LegalEnvironmentofBusinessThresholdLegalConcepts:PROPERTY2Property–relevantlegislationExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitles

SALEOFGOODSACT1923AnActtocodifyandamendthelawrelatingtotheSaleofGoods.CONVEYANCINGACT1919AnActtoamendandconsolidatethelawofpropertyandtosimplifyandimprovethepracticeofconveyancing;andforsuchpurposestoamendcertainActsrelatingthereto.REALPROPERTYACT1900AnActtoconsolidatetheActsrelatingtothedeclarationoftitlestolandandthefacilitationofitstransfer.

3Property–relevantlegislationExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitles

WILLS,PROBATEANDADMINISTRATIONACT1898AnActtoconsolidateenactmentsrelatingtoWill,ProbateandAdministrationFAMILYPROVISIONACT1982AnActtoamendthelawrelatingtotheassurancetothefamilyofadeceasedpersonandcertainotherpersonsofadequateprovisionfromtheestateofthedeceasedpersonandcertainotherpropertyTRUSTEEACT1898AnActforconsolidatingEnactmentsrelatingtoTrustsandTrustees.4Property–relevantlegislationExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitles

RESIDENTIALTENANCIESACT1987AnActrelatingtotherightsandobligationsoflandlordsandtenantsunderresidentialtenancyagreements;tomakeprovisionwithrespecttoexcessiverentincreasesandrents;toconferfunctionsontheConsumer,TraderandTenancyTribunalofNewSouthWaleswithrespecttolandlordsandtenants;…toamendtheConsumerClaimsTribunalsAct1974inrelationtorentalbondsclaims;andforotherpurposes.PropertyrightsPersonalpropertyChattelRealpropertyFixtureTenant?LeaseChoseinactionLandlord?LegalinterestInrealpropertyBank?MortgageEquitableinterestinrealpropertyChequeBook?Sharecertificates?ChoseinactionCopyrightChoseinaction6Property–conceptsanddefinitions‘property’canreferto–

rightsofownershipORobjectsofownership‘property’canbe–

realproperty/realtyORpersonalproperty7Property–conceptsanddefinitionsRealproperty

actioninremor

arealactionimmovableland,fixturesPersonalProperty

actioninpersonam

orapersonalactionmovablesgoods/chattelsetctangibles/intangiblesRealproperty

9RealPropertyrealproperty=land+fixtures

whatisland?

Latinmaxim:

cuisestsolumeiusestusqueadcoelumetadinferos

is‘land’thesurfaceandeverythingunderittothecentreoftheearthandeverythingaboveittotheheavens?Physicallimitsofland10Physicallimitsof‘land’

–thesubstratumLandownerdoesnotown‘royalminerals’(goldandsilver)andCrownlandgrantsusuallyreserverightsinminerals,petroleumetcunderthesurfacetotheCrown.Physicallimitsofland11Physicallimitsof‘land’

–theairspaceabovethesurfaceProblemswithoverhangingbranches,signsandcranes,aerialphotographyetcHowfardoesthelandowner’sinterestinlandextend?

Realproperty:physicallimitsofland12

BernsteinofLeigh(Baron)v

Skyviews&GeneralLtd[1978]1QB479Student

casepresentationTopic4Stratatitle13Stratatitlelegislationcreatestitleinblocksofairspaceabovethesurfaceoftheland,makingitpossibletocreateseparateownershipofunitsinamulti-storeybuilding.Thelegislationalsocreatesabodycorporate(consistingofthevariousowners)toownandcontrolcommonproperty.14RealPropertyrealproperty=land+fixtures

whatisafixture?

Latinmaxim:

quicquidplantatursolo,soloceditdoeseverythingthatisfixedtothelandbecomepartoftheland,e.g.buildingsandthingsfixedtobuildings?

whenisitimportanttoknowwhetherornotitisafixture?Fixtures15Isitafixture?dependsontheintentionofthepersonwhoaffixedtheitemofpersonalpropertytotheland:AustralianProvincialAssuranceCoLtdvCoroneo(1938)38SR(NSW)700Indeterminingintention,consider:degreeofannexationpurposeofannexationeaseofremovaldamagecausedbyremoval.Realproperty:fixture?16

NationalAustraliaBankLimitedvBlacker

[2000]FCA1458(16October2000)Student

casepresentationTopic4PersonalProperty

PersonalProperty-definitionsPersonalproperty=anypropertythatisnotrealproperty

Includes:chattelsrealleaseholdinterestchattelspersonalchosesinpossessionchosesinaction

18PersonalProperty-definitionsWhatispersonalproperty?choseinpossession

=tangibleitemofpersonalproperty

physicalthings

egbooks,furniture,cars,jewelleryownershipmaybe:absolutei.e.arighttoownershipsuperiortoanyotherpossessoryi.e.arighttoownershiparisingfrommerepossessionandsubjecttobeingoverriddenbytheabsoluteownerbutotherwisegoodtitle.19PersonalProperty20OwnershipvPossession

rightsoftheownervrightsofthepersoninpossession “possessionisnine-tenthsofthelaw〞r(shí)ightstothingsfoundonanother’spropertyArmoryvDelamirie(1722)93ER664NationalCrimeAuthorityvFlack(1998)86FCR16PersonalProperty-bailmentAbailmentiswhereoneperson(thebailee)takespossessionofthegoodsofanother(thebailor)butdoesnotassumeownershipExamplesinclude:leavingyourcomputerwitharepairerstoringyourgoodsinawarehouseleavingyourcarinacarparkborrowingabookfromthelibrary.Dutiesofabailee,ifnotspecifiedinacontract,include:thedutytoretainpossessionofthegoodsduringthebailmentandtocareforthemthedutytotakecareofthegoodsthedutynottomakeunauthoriseduseofthegoodsthedutytoreturnthegoodsuponexpirationofthebailment21PersonalProperty-definitionsWhatispersonalproperty?choseinaction =intangiblepersonalpropertyright

examples:debts,shares,patents,copyright,statutorylicences,negotiableinstrumentsetc(legal);

and

examples:partner’sinterestinapartnership,righttoalegacyunderawill,aninterestinatrustestate(equitable)rightsareclaimedorenforcedbytakinglegalaction

notbytakingphysicalpossession22InterestsinlandFreeholdinterestsEstatein‘feesimple’LifetenancyTenancyinremainderCo-ownershipofanyinterestJointtenantsTenantsincommonLeaseholdLandlord(usuallyfeesimple)Tenant(possessoryinterest)Acquiringownershipofpropertybyoperationoflaw

bankruptcyBankruptcyAct1966(Cth):propertyvestsintrustee;not/availableforpaymentofdebtscourtsettlementexecutionofacourtjudgmentwritoverlandorwritofexecutionovergoodscompulsoryacquisitionbygovernmentCommonwealthConstitution:section51(xxxi)

theacquisitionofpropertyonjusttermsfromanyStateorpersonforanypurposeinrespectofwhichtheParliamenthaspowertomakelaws;administrationofintestateestate24Acquiringownershipofpropertybyconsent/agreement

Sale

-contractsforthesaleofland:

ConveyancingAct1919;RealPropertyAct1900 -contractsforthesaleofgoods:

SaleofGoodsAct1923GiftDeclarationoftrustAssignmentofchoseinactionInheritanceunderawill25Contractsforthesaleoflandcontractmustbeinwritingotherwiseitisnotenforceablestandardformsconveyancingprocedure -preparationofthewrittencontract;exchangeorsigningofcontracts;searchesandinquiries;settlementTorrensSystem -RealPropertyAct1900(NSW) -RegistrarGeneral/LandTitlesOffice/publicregister -thestate/governmentissuesa‘certificateoftitle’thatisconclusiveevidenceofownership

-thestate/governmentmaintainsaregisterofallinterestsinlande.g.mortgages -theregisteredowner/proprietorhasindefeasibletitle

262728ContractsforthesaleofgoodsSALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION6(1)

(1)Acontractofsaleofgoodsisacontractwherebythesellertransfersoragreestotransferthepropertyingoodstothebuyerforamoneyconsiderationcalledtheprice…SALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION5Definitions

"Goods"includeallchattelspersonalotherthanthingsinactionandmoney.Thetermincludesemblementsandthingsattachedtoorformingpartofthelandwhichareagreedtobeseveredbeforesaleorunderthecontractofsale.SALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION8 …acontractofsalemaybemadeinwriting(eitherwithorwithoutseal),orbywordofmouth,orpartlyinwritingandpartlybywordofmouth,ormaybeimpliedfromtheconductoftheparties….ContractsforthesaleofgoodsSALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION25 Riskprimafaciepasseswithproperty

Unlessotherwiseagreed,thegoodsremainattheseller'sriskuntilthepropertythereinistransferredtothebuyer,butwhenthepropertythereinistransferredtothebuyer,thegoodsareatthebuyer'srisk,whetherdeliveryhasbeenmadeornot:

Providedthatwheredeliveryhasbeendelayedthroughthefaultofeitherbuyerorseller,thegoodsareattheriskofthepartyinfaultasregardsanylosswhichmightnothaveoccurredbutforsuchfault:

Providedalsothatnothinginthissectionshallaffectthedutiesorliabilitiesofeithersellerorbuyerasabaileeofthegoodsoftheotherparty29ContractsforthesaleofgoodsThetimeatwhichownership/propertypassesisimportantbecausefromthattime:thebuyercanexerciserightsofownershipriskinthegoodspassestothebuyerSALEOFGOODSACT1923–SECTIONS21-23

containruleswhichdetermineswhenownership/propertypassesfromsellertobuyerNote–

contractmaycontaina‘retentionoftitleclause

(akaRomalpaclause)providesthatownershipdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthesellerispaidinfull

why?

sothatsellercanrecoverthegoodsifbuyerbecomesinsolvent(andisnotjustanotherunsecuredcreditor)30ContractsforthesaleofgoodsTransferofproperty/ownershipbyanon-owner

SALEOFGOODSACT1923–SECTIONS26-29Thenemodatrule-Nopersoncanpassabettertitlethanthatpersonpossesses,e.g.thesaleofacarbyathief.Exceptionstotheruleincludewheretheseller:isactingwiththeowner’sauthorityorconsentisamercantileagentisexercisingapowerofsalehasavoidabletitleisasellerinpossessionafteranothersaleisabuyerinpossessionafteranothersale.31Contractsforthesaleofgoods:buyer’sremediesIfthesellerbreachesthecontractbynon-delivery,delayeddeliveryordefectivegoods,thebuyerhasaright:todamagestorepudiatethecontractifthesellerhasbreachedaconditionofthecontract.Note:therighttorepudiateislostifthebuyerhasacceptedthegoodsby:intimatingtothesellerthatthegoodsareaccepteddoinganactinconsistentwiththeseller’sownershipretainingthegoodsforareasonableperiodwithoutrejectingthem3233Contractsforthesaleofgoods:seller’sremediesIfthebuyerbreachesthecontract,thesellerhasrightsagainstthebuyerpersonallyandinrelationtothegoodsthemselvesPersonalremediesinclude:actionfordamagesfornon-acceptanceactionfortheprice.Realremediesinclude:lienstoppageintransiturightofresale.Acquiringownershipofpropertybyconsent/agreementGiftInheritanceunderawill34Legalandequitableinterestsinpropertylegalinterestsarepropertyinterestsrecognisedbythecommonlawequitableinterestsarepropertyinterestsprotectedbyequity;equitywillintervenetopreventalegalowneractingsoastodepriveothersofinterestsinthepropertytowhichtheyareentitledrecall:courtsofCommonLawvCourtofChanceryexamplesofequitableinterests

-interestunderanoptiontopurchase -interestunderacontractforthesaleofland35Intellectualproperty

37Whatisintellectualproperty?IntellectualpropertyorIPreferstoavarietyofrightsconferredbylawtoencouragethecreationofcertainsubjectmatterandtoprotecttheeconomicinterestsofthecreatorsorinvestorswhofundthem

Intellectualpropertyisa‘choseinaction’

–aformofpersonalpropertyrightsexercisednotbytakingpossessionbutbytakinglegalaction38Whatisintellectualproperty?AccordingtoIPAustralia–

‘Intellectualpropertyrepresentsthepropertyofyourmindorintellect.Itcanbeaninvention,trademark,originaldesignorthepracticalapplicationofagoodidea.Inbusinessterms,thismeansyourproprietaryknowledge-akeycomponentofsuccessinbusinesstoday.Itisoftentheedgewhichsetssuccessfulcompaniesapartandasworldmarketsbecomeincreasinglycompetitive,protectingyourintellectualpropertybecomesessential.’TypesofIPPatentsForneworimprovedproductsorprocessesTrademarksForletters,words,phrases,sounds,smells,shapes,logos,pictures,aspectsofpackagingoracombinationofthese,todistinguishthegoodsandservicesofonetraderfromanotherDesignsFortheshapeorappearanceofmanufacturedgoodsCopyrightFororiginalmaterialinliterary,artistic,dramaticormusicalworks,films,broadcasts,multimediaandcomputerprogramsCircuitLayoutRightsForthethree-dimensionalconfigurationofelectroniccircuitsinintegratedcircuitproductorlayoutdesignsPlantBreeder’srightsFornewplantvarietiesConfidentialinformationandtradesecrets39DifferentIntellectualPropertyrightsRecipeforcontents–TradeSecretManufacturingmethod-patentBottleshape–registereddesignNameandlogo–registeredtrademarkWriting–copyrightSourceofIPrightsFederallegislationwhy?CommonwealthConstitutionsection51(xviii)conferslegislativepowerwithrespectto‘copyright,patentsofinventionsanddesigns,andtrademarks.’E.g.CopyrightAct1968(Cth);TradeMarksAct1995(Cth)BUTotherlawsalsoimportantinthisareaCommonlawe.g.tortofpassingoff,contractlawandequitableactionforbreachofconfidenceStatutoryactionformisleadingordeceptiveconduct:

section18AustralianConsumerLaw

(seeweek12notes)41WhatisIPAustralia?anindependentagencywithintheDepartmentofInnovation,Industry,ScienceandResearchadministersstatutesrelatingtoIPandAustralia’sIPrightssysteminrelationto-PatentsTrademarksDesignsPlantbreeder’srightsFormalstepsmustbetakentoregistertheseIPrightsandobtainlegalrightsofownershipContrastotherIPrightswhichareautomaticCopyrightCircuitlayoutrights42ProtectingIPThestatutoryIPregimeconfersalimitedmonopolyontheproprietorWhy?Argumentsforprotectingcreativeeffortinclude:economicarguments:protectioninducescreatorstoproduceworkmoralrightsarguments:themoralornaturalrightsofauthorsandcreatorsareworthyofprotectionintheirownright E.g.moralrightsincopyrightlaw–rightofattributionofauthorship;rightnottohaveauthorshipfalselyattributed;rightofintegrityofauthorship43InternationaldimensionsofIPAnumberofmultilateraltreaties/agreementsexistthatdealwithaspectsofIP–examplesParisConvention1883(trademarks,industrialdesigns,patents)BerneConvention1886(literaryandartisticworks)RomeConvention1961(rightsofbroadcastersandperformers)

MostimportantisTRIPS(AgreementonTrade-RelatedaspectsofIntellectualPropertyrights)Effectivefrom1January1995AdministeredbytheWTO(WorldTradeOrganisation)MembersmustsatisfystandardsconcerningtheavailabilityscopeanduseofIPrights,enforcementofIPrights,disputeresolutionetc44InternationaldimensionsofIPInternationalcooperationunderIPagreementsandconventionsreducesthecomplexityofapplyingforregistrationofIPrightsinothercountries

E.g.AustraliajoinedtheMadridProtocolrelatingtointernationalregistrationoftrademarksin2001.SincethenithasbeeneasierforAustralianapplicantstoseektrademarkprotectioninanyofthe52countriespartytotheprotocol

i.e.cansubmitasingleapplicationinonelanguage(EnglishSpanishorFrench)viatheAustralianoffice45PatentsPatentsAct1990(Cth)protectsinventions

How?Inreturnforplacingtheinventiononthepublicrecord,theinventorisgivenatemporarymonopoly

(theexclusiveright)toexploittheinventionforthelifeofthepatent

2typesofpatentsinAustralia -Standardpatent:protectionforupto20years

-Innovationpatent:protectionforupto8years46PatentsNotallinventionscanbepatented.Tobepatented,theinventionmust:bea‘mannerofmanufacture’(notjustanidea)benewornovel(nopriordisclosure)involveaninventivestep(forastandardpatent)orinvolveaninnovativestep(foraninnovationpatent)beuseful(mustwork)

[section18]

47PatentsIstheinventiona‘mannerofmanufacture’?includesanydevice,method,substanceorprocessE.g.newproduct;newmanufacturingprocess;newuseofoldproductexcludesartisticcreations,mathematicalmethods,plans,schemesandotherpurelymentalprocessesE.g.planforcreatingwealth,ideas(andnotamethodforputtingthatideaintopractice);non-functionaldetailsofshape,patternorornamentation48PatentsIstheinvention‘new’?i.e.notpubliclydisclosedinanyformanywhereintheworldInventorshouldnot‘gopublic’withinventiontoosoon–otherwisewillnotgetapatentdisclosuresthatcouldmeaninventionisnotnewpublicdemonstrationordiscussionofinventionsaleofaproductoritspublicuseinAustraliapublishedtextbooks,technicaljournalsandsalesbrochures49PatentsDoestheinventioninvolveaninventivestep

(forastandardpatent)i.e.notbeobvioustosomeonewithknowledgeandexperienceinthetechnologicalfieldoftheinvention)Doestheinventioninvolveaninnovativestep

(foraninnovationpatent)i.e.theremustbeadifferencebetweentheinventionandwhatiscurrentlyknownaboutthetechnologyandthismustmakeasubstantialcontributiontotheworkingoftheinvention)50PatentsIstheinventionuseful?theinventionmustdowhattheinventorsaysitwilldoItmusthavesomepracticalutility/beusefulinitsownright51Patent–Cochlearbionicear52Patent–HillsHoist53://hillsandplainsseedsavers.blogspot/2021/11/more-hills-on-plains.htmlPlantBreeder’srightsPlantBreeder’sRightsAct1994(Cth)protectsnewvarietiesofplantsHow?bygivingexclusivecommercialrightstomarketanewplantvarietyforupto25yearsfortreesandvines,and20yearsforotherspeciesThenewplantvarietymustbedistinct,uniform,stableandclearlydistinguishablefromanyothervarietyAnewplantvarietymayalsobeprotectedunderthePatentsAct1990(Cth) -apatentisstrongerbecausewillprotectnotonlythenewplantvarietybutalsotheprocessortechniquethatleadtothenewvariety

-BUTapatentismoredifficulttoobtainbecauseneedtosatisfyrequirementsof‘novelty’and‘inventivestep’5455Trademarks://businessblogs.co.nz/‘[The]powerofagoodbrandissimplystaggering.Considerforamomenttheawesomereach,theabilitytocommunicate,thesheerfinancialvalueofsomeoftheworld’sgreatbrandnames.FromBraziltoCanada,fromJapantotheUnitedKingdom,brandnamesspeakoutloudandclear;theyconjureupimages,theyworkatbothconsciousandsubconsciouslevels,theycutacrossthebarriersofrace,religion,colourandlanguage–theyaretrulytheuniversalcommunicators.’JohnMurphy,

