ChapterIIIDEixis1.Debby:Goanywheretoday?2.Dan:Yes,wewentdowntoComo.Upbybus,backbyhydrofoil.3.Debby:Anythingtoseethere?4.Dan:PerhapsnotthemostinterestingofItaliantowns,butit’sworththetrip.5.Debby:ImightdothatnextSaturday.6.Jane:WhatdoyoumeanwhenyousayperhapsnotthemostinterestingofItaliantowns7.Jack:Hemeanscertainlynotthemostinteresting…8.Dan:Justtryingtobepolitely…1996willbeayearofprosperityandpeace.Iaskedher:“Areyouplanningtobeherethisevening?”Iaskedherifshewasplanningtobetherethatevening.ThisthrustputthetwolieutenantstosilencebutHeronwentonInanycaseByronwashereticandimmortaltoo.Idon’tcarewhathewas,criedStephenhotly.Youdon’tcarewhetherhewasahereticornot?SaidNash.Whatdoyouknowaboutit?ShoutedStephen.YouneverreadalineofanythinginyourlifeexceptatransorBolandeither.IknowthatByronwasabadman,saidBoland.Here,catchholdofthisheretic,Heroncalledout.InamomentStephenwasaprisoner.Tatemadeyoubuckuptheotherday,Heronwenton,aboutheresyinyouressay.Iwilltellhimtomorrow,saidBoland.Willyou?SaidStephen.You’dbeafraidtoopenyourmouth.Afraid?Ay.Afraidofyourlife.Behaveyourself?CriedHeron,cuttingatStephen’slegswithhiscane.ReferenceandInferenceSenseandreferenceReferentialandattributiveusesNamesandreferentsTheroleofco-textAnaphoricreferenceSenseandreferenceThesenseisthe"cognitivesignificance"or"modeofpresentation"ofthereferent.Thesenseofapropernameiswhatevermeaningithas,whenthereisnoobjecttobeindicated.Thereferenceistheobjectthattheexpressionrefersto.Thereference(orreferent)ofapropernameistheobjectitmeansorindicates.SenseandreferenceAhorseisafour-leggedsolid-hoofedanimalwithflowingmaneandtail,usedfromearlytimestocarryloads,forriding,etc.Myhorseiswhite.Unicorns,centaurs,goblins,dragons,phoenix,…SenseandreferenceInpragmaticsense,wemightthinkofreferenceasanactinwhichaspeaker,orwriter,useslinguisticformstoenablealistenerorreader,toidentifysomething.Thoselinguisticformsarereferringexpressions,whichcanbe:Propernouns:Shakespeare,CathyRevuelto,Hawaii,….Nounphrases:theauthor,thesinger,theisland,…oraman,awoman,abeautifulplace,…Pronouns:he,it,her,them,…SenseandreferenceThechoiceofonetypeofreferringexpressionratheranotherseemstobebased,toalargeextent,onwhatthespeakerassumesthelisteneralreadyknows.Reference,then,isclearlytiedtothespeaker’sgoalandthespeaker’sbelieveintheuseoflanguage.Forsuccessfulreferencetooccur,wemustrecognizetheroleofinference.Becausethereisnodirectrelationshipbetweenentitiesandwords,thelistener’staskistoinfercorrectlywhichentitythespeakerintendstoidentifybyusingaparticularreferringexpression.幻燈片7ReferentialandattributiveuseThere’samanwaitingforyou.Shewantstomarryamanwithlotsofmoney.Thereisnosignofthekiller.We’dlovetofindanine-foot-tallbasketballplayer.Referentialuse:usinganexpressiontoidentifysomeoneorsomethingwhenthepersonorthingisassumedtobeknow.Attributiveuse:usinganexpressiontoidentifysomeoneorsomethingwithoutbeingcommittedtotheexistenceofanactualpersonorthing.NamesandreferentsThebasisforasuccessfulinferencedependsonnotonlythecollaborationbetween“intention-to-identify”and“recognition-of-intention”,butthecommonsharedlanguageandculturebetweenallmembersofacommunity.1.---CanIborrowyourShakespeare?---Yeah,it’soverthereonthetable.2.---Where’sthecheesesandwichsitting?---He’sovertherebythewindow.NamesandreferentsShakespearetakesupthewholebottomshelf.We’regoingtoseeShakespeareinLondon.IhatedShakespeareatschool.Picasso’sonthefarwall.

ThenewMozartisbettervaluethantheBach.

MyRollingStonesismissing.BrazilwinsWorldCup.

Japanwinsfirstroundoftradetalks.Theroleofco-textThecheesesandwichismadewithwhitebread.Thecheesesandwichleftwithoutpaying.Co-text:ThelinguisticenvironmentinwhichawordisusedTheroleofco-textTheheart-attackmustn’tbemoved.Yourten-thirtyjustcancelled.Acoupleofroomshavecomplainedabouttheheat.Context:Thephysicalenvironmentinwhichawordisused.AnaphoricreferenceInthefilm,amanandawomanweretryingtowashacat.Themanwasholdingthecatwhilethewomanpouredwateronit.Hesaidsomethingtoherandtheystartedlaughing.Anaphor:Theword,typicallyapronoun,usedtomaintainreferencetosomeoneorsomethingalreadymentioned.Antecedent:Theinitialexpressionusedtoidentifysomeoneorsomethingforwhichananaphorisusedlater.Peelandslicesixpotatoes.Andputthemincoldsaltedwater.AnaphoricReferenceIturnedthecornerandalmoststeppedonit.Therewasalargesnakeinthemiddleofthepath.Cataphora:Theuseofaword(typicallyapronoun)tointroducesomeoneorsomethingthatismorefullyidentifiedlater.Peeltheonionandsliceit.Droptheslicesintothehotoil.Cookforthreeminutes.Zeroanaphora:Theabsenceofanexpressioninastructuralslotwhereoneisassumed,asawayofmaintainingreference.summarySuccessfulreferencemeansthatanintentionwasrecognized,viainference,indicatingakindofsharedknowledgeandhencesocialconnection.Theassumptionofsharedknowledgeisalsocruciallyinvolvedinthestudyofpresupposition.Ijustrentedahouse.Thekitchenisreallybig.Ifoundanoldbicyclelyingontheground.Thechainwasrustedandthetiredwereflat.WehadChardonnaywithshrimpfordinner.Itwasthebestpart.Thebuscameontimebuthedidn’tstop.JFKvisitedBellagioin1963.YesterdayIdefendedmyPhDThesis.I’mplanningapartynow.I’llstartlookingforajobtomorrow.Iwasreadinge-mailswhentheearthquaketookplace.Iwentdownstairsafterthesh