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{{BHTEXTAH/B}}

Aparaphraseisarestatementofatextusingdifferentwords.Itis

oftenusedtoclarifythemeaning.Youcanparaphrasekeypointsfrom

yourtextbookorfromyourlecturenotes.Rewritingtheideasinyour

ownwordswiIIhelpyourememberthem.YouwiIIalsohavetoparaphrase

onessayexamsandinresearchpapers.

Itisextremelyimportanttorememberthatwheneveryoucitesomeone

else5swordsordescribesomeoneelse'sideas,youmustgivecredit

totheoriginalsource.Ifyoudon'ttelIwhereyougottheinformation,

youareplagiarizing.ThisisaveryseriousoffenceinAmerican

universities.Alwaysciteyoursource.HereisanexampIe:

"Cultureenablesustomakesenseofoursurroundings.n(original)

AccordingtoSamovarandPorterinCommunicationBetweenCultures,

culturehelpsustounderstandourenvironment.(paraphrase)

Theclausethatintroducesthesourceofyourcitationcanbewritten

inanynumberofways.Justbesuretogivetheauthorandthetitle.

Whenyouparaphrase,incIudeaIItheinformationintheoriginalexcerpt.

Leavenothingout.Inadditiontousingsynonyms,youcanmakeavariety

ofgrammaticalchangesinthesentence.ThesesuggestionswiIIhelpyou

dotheparaphrasingexercises:

1.Usesynonyms.

ExampIe:UnderstandingotherculturesisacompIexmatter.

{{B}}UnderstandingothercuIturesisacompIicatedmatter.{{/B}}

2.Usedifferentwordforms(noun-+verb,adverb-4adjective,etc.).Be

suretomakethenecessarygrammaticalchangesinthesentence.

ExampIe:Cultureisourteacher.

{{B}}Cultureteachesus.{{/B}}

3.Changeactivetopassive,orviceversa.

ExampIe:Cultureislearned.

{{B}}PeopIelearnabouttheirculture.{{/B}}

4.Changenegativetoaffirmative,orviceversa.

ExampIe:Notonepartofourexistenceisunaffectedbyculture.

{{B}}Everypartofourexistenceisaffectedbyculture.{{/B}}

5.DonotincIudeyouropinionoradditionaIinformationaspartofthe

paraphrase.

6.Donotattempttochangevocabularyintheareasoftechnology

(computer,microchip),science(caIcium,testtube),government

(congress,electoralcoIIege),education(grade-pointaverage,

doctorate),fieldofstudy(Anthropology,Linguistics)rgeography

(Europe,mountain),Ianguage(noun,sentence),people(Indians,South

Americans),brandnames(Macintosh,Honda),orforeverydaywordsthat

havenosynonyms(dictionary,vitamins,culture).

7.Donotusequotationmarks.

8.CiteyoursourceascompIeteIyasyoucan(author+title).

9.Youdonotneedtogivecredittoasourceiftheinformationiscommon

knowledge.Thatis,ifyouheardsomethingontheeveningnewsthatwas

broadcastacrossthecountryandwasinalIthenewspapers,youdon'

thavetocitewhereyouheardaboutthismajorevent.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSamovarandPorterand

CommunicationBetweenCulturesistrue

A.Theyarethewritersofthebook.

B.Theyarethesubjectmattersofthebook.

C-Theywriteinthebook：”Culturehelpsustounderstandour

environment.,f

D.Theyparaphrase"culturehelpsustounderstandourenvironment11in

thebook.

2.{{B}}TEXTC{(/B})

Despiteitsmanyusefulproperties,theuseofalcoholhasproduced

somedifficultpersonalandsociaIproblems.Infact,aIcohoIismisone

ofourmosttroublesomepubIichealthsituations.Ithasbeenestimated

thatsixofeverytenadultsintheUnitedStatesuseaIcohoIicbeverages,

andthatoneofeveryfifteenpersonswhodrinkbecomesanalcoholic.

WhatisitthatimpeIssomeindividualstodrinkexcessivelytobecome

analcoholic

ThetermMaIcohoIism"isnoteasytodefine.Itisgenerallyusedto

coverawholerangeofindividualandsociaIproblemsconnectedwiththe

useofaIcohoIicbeverages.PeopIewhosedrinkingcausesthemtobecome

enmeshedintheseproblemsarecalled"alcoholicsM.