Branding:Akeymarketingtool,198756TradeMarksTrademarksAtrademarkisa‘device’(logoorartwork)orawordthatdistinguishesthegoodsorservicesofabusiness.Trademarks:differentiatethebusiness’goodsorservicesfromthoseofitscompetitorsindicatethesourceororiginofthosegoodsorservicesrepresentandsecurethegoodwillofthebusiness;serveasasymbolofthevalueorqualityofthegoodsorservicesbuildbrandloyalty57Trademarksabusinessdoesnothavetoregisteratrademarktouseit

theownerofanunregisteredtrademarkhastheprotectionofthetortofpassingofforthestatutoryprohibitionofmisleadingordeceptiveconductifacompetitor’suseofthetrademarkamountstoamisrepresentationregistrationofatrademarkisnotmandatorybutadvisablebecauseregistrationconfersbenefitsandadvantagesoverunregisteredtrademarks

58TradeMarksCommonlawprotectionProtectsestablishedreputationTortof‘passingoff’S18ACLStatutorysystemTradeMarksAct1995(Cwth)RegistrationNoneedtoestablishreputation10years–infinitelyrenewableRegistrationinaclassTrademarksBenefitsofregistrationGivestheownertheexclusiverighttouse,licenseorsellitwithinAustraliaforthegoodsandservicesforwhichitisregisteredGivestheownertherighttobringlegalactionfortrademarkinfringementagainstacompetitorwhousesasimilarmark(remediesincludeinjunction,damagesandaccountofprofits:s126)Providesnotice/warningtootherswhichmayreducethechancesofinfringementandcounterfeiting60TrademarksBenefitsofregistrationAllowsownertotakeout‘customswatchnotice’totakeadvantageofbordercontrolprovisionsundertheTradeMarksAct(customsofficerscanseizegoodsimportedintoAustraliaifimportationinfringesanAustraliantrademark)Protectsanimportantbusinessasset.

Initialregistrationlastsfor10yearsbutcanberenewedforsuccessiveperiodsof10yearsprovideditisusedinabonafideway

“Atrademarkcanthereforehaveaninfiniteliferepresentingsignificantbusinessvalue〞(IPAustralia)61TrademarksTradeMarksAct1995(Cth)Whatistrademark?Definedinsection17tomean

‘a(chǎn)sign

usedorintendedtobeused,todistinguishgoodsorservicesdealtwithorprovidedinthecourseoftradebyapersonfromgoodsorservicessodealtwithorprovidedbyanyotherperson.’

‘a(chǎn)sign’includesanyletter,word,name,signature,numeral,device,brand,heading,label,ticket,aspectofpackaging,shape,colour,soundorscent:(section6)62Trademarks-examples6364Trademarks-favouritesWe'rehappylittleApple-ites…andwealladoreourmegabytesJulianLeeMARKETINGEDITORSydneyMorningHeraldSeptember24,2021SURFINGtheinternetratherthansnackingonthecouchseemstobeourthing.Vegemite,TimTamsandCoca-ColahavegivenwaytotechnologycompaniesGoogle,AppleandSonyasthenation'smostlovedbrands,saysastudyintoconsumerattitudestowardsproductsandservices.Trademarks-examples65TrademarkregistrationRegistrationisgrantednottoatrademarkinisolation,butinrelationtoparticulargoodsorservicesdistinguishedbythetrademark

34trademarkclassesforgoods:

e.g.chemicals,paints,pharmaceuticals,vehicles,musicalinstruments,papergoods,leathergoods,buildingmaterials,furniture,textiles,clothing,footwear,floorcoverings,alcoholicbeverages,confectionaryetc

