這種體在引力。 們不必等待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器和球載儀器，正在越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果 75）2000 與經(jīng)濟(jì)（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyoneconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasurescentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthat ernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoften dtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernmentsAdditionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigration--themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors, ernmentsareingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfor nningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.世界各國(guó)的行為都基于一個(gè)假設(shè)，即，本國(guó)人民的福利主要依賴于該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和社會(huì)。（71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這也就意味著被迫越來(lái)越多地干預(yù)這些門(mén)，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，可能利用各種方法鼓勵(lì)研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或進(jìn)行干預(yù)，以便減少自然資源的浪費(fèi)，開(kāi)發(fā)尚未利用的資源；或者在日益增多的科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)項(xiàng)目中直接（73）大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思。由于上述原因， 常常得推出 的革新。與此同時(shí)，與過(guò)去相，世界各地社會(huì)變化的正常速度越來(lái)越快。例如，（74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) ，持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在十年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。這的 是氛關(guān) 理猛增或人口的大量流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易)造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。目前，以上所有這些因素產(chǎn)生就是，各 為了制定合理的計(jì)劃并將之付諸實(shí)施，越來(lái)越多地依靠生物學(xué)家和社會(huì)學(xué)家2001年未來(lái)學(xué)（文理科搭配）（評(píng)分細(xì)則解釋Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandcomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequipped alitychips,computerswithin- willberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontof evision,anddigitalagewillAccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whenputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceamillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsdiscoveriesto ce.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowandPearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“ItbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendthenextThroughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsoesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicalkitchen （71）屆時(shí)，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話和裝有污染器的汽車。一旦這些汽車排污（），器就會(huì)使其停駛。（72）兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前 ，這些將在現(xiàn)在到2024年之間陸續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 人。 以進(jìn)行時(shí)間旅行，卻依然沒(méi)有預(yù)見(jiàn)。但他的確預(yù)見(jiàn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步引起的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。比如，到2010年，住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器數(shù)量的劇增將 2003年人類學(xué)（典型文科類Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologypassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.EachofthesescienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoAllthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethod