2023屆閱讀理解話題分類專練:語言學(xué)習(xí)（共4題）一、閱讀理解題（共4題）Thecloserelationshipbetweenspeakersandtheirspeechhasledsomescholarstosuggestthatlanguagedeterminestheviewwehaveoftheworldaroundus.Differentlanguagessegmentnaturalphenomenadifferently.Wenamesevencolorsintherainbow:violet,indigo,blue,green,yellow,orangeandred.Speakersofotherlanguagesmayseeonlyfour,asdidTurkishbeforeoursystemwasintroduced,orevenasfewastwo,roughlythelightershadesversusthedarker.Thereisnothinginnaturetodemonstratehowweshouldchopupthespectrumoftherainbow,butwhenwehavelearnedagivenlanguage,wedistinguishtheshadesitdesignates,bothintherainbowandelsewherestudentsoflanguageassumefromsuchasituationthatlanguagedeterminesmuchoftheandpatternsweseeintheworldaroundus,andthatitdirectsourconceptsandactions.Changesinthechoiceoflanguage,then,mightmodifybehavior.Todaygasolinetrucksaregenerallylabeled"flammable(易燃的)".Thein-prefixwastakenasequivalenttothatofwordslike"inactive",wherein-meansnot".Itisactuallythein-ofwordslike"intense",whereitstrengthensthemeaning.Theword"inflammable",then,means"highlyflammable".Thefaultyinterpretationoflanguage,however,determinedtheattitudesofmanyspeakers,whothenadjustedtheirbehaviorinrelationtothelanguage.Prudenttruckownershavetakennoticeandchangedthewarningto"flammable".SuchobservationsledWhorftoaconceptwithdeeperpatternsoflanguage,suchastheuseoftensesinthelanguageofEurope.Tenseisthelinguisticexpressionortime.EnglishandotherEuropeanlanguagesgenerallyrequiretheirspeakerstoidentifythetimeofanevent,whetherpresent:Itisraining;past:Itrained;orfuture:Itwillrain.Bycontrast,manylanguages,suchastheHopilanguageofNewMexico,lackexpressionfortense.Nordosuchlanguagesobjectifytime.InHopionecannotcountdays,minutes,yearsasthoughtheywereobjectslikestones.Everydayexpressionslike"Threeyearswentby"areimpossibleinHopi.Comparingsuchlanguages,Whorfproposedthat"ouruseoftenseorourobjectifiedviewoftimeisfavorabletohistoricitysetandtoeverythingconnectedwiththekeepingofrecords."Thatistosay,becauseofthepatternsforreferringtotimeinEnglishandotherlanguages,theirspeakersmaintainrecordsandemphasizebookkeeping,accounting,andthelike.Inaccordancewithit,onesconceptionoftheworldisrelativetothelanguageonelearns.Whiletherelativityhypothesis(假設(shè))hasattractedconsiderableattention,ithasneverbeenexperimentallydemonstratedtothevalid.AlargescaleattempttotesttheoutlookofHopi-speakingchildrenversusEnglishspeakingchildrenturnedouttobeinconclusive.Itremainsataskoffuturescholarstodeterminewhetherthehypothesisisvalidandalsowhetheroneshouldassumeaweakorstrongpositionwithregardtoit.Clearlywearedeeplytiedtoournativelanguage.Butwhetheritregulatesourperceptionsorourviewoftheworldisstillanopenquestion.(1)Thecaseofthelabel"flammable"ismentionedtoprovethat_____. A．languagescanaffectourchoicesofaction B．prefixescanleadtodisastersifusedimproperly C．sometruckdriverscanadjusttheirbehavior D．misunderstandingcanhappenamongspeakers(2)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheuseoftense_____. A．reflectsdeeperpatternsofEuropeanlanguages B．transformsabstractideasintoobjects C．helpsavoidcertainambiguityinconceptsorideas D．makesitpossibletomodernetheHopilanguage(3)Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage? A．Differentlanguagesoftenhavedifferentmethodsofkeepinghistoricalrecords. B．Weneedmorestudiestofindoutifwearecloselyrelatedtoournativetongues. C．Ourmothertongueshaveagreatinfluenceonourworldviewsandbehavior. D．It'snoeasytasktoconfirmthelinkbetweenmothertonguesandourconcepts.It'saprovenfactthatthewayinwhichwerememberthingschangesaswegetolder.Justlookatthedifferentwaysinwhichkidsandadultslearnlanguages.Theylearnbestbysingingsongs,mimicking(模仿)othersandplayinggames.Theycanlearntorepeatwordsafteronlyhearingthemacoupleoftimes.Adultsprefertoanalysealanguageandfindouthowitworksbeforetheystartspeaking.Italsoreflectsaningrained(根深蒂固的)learningstrategydevelopedthroughyearsoflifeexperience.Onthesurface,itseemsthatkidslearnfaster.Theystartspeakinganewlanguagemorequicklyandfinditeasiertoremembernewvocabulary.Adultsaregenerallyabletoconcentrateforlongerperiodsoftime.Theyaren'tdistractedbyfriendswantingtoplayfootballorthinkingaboutwhattheywantforChristmasnextyear.Maturelearnersalsohavetheirownlearningstrategy.Peoplehavemoretroublelearningnewvocabularyastheygetolder.However,withthecorrecttraining,anadultlearner'sbrainwilladapt.So,insummary,byadaptingyourlearningstyleandplayingtoyourstrengths,it'snevertoolatetolearnalanguage!(1) A．Kidsliketobeactiveandinvolved. B．Languagelearningcanpreventmemorylossinolderpeople. C．Theyknowwhatworksforthemandareabletoplantheirstudiesaccordingly. D．Motivationisanotherfactorthatcanbeanadvantageforolderlearners. E．Thisisofteninfluencedbyfearoffailure. F．Tolearnaforeignlanguagereallyopensopportunitiesbothlocallyandabroad. G．However,adultshavecertainadvantages,too.(2) A．Kidsliketobeactiveandinvolved. B．Languagelearningcanpreventmemorylossinolderpeople. C．Theyknowwhatworksforthemandareabletoplantheirstudiesaccordingly. D．Motivationisanotherfactorthatcanbeanadvantageforolderlearners. E．Thisisofteninfluencedbyfearoffailure. F．Tolearnaforeignlanguagereallyopensopportunitiesbothlocallyandabroad. G．However,adultshavecertainadvantages.too.(3) A．Kidsliketobeactiveandinvolved. B．Languagelearningcanpreventmemorylossinolderpeople. C．Theyknowwhatworksforthemandareabletoplantheirstudiesaccordingly. D．Motivationisanotherfactorthatcanbeanadvantageforolderlearners. E．Thisisofteninfluencedbyfearoffailure. F．Tolearnaforeignlanguagereallyopensopportunitiesbothlocallyandabroad. G．However,adultshavecertainadvantages.too.(4) A．Kidsliketobeactiveandinvolved. B．Languagelearningcanpreventmemorylossinolderpeople. C．Theyknowwhatworksforthemandareabletoplantheirstudiesaccordingly. D．Motivationisanotherfactorthatcanbeanadvantageforolderlearners. E．Thisisofteninfluencedbyfearoffailure. F．Tolearnaforeignlanguagereallyopensopportunitiesbothlocallyandabroad. G．However,adultshavecertainadvantages.too.(5) A．Kidsliketobeactiveandinvolved. B．Languagelearningcanpreventmemorylossinolderpeople. C．Theyknowwhatworksforthemandareabletoplantheirstudiesaccordingly. D．Motivationisanotherfactorthatcanbeanadvantageforolderlearners. E．Thisisofteninfluencedbyfearoffailure. F．Tolearnaforeignlanguagereallyopensopportunitiesbothlocallyandabroad. G．However,adultshavecertainadvantages.too.Considerthesefivewords:island,honour,sign,tongue,climb.Atfirstglance,youprobablydon'tthinktheyhaveanythingincommon.Then,youmightfindsomeofthemcontainthemostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.Andyoumightneedtogobacktoyourgrade-schoolgrammarlessonstoseetheconnection.Ifyou'restillconfused,sayeachwordslowly.Didyounoticeamissingsyllable(音節(jié))ortwo?Actually,allfivewordshaveoneormoresilentletters—andthat'sjustasmallsampleofthem.It'snosecretthattheEnglishlanguagehaslotsofcrazygrammarrules,andthewaywepronouncewordsisnoexception.Whilethereare26lettersinthealphabet,theyshareatleast44differentpronunciationsamongthem.TheletterA,forexample,hassevendifferentEnglishpronunciationsalone.Atleastyoucansafelyignorethesecommongrammarrules.Ontopofthat,almosteveryletterinthealphabethasasilentusage,too.Thinkaboutit:FromtheCinscissorstotheUinbuild,theEnglishlanguagehasabadhabitofdroppinglettersincertainwords.EvenunusualletterslikeZandJaresilentinwordsthatwehaveadoptedfromforeignlanguages,suchasmarijuana(originallyaSpanishword)andlaissezfaire(French).ButasMerriam-WebsterDictionarypointsout,oneunusualletterisneversilent:theletterV.Whileitmakesanappearanceinwordslikequiverandvivid,youcanbesureitalwaysbehavestheexactsameway.Thatmightchangesoon,though.Lastyear,PresidentDonaldTrumptweetedtheword"covfefe",whichcausedheateddebateabouthow,exactly,oneshouldsaythismade-upterm.SomesuggestedthatitispronouncedwithasilentV.(1)WhatdotheunderlinedwordsinParagraphhaveincommon? A．Theycontaintheexactlysameletters. B．Theyhaveoneormoresilentletters. C．Theyaredifficulttopronounce. D．Theyallrefertoaplace.(2)WhyistheletterAmentionedinParagraph2? A．Toshowthatithasmanypronunciations. B．TotellthatEnglishhasmanygrammarrules. C．Toexplainthatwordshavesimilarpronunciations. D．ToproveEnglishlettershavevariouspronunciations.(3)WhichletterisseldomsilentintheEnglishlanguage? A．TheletterA. B．TheletterJ. C．TheletterV. D．TheletterZ.(4)Whatisthetextmainlyabout? A．Englishpronunciations. B．Englishdictionaries. C．Englishgrammar. D．Englishvocabulary.AstudentislearningtospeakBritishEnglish.Hewonders:CanIcommunicatewithAmericans?Cantheyunderstandme?LearnersofEnglishoftenask:WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish?Howimportantarethesedifferences?Certainly,therearesomedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish.Thereareafewdifferencesingrammar.Forexample,speakersofBritishEnglishsay"inhospital"and"Haveyouapen?",Americanssay"inthehospital"and"Doyouhaveapen?".Pronunciationissometimesdifferent.Americansusuallysoundtheirsinwordslike"bird"and"hurt".SpeakersofBritishEnglishdonotsoundtheirsinthesewords.TherearedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishinspellingandvocabulary.Forexample,"colour"and"honour"areBritish,"color"and"honor"areAmerican.Thesedifferencesingrammar,pronunciation,spellingandvocabularyarenotimportant,however.Forthemostpart,BritishandAmericanEnglisharethesamelanguage.(1)Accordingtothispassage,astudentwhoislearningtospeakAmericanEnglishmightbeafraidthat_____. A．thegrammaristoohardforhim B．Americanpeoplecannotunderstandhim C．Britishpeoplecannotunderstandhim D．thespellingistoohardforhim(2)WhatisNOTmentioned(提及)inthepassage?_____ A．Howimportantthedifferencesare B．WhetherBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishareonelanguageortwo. C．WhethertherearedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish. D．HowthedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishcameabout.(3)Most_____say"Doyouhaveawatch?" A．Americans B．Britishpeople C．children D．teachers

答案一、閱讀理解題（共4題）1.【答案】(1)A(2)C(3)D【解析】(1)本文為議論文。本文假設(shè)語言決定了我們對(duì)周圍世界的看法，接著用事實(shí)來說明選擇不同的語言可能會(huì)改變行為。通過對(duì)比歐洲語言如英語和霍皮語的對(duì)比以及對(duì)說英語的孩子和霍皮語為母語的孩子對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們與自己的母語緊密相連，但我們的母語對(duì)我們的世界觀是否有影響還不容易確定。詞義猜測題。第二段全段都是在說明有關(guān)flammable標(biāo)識(shí)的問題。本段以flammable這一單詞為例，詳細(xì)分析了語言對(duì)人的行為的影響，最后在該段倒數(shù)第二句“however,determinedtheattitudesofmanyspeakers,whothenadjustedtheirbehaviorinrelationtothelanguage.”得出結(jié)論，即“然而，對(duì)于語言的錯(cuò)誤解讀決定了很多說話者的態(tài)度，他們隨即針對(duì)語言調(diào)整自己的行為”。由此可推斷，該案例分析證明語言確實(shí)可影響我們對(duì)行為的選擇。故選A。(2)推理判斷題。第三段后半部分?jǐn)⑹鰰r(shí)態(tài)是運(yùn)用于表達(dá)語言或時(shí)間。歐洲語言中用時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)時(shí)間。英語和其他歐洲語言通常要求講話者弄清楚事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間，是現(xiàn)在、過去或者未來，要用到時(shí)態(tài)。相比之下，許多語言，如新墨西哥州的霍皮語，缺乏對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)。這些語言也不會(huì)有具體的時(shí)間。在霍皮語中，人們不能像數(shù)石頭一樣數(shù)日子、分鐘、年。像“三年過去了”這樣的日常用語在霍皮語中是不可能寫清楚。以及倒數(shù)第二段“ouruseoftenseorourobjectifiedviewoftimeisfavorabletohistoricitysetandtoeverythingconnectedwiththekeepingofrecords”通過比較這兩種語言，沃爾夫提出，“我們使用時(shí)態(tài)或我們讓時(shí)間具體化，這對(duì)歷史的真實(shí)性和與記錄有關(guān)的一切都是有利的。由此可知，時(shí)態(tài)是幫助我們來弄清事件的具體時(shí)間。如果沒有時(shí)態(tài)就像霍皮語一樣無法說明事件發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間，也無法計(jì)算時(shí)間，這樣就會(huì)產(chǎn)生混亂或歧義。分析選項(xiàng)可知C項(xiàng)（helpsavoidcertainambiguityinconceptsorideas有助于避免概念或思想上的某些歧義）符合題意。故選C。(3)推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“Inaccordancewithit,onesconceptionoftheworldisrelativetothelanguageonelearns”可知，沃爾夫的假設(shè)說一個(gè)人的世界觀與他所學(xué)的語言有關(guān)。以及最后一段“ithasneverbeenexperimentallydemonstratedtothevalidalargescaleattempttotesttheoutlookofHopi-speakingchildrenversusEnglishspeakingchildrenturnedouttobeinconclusive.Itremainsataskoffuturescholarstodeterminewhetherthehypothesisisvalidandalsowhetheroneshouldassumeaweakorstrongpositionwithregardtoit.Clearlywearedeeplytiedtoournativelanguage.ButwhetheritregulatesourperceptionsorourviewoftheworldIsstillanopenquestion”表明，“一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模的對(duì)母語是霍皮語的兒童和母語是英語的兒童進(jìn)行的未來前景測試的結(jié)果是不確定的。未來學(xué)者的任務(wù)仍然是確定這一假設(shè)是否有效以及一個(gè)人是否應(yīng)該采取怎樣的立場，顯然，我們與自己的母語緊密相連。但它是否影