11trademarkclassesforservices:

e.g.insurance,telecommunications,education,legal,medical,transportetc66“BigMac〞notregisteredforalcoholicbeverages:

misleadingordeceptiveconduct?Seeweek12notes67McWilliam’sWinesPtyLtdvMcDonald’sSystemofAustraliaPtyLtd(1980)33ALR39468TrademarkregistrationRegistrationisnotavailablefortrademarksthatarenotusedorintendedtobeused-“useitorloseit!〞Iftrademarksownerdoesnotusethetrademarkinabonefidewaythereisariskthetrademarkwillberemovedfromtheregisterfornon-use:s92whowillapplyforremovalfromthetrademarkregister?

anapplicantwhoseregistrationisbeingheldupbytheregisteredtrademarkTrademarkregistrationAnapplicationforregistrationofatrademarkmustberejectedifit:Consistsoforcontainsprohibitedwordsorsigns:s39

e.g.Austcoatofarms;nationalflagsCannotberepresentedgraphically:s40

e.g.soundorscenttrademarksalsoneedtoberepresentedandexplainedinwordsDoesnotdistinguishtheapplicant’sgoodsorservices:s41(2)Consistsofscandalousmatteroritsusewouldbecontrarytolaw:s42Wouldbelikelytodeceiveorcauseconfusion:s43Conflictswithorisdeceptivelysimilartoanexistingtrademarkforsimilargoodsorrelatedservices:s446970Trademarks-wordstrademarks‘capableofdistinguishingtheapplicant’sgoodsandservices’:s41(2)

-whatmakesatrademarkdistinctive?Differentcategoriesof‘distinctiveness’Genericwordse.g.butter,beer,shampoo,soapNotdistinctiveandcannotberegistered–cannotgivemonopolyrightstoeverydaylanguageandvocabulary-shouldremainavailableforalltraderstouseGeographicalreferencesandcommonnamesontheirowne.g.“Newcastle〞steel;“Smith〞plumbingVerydifficulttoregisterbecauseothertradersfromthatareaorwiththatnameneedtobeabletoindicateoriginoftheirgoodsorusetheirnameinrelationtotheirgoodsandservicesTrademarks-wordsDifferentcategoriesof‘distinctiveness’Descriptivewordse.g.‘bestapples’,‘Thairestaurant’Verydifficulttoregisterbecauseothertradersalsoneedtobeabletodescribetheirgoodsandservices

Arbitrarywordse.g.‘Apple’forcomputers;‘oldcrow’forwhiskeyCommonwordsusedwithparticulargoodsthatdonotdescribeanyqualityorcharacteristicofthegoods–obviouslydistinctive

Inventedwordse.g.‘Kodak’‘Exxon’‘Tsilla’‘Mirrel’Artificialwordsthathavenomeaningexceptasatrademark–verydistinctive7172Trademarks–colourmarksBP’sgreen WoolworthsLimitedvBPplc[2006]FCAFC132

Cadbury’spurple CadburySchweppesPtyLtdvDarrellLea

[2006]FCA446

useofthecolourpurple:

misleadingordeceptiveconduct?Seeweek12notes73CadburySchweppesPtyLtdv

DarrallLeaChocolateShopsPtyLtd[2007]FCAFC70Trademarks–shapemarks74GeographicalindicationsTRIPSrequiresmembercountriestopreventtheuseofanyindicationthatmisleadstheconsumerastothegeographicaloriginofgoods.ProductnameswhichwereoriginallyderivedfromEuropeangeographicalregionscannotberegisteredastrademarksinAustraliae.g.kalamata(olives),parmesan(cheese):

Section61TradeMarksAct1995:

Trademarkcontainingorconsistingofafalsegeographicalindication(groundstoopposeregistrationofatrademark)

section6TradeMarksAct1995

"geographicalindication",inrelationtogoods,meansasignthatidentifiesthegoodsasoriginatinginacountry,orinaregionorlocalityinthatcountry,whereagivenquality,reputationorothercharacteristicofthegoodsisessentiallyattr