Modernpsychiatricopinionsuggestsasignificantreasonfortheuse

andmisuseofaIcohoI.Manhasoftenusedalcoholtohelphimcopewith

theproblemsandcrisesgrowingoutofhiscontinuingstruggletoadjust

tothedemandsofhisenvironment.WherevermanIivesheissubjectto

stressesfromhisphysicalandsociaIsurroundings.Hemustadjustto

changeswithinhimseIf-growinguprgettingold,theeffectsofdisease.

HemustadjusttochangesinhisIivingpattern-tomovesfromone

localitytoanother,tojobchanges,tomarriage,tothedeathofloved

ones.HemustadjusttohissociaIsurroundings,tootherpeopIe-his

family,friends,businessassociates,andneighbors.Whenhefinds

himselfconfrontedwithoverwhelmingdifficultyinadjusting,hemaytake

todrinkingasawayoutofhisproblems.

SomescientistshavetriedtodefinetheHaIcohoIicpersonality”-to

discover,ifpossible,whatcharacteristicsarecommontoalcoholics.

ThismighthelptoidentifypeopIewhoareIikeIytobecomealcoholics.

Sofar,noaccuratedescriptionofa“typicalalcoholicnhasemerged.

ThepeopIewhoarestudiedarefoundtohavesometraitsincommon-e,

g.,emotionaIimmaturity,preoccupationwithself,insecurity,and

guilt-butwhetherthesetraitsexistedbeforetheybecamealcoholics

isnotknown.Moreover,itispossibleforpeopIetohaveanyoralIof

thesetraitsandstillnotbeaIcohoIics.SomescientistsbeIievethat

aIcohoIismmayhaveaphysicalorbiologicalcause-adefectinthebody

chemistryorsomenutritionaldeficiency.Anothertheoryisthatthe

cravingforaIcohoIisbroughtonbyitseffectontheadrenalglands,

whichregulatetheproductionofchemicalenergyinthebody.

StudiesofdrinkingandattitudestowarddrinkinginvariouscuItures

indicatethattherearesignificantsociaIfactorsinvoIvedinalcohoIism.

SomestudiessuggestthattherateofaIcohoIismislikelytobelowin

anygroupinwhichcustomsandattitudestowarddrinkingareweII

estabIished.

Insummary,noconeIusiveevidenceisyetavaiIableonthecausesof

alcoholism.ThisisamedicaI-sociaIproblemfartoocompIicatedfor

simpleanswers.NooneareaofresearchcanbeexpectedtoyieIdcompIete

information.ItwiIItakethecombinedeffortsofphysicalfpsychological,

andsociaIscientiststodeveloptheknowIedgenecessarytodeaIwith

thisproblem.

Intheireffortstodefine"theaIcohoIicpersonality",somescientists

A.haveidentifiedtypicalalcoholics

B.haveidentifiedpreoccupationwithselfasacauseofalcoholism

C.havefoundthatalcoholicshavesomecharacteristicsincommon

D.haveproducedanaccuratedescriptionofatypicalalcoholic

3.{{B1JTEXTD{{/B}}

11takesabout$400worthofequipmenttocIimbatree-arboristropes,

helmet,climbingsaddle,metalloopscalledcarabiners.Butwhenyou'

re100feetuporsoandyourperchisswayinginthewind,you'11be

gladyoucameprepared.

Mr.TeitelbaumispartofasmaIIbutgrowingcommunityofadultswho

calIthemselvesrecreationaltreeclimbers.Hehasevenfoundabusiness

init,teachingothersthroughhiscompany,TreeClimbingColorado.

Althoughdataabouttheparticipantsaredifficulttocomeby,New

Tribe,anOregoncompanythatsellsequipmentforrecreationaltree

climbing,saysithassoldalmost1,500tree-cIimbingsaddlesthisyear,

up34percentfrom2004.

SomegrounddwellersmightconsidertheseclimberssIightIyless

evoIvedthanmonkeys(Mr.Teitelbaum'sfatherhashaIf-teasingIyasked

hissontochangehislastnametosavethefamiIyembarrassment);but

Mr.Teitelbaumandhiscolleagueshappilyspendtheirleisurehours

climbing,andevensometimescampingtintrees.

Usingropesandotherclimbinggear,theyswayfrombranchesforhours,

talkingtothetree,huggingit,gettingauniqueperspectiveontheworId.

Everydayworriesseemtodisappear,theysay.Mr.Teitelbaumdoesnot

considerhimselfanextreme-sportskindofguy.HejustIikesbeingin

thetrees.

Forsafetyandcamaraderie,Mr.Teitelbaumprefersclimbingwith

someoneelse,althoughhecan5talwaysfindapartner.Hehasneverbeen

stranded,buthecarriesacelIphonejustincase.Hiswifedoesnot

climbverymuch.Thistime,hehadagreedtotakealongareporter

interestedinfindingouthowtreeclimbingfeelsfirsthand.

Mr.Teitelbaumlookedthingsover,somethingIikeapiIotlookingover

aplane.Hedidathree-pointcheck-theground,thetrunkandthe

canopy-lookingfordamagedorexposedroots,fungus,glass,nails,power

lines,hoilowsormissingbark,trunksplits,insects,animals,deador

dyinggrowth,treeleanoranythingelsethatmightposeadanger.

WearingacIimbingheImetoverhisgrayhair,herepeatedIyemphasized

safety,saying,"Wedon'twantpeopIekillingthemselves.11Heisa

graduateofarecreationaltree-climbingcertificationprogramrunby

TreeClimbingInternational,anAtIanta-basedumbrellaorganizationfor

recreationaltreeclimbers.Inhisown$400course,hetrainspeopIeover

aweekend,endinginawrittentestandaclimbingtest.

Mr.Teitelbaum,sthree-pointcheckinvolvesalIofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.theground

B.thetrunkofatree

C.thehelmet

D.thebranchesandleavesofatree

4.{{B}}TEXT

OxfordUniversityscientistswiIIexperimentonhundredsofpeopIe

inahidtounderstandhowthebrainworksduringstatesofconsciousness

andtoseewhetherfaitheasespain.

Oneaspectofthetwo-yearstudywiIIinvoIvefollowersofreIigious

andsecularfaithsbeingburnt.ThiswiIItestwhethertheycanhandle

morepainthanothers.

SomevolunteerswiIIbeshownreIigioussymboIssuchasimagesofthe

VirginMaryintheBibleduringthetorture.

ResearchersbeIievethestudymayimproveunderstandingoffaith-how

strongitisandhoweasilyitcanberemoved.

Theteamfromthenewly-formedCenterforScienceoftheMindalso

wanttoincIudepeopIewithsurvivaltechniques.Thatmayhelpspecial

forceseasilyidentifypeopIewithhighpainthresholds.

Anotherpartoftheresearchusesanestheticontheparticipants.That

stoseewhatpainkiIlershaveonthebrain.ItalsotestswhysomepeopIe

needhigherdosesofpaintomakethemunconscious.BaronessGreenfield,

directorofthecenter,said20yearsagoscientistshadshiedawayfrom

studyingthebraininsuchawaybutthatwasnowchanging.

"WewanttofindouthowitisworkingwhenwearehavingfeeIings

andmostimportantlyofalIwhenweareconscious,,rshesaid.

AlisonGray,aspokeswomanfortheRoyalCoIIegeofPsychiatristsin

Britain,said:"TheexperienceofpaindependsonbioIogicaIfactorssuch

astheamountoftissuedamageandthereleaseofthenaturalpainkiIlers

endorphin,inthebrain.n

PeopIeknowthatreIigiousbeIieverscantolerategreatpainwhen

thereisaspecificpurpose.

ScientistsspecuIatethatthiswouldoperateviaendorphinrelease.

Reiigiouspracticessuchasprayerandmeditationreleaseendorphinsand

wouldintheoryincreasethepainthreshold.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsabout

religiousbeIieversistrue

A.Theycannottolerategreatpainundereverysituation.

B.Theyhaveastrongerwillpowerthanthosewhodonotbelieveina

religion.

C.Prayersandmeditationincreasetheirpainthreshold.

D.Theyneedhigherdosesofpaintoloseconsciousness.

5.{{B1JTEXTE{{/B}}

"MyauntwiIIcomedownverysoon,Mr.Nuttel,,rsaidaverycalmyoung

ladyoffifteenyearsofage,"meanwhiIeyoumusttrytobearmycompany.M

FramtonNutteItriedtosaysomethingwhichwouldpleasetheniece

nowpresent,withoutannoyingtheauntthatwasabouttocome.Hewas

supposedtobegoingthroughacureforhisnerves;buthedoubtedwhether

thesepolitevisitstoanumberoftotalstrangerswouldhelpmuch.nI

knowhowitwiIIbe,Hhissisterhadsaidwhenhewaspreparingtogo

awayintothecountry;"youwi11loseyourselfdownthereandnotspeak

toaIivingsoul,andyournerveswiIIbeworsethaneverthrough

Ioneliness.IshalIjustgiveyoulettersofintroductiontoalIthe

peopIeIknowthere.Someofthem,asfarasIcanremember,arequite

nice.11

FramtonwonderedwhetherMrs.Sappieton,theladytowhomhewas

bringingoneofthelettersofintroduction,wasoneoftheniceones.

HDoyouknowmanyofthepeopIearoundhere"askedtheniece,when

shethoughtthattheyhadsatlongenoughinsiIence.

"Hardlyone,r,saidFramton."Mysisterwasstayinghere,youknow,

aboutfouryearsago,andshegavemelettersofintroductiontosome

ofthepeopIehere.”

Hemadethelaststatementinasadvoice.

"Thenyouknowalmostnothingaboutmyaunt7Hcontinuedthecalmyoung

lady.

"Onlyhernameandaddress,HFramtonadmitted.Hewaswondering

whetherMrs.Sappietonwasmarried;perhapsshehadbeenmarriedandher

husbandwasdead.{{U}}Buttherewassomethingofamanintheroom{{/U}}.

"Hergreatsorrowcamejustthreeyearsago,"saidthechild."That

wouldbeafteryoursister'stime.”

"Hersorrow"askedFramton.Somehow,inthisrestfulcountryplace,

sorrowsseemedfaraway.

"YoumaywonderwhywekeepthatwindowwideopenonanOctober

afternoon,nsaidtheniece,pointingtoalongwindowthatopenedIike

adoorontothegrassoutside.

"Itisquitewarmforthetimeoftheyear,nsaidFramton,"buthas

thatwindowgotanythingtodowithyouraunt1ssorrow”

"Outthroughthatwindow,exactIythreeyearsago,herhusbandand

hertwoyoungbrotherswentofffortheirday'sshooting.Theynever

cameback.Incrossingthecountrytotheshooting-ground,theywentalI

thereswallowedinabog.Ithadbeenthatterriblewetsummer,youknow,

andplacesthatweresafeinotheryearsbecamesuddenlydangerous.Their

bodieswereneverfound.Thatwastheworstpartofit."Herethechild'

svoicelostitscalmsoundandbecamealmosthuman.

BeforehisvisittoMrs.SappIeton,Framtonshowedhisthecuring

effectofthevisit.

A.disbeliefin

B.doubtabout

C.suspicionof

D.optimismabout

6.

{{B}}TEXTA{{/B}}

Aparaphraseisarestatementofatextusingdifferentwords.Itis

oftenusedtoclarifythemeaning.Youcanparaphrasekeypointsfrom

yourtextbookorfromyourlecturenotes.Rewritingtheideasinyour

ownwordswi11helpyourememberthem.YouwiIIalsohavetoparaphrase

onessayexamsandinresearchpapers.

Itisextremelyimportanttorememberthatwheneveryoucitesomeone

else'swordsordescribesomeoneelse'sideas,youmustgivecredit

totheoriginalsource.Ifyoudon'ttelIwhereyougottheinformation,

youareplagiarizing.ThisisaveryseriousoffenceinAmerican

universities.Alwaysciteyoursource.HereisanexampIe:

"Cultureenablesustomakesenseofoursurroundings.M(original)

AccordingtoSamovarandPorterinCommunicationBetweenCultures,

culturehelpsustounderstandourenvironment.(paraphrase)

Theclausethatintroducesthesourceofyourcitationcanbewritten

inanynumberofways.Justbesuretogivetheauthorandthetitle.

Whenyouparaphrase,incIudeaIItheinformationintheoriginalexcerpt.

Leavenothingout.Inadditiontousingsynonyms,youcanmakeavariety

ofgrammaticalchangesinthesentence.Thesesuggestionswi11helpyou

dotheparaphrasingexercises:

1.Usesynonyms.

ExampIe:UnderstandingotherculturesisacompIexmatter.

{{B}}UnderstandingothercuIturesisacompIicatedmatter.{{/B}}

2.Usedifferentwordforms(noun—verb,adverb->adjective,etc.).Be

suretomakethenecessarygrammaticalchangesinthesentence.

ExampIe:Cultureisourteacher.

{{B}}Cultureteachesus.{{/B}}

3.Changeactivetopassive,orviceversa.

ExampIe:Cultureislearned.

{{B}}PeopIelearnabouttheirculture.{{/B}}

4.Changenegativetoaffirmative,orviceversa.

ExampIe:Notonepartofourexistenceisunaffectedbyculture.

{{B}}Everypartofourexistenceisaffectedbyculture.{{/B}}

5.DonotincIudeyouropinionoradditionalinformationaspartofthe

paraphrase.

6.Donotattempttochangevocabularyintheareasoftechnology

(computer,microchip)fscience(caIcium,testtube),government

(congress,electoralcoIIege),education(grade-pointaverage,

doctorate),fieldofstudy(Anthropology,Linguistics)vgeography

(Europe,mountain),Ianguage(noun,sentence),people(Indians,South

Americans),brandnames(Macintosh,Honda),orforeverydaywordsthat

havenosynonyms(dictionary,vitamins,culture).

7.Donotusequotationmarks.

8.CiteyoursourceascompIeteIyasyoucan(author+title).

9.Youdonotneedtogivecredittoasourceiftheinformationiscommon

knowIedge.Thatis,ifyouheardsomethingontheeveningnewsthatwas

broadcastacrossthecountryandwasinalIthenewspapers,youdon5

thavetocitewhereyouheardaboutthismajorevent.

Accordingtothepassage,wemayparaphraseFrancisBacon,swords

"Writingmakesoneexact,"as"Inhisessay'OnStudies’,FrancisBacon

saysthat.n

A.'writingmakesoneexact'

B.'writinghelpsoneexpresshimselfconcisely'

C.'writinghelpsoneexpresshimselfcorrectly,

D.'writingtrainsyoutoexpressyourselfexactlyJ

7.{{B}}TEXTD{{/B}}

11takesabout$400worthofequipmenttocIimbatree-arboristropes,

helmet,climbingsaddle,metalloopscalledcarabiners.Butwhenyou

re100feetuporsoandyourperchisswayinginthewind,you11be

gladyoucameprepared.

Mr.TeitelbaumispartofasmaIIbutgrowingcommunityofadultswho

calIthemselvesrecreationaltreeclimbers.Hehasevenfoundabusiness

init,teachingothersthroughhiscompany,TreeClimbingColorado.

Althoughdataabouttheparticipantsaredifficulttocomeby,New

Tribe,anOregoncompanythatsellsequipmentforrecreationaltree

climbing,saysithassoldalmost1,500tree-cIimbingsaddlesthisyear,

up34percentfrom2004.

SomegrounddwellersmightconsidertheseclimberssIightIyless

evoIvedthanmonkeys(Mr.Teitelbaum5sfatherhashalf-teasinglyasked

hissontochangehislastnametosavethefamilyembarrassment);but

Mr.Teitelbaumandhiscolleagueshappilyspendtheirleisurehours

climbing,andevensometimescampingtintrees.

Usingropesandotherclimbinggear,theyswayfrombranchesforhours,

talkingtothetree,huggingit,gettingauniqueperspectiveontheworId.

Everydayworriesseemtodisappear,theysay.Mr.Teitelbaumdoesnot

considerhimselfanextreme-sportskindofguy.HejustIikesbeingin

thetrees.

ForsafetyandcamaraderiefMr.Teitelbaumprefersclimbingwith

someoneeIseralthoughhecan'talwaysfindapartner.Hehasneverbeen

stranded,buthecarriesacelIphonejustincase.Hiswifedoesnot

climbverymuch.Thistime,hehadagreedtotakealongareporter

interestedinfindingouthowtreeclimbingfeelsfirsthand.

Mr.Teitelbaumlookedthingsover,somethingIikeapiIotlookingover

aplane.Hedidathree-pointcheck-theground,thetrunkandthe

canopy-lookingfordamagedorexposedroots,fungus,glass,nails,power

lines,hoilowsormissingbark,trunksplits,insects,animals,deador

dyinggrowth,treeleanoranythingelsethatmightposeadanger.

WearingacIimbingheImetoverhisgrayhair,herepeatedIyemphasized

safety,saying,uWedon5twantpeopIekillingthemselves.MHeisa

graduateofarecreationaltree-climbingcertificationprogramrunby

TreeClimbingInternationaI,anAtIanta-basedumbreIIaorganizationfor

recreationaItreecIimbers.Inhisown$400course,hetrainspeopIeover

aweekend,endinginawrittentestandaclimbingtest.

Tosecuresafety,Mr.TeitelbaumdoesalIofthefollowingEXCEPTthat

A.hewillclimbwithapartnersolongashecanfindone

B.hecarriesacellphone

C.hedoesathree-pointcheck

D.hetooka$400coursefortree-climbing

8.{{B}}TEXTCH/B}}

DespiteitsmanyusefuIproperties,theuseofaIcohoIhasproduced

somedifficultpersonalandsociaIproblems.Infact,aIcohoIismisone

ofourmosttroublesomepubIichealthsituations.Ithasbeenestimated

thatsixofeverytenadultsintheUnitedStatesuseaIcohoIicbeverages,

andthatoneofeveryfifteenpersonswhodrinkbecomesanalcoholic.

WhatisitthatimpeIssomeindividualstodrinkexcessivelytobecome

anaIcohoIic

Theterm"alcoholism"isnoteasytodefine.Itisgenerallyusedto

coverawholerangeofindividualandsociaIproblemsconnectedwiththe

useofaIcohoIicbeverages.PeopIewhosedrinkingcausesthemtobecome

enmeshedintheseproblemsarecalled"alcoholicsM.

Modernpsychiatricopinionsuggestsasignificantreasonfortheuse

andmisuseofaIcohoI.Manhasoftenusedalcoholtohelphimcopewith

theproblemsandcrisesgrowingoutofhiscontinuingstruggletoadjust

tothedemandsofhisenvironment.WherevermanIivesheissubjectto

stressesfromhisphysicalandsociaIsurroundings.Hemustadjustto

changeswithinhimseIf-growinguprgettingold,theeffectsofdisease.

HemustadjusttochangesinhisIivingpattern-tomovesfromone

localitytoanother,tojobchanges,tomarriage,tothedeathofloved

ones.HemustadjusttohissociaIsurroundings,tootherpeopIe-his

familyrfriends,businessassociates,andneighbors.Whenhefinds

himselfconfrontedwithoverwhelmingdifficultyinadjusting,hemaytake

todrinkingasawayoutofhisproblems.

SomescientistshavetriedtodefinetheMaIcohoIicpersonality"—to

discover,ifpossible,whatcharacteristicsarecommontoalcoholics.

ThismighthelptoidentifypeopIewhoareIikeIytobecomealcoholics.

Sofar,noaccuratedescriptionofa"typicalalcoholicMhasemerged.

ThepeopIewhoarestudiedarefoundtohavesometraitsincommon-e,

g.,emotionaIimmaturity,preoccupationwithself,insecurity,and

guilt-butwhetherthesetraitsexistedbeforetheybecamealcoholics

isnotknown.Moreover,itispossibleforpeopIetohaveanyoralIof

thesetraitsandstillnotbeaIcohoIics.SomescientistsbeIievethat

alcoholismmayhaveaphysicalorbiologicalcause-adefectinthebody

chemistryorsomenutritionaldeficiency.Anothertheoryisthatthe

cravingforaIcohoIisbroughtonbyitseffectontheadrenaIglands,

whichregulatetheproductionofchemicalenergyinthebody.

Studiesofdrinkingandattitudestowarddrinkinginvariouscultures

indicatethattherearesignificantsociaIfactorsinvoIvedinalcohoIism.

Somestudiessuggestthattherateofalcoholismislikelytobelowin

anygroupinwhichcustomsandattitudestowarddrinkingareweII

estabIished.