必修四Unit4BodyLanguage肢體語言statementn.陳述；說明greetvi.&vt.迎接；問候adultn.成人；成年人representvt.代表；象征simplyadv.簡單地；只dashvi.猛沖；突進(jìn)atease舒適；快活；自由自在trulyadv.真實(shí)地；真誠地falseadj.錯(cuò)誤的；假的associationn.社團(tuán)；聯(lián)系；聯(lián)Muslimn.&adj.穆斯林（的）angern.怒氣；怒火想spokenadj.口語的loseface丟臉dormitoryn.宿舍canteenn.食堂curiousadj.好奇的curiouslyadv.好奇地posturen.姿勢；體態(tài)turnone’sbackto背棄；背對belikelytodo…很可能；有fistn.拳頭希望yawnvi.打哈欠ingeneral總的來說；通常crossroadsn.十字路口employeen.雇員respectfuladj.恭敬的subjectiveadj.主觀的hugvi&vt.擁抱rankn.等級；軍銜cassetten.磁帶approachvt.&vi.接近；靠近；走近frownvi.皺眉；蹙額misreadvt.讀錯(cuò)；誤解n.接近；方法；途徑cheekn.面頰defendagainst保衛(wèi)…以免受defencen.防御；保衛(wèi)majoradj.主要的functionn.作用；功能；職能facialadj.面部的vi.起作用；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)misunderstandvt.誤會(huì)；誤解II．ReadingCOMMUNICATION:NOPROBLEM?交流：沒有問題嗎？Yesterday,anotherstudentandI,representingouruniversity’sstudentassociation,wenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear’sinternationalstudents.昨天，我和另一個(gè)學(xué)生代表我們大學(xué)的學(xué)生會(huì)到首都國際機(jī)場迎接今年的國際生?！咀⑨專簉epresentingouruniversity’sstudent是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，該分詞與句子主語“anotherstudentandI”之間的邏輯關(guān)系為主謂關(guān)系。也有把representingouruninersity'sstudentassociation看作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于whorepresentedouruniversity'sstudentassociation.）考題：1.(09申-31)Asmallplanecrashedintoahillsidefivemileseastofthecity,____allfourpeopleonboard.A.killedB.killingC.killsD.tokill2.(09湘-25)Attheageof29,Davewasaworker,____inasmallapartmentnearBostonand______whattodoabouthisfuture.A.living;wonderingB.lived;wonderingC.lived;wonderedD.living;wondered3.(09遼-22)Whenwevisitedmyoldfamilyhome,memorycame_____back.A.floodingB.tofloodC.floodD.flooded4.(08全I(xiàn)I-9)——Whatareyoureading,Tom?——I’mnotreallyreading,just_____thepages.A.turningoffB.turningaroundC.turningoverD.turningup5.(08京-24)______thatshewasgoingofftosleep,Iaskedifshe’dlikethatlittledollonherbed.A.SeeingB.ToseeC.SeeD.Seen6.(08重-29)_____toreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.A.FailB.FailedC.TofailD.HavingfailedBAACAD】TheywerecomingtostudyatBeijingUniversity.他們要來北大學(xué)習(xí)。【注釋：Wewouldtakewerecomingto是用短暫性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來。類似用法begoingtodosth.】themfirsttotheirdormitoriesandthentothestudentcanteen.我們首先把他們帶到宿舍，然后帶他們?nèi)バ≠u部?！咀⑨專寒?dāng)序數(shù)詞作狀語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在序數(shù)詞前面不可用the。如：TomAfterhalfanhourofwaitingfortheirflighttoarrive,cameherefirstthismorning.】Isawseveralyoungpeopleenterthewaitingarealookingaroundcuriously.等了【注釋：lookingaroundcuriously半個(gè)小時(shí)之后，我看到幾個(gè)年輕人走進(jìn)候機(jī)區(qū)，在好奇地張望。是現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語?！縄stoodforaminutewatchingthemandthenwenttogreetthem.我站一會(huì)兒，觀察他們，然后過去跟他們打招呼。ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia,closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.第一個(gè)到達(dá)的是來自哥倫比亞的托尼·加西亞，緊跟著后面的是來自英國的茱莉亞·斯密斯。【注釋：thefirstpersontoarrive,非謂語動(dòng)詞修飾序數(shù)詞或修飾有序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞時(shí)，常能用不定式形式。試題：1)Shewasthefirstwoman____thegoldmedalintheOlympicsintheworld.A.wonB.winsC.towinD.winning2)Thelastone_____paysthemeal.——Agreed!A.arrivedB.arrivesC.toarriveD.arrivingCC】AfterImetthemandthenintroducedthemtoeachother,Iwasverysurprised.TonyapproachedJulia,touchedher當(dāng)我接到他們并相互介紹完畢之后，我感到非常吃驚。shoulderandkissedheronthecheek!托尼走到茱莉亞跟前，摸摸她的肩膀并吻了她的臉頰。【注釋：approachvt.向…靠近；接近；與…打交道；探討；vi.靠近；臨近；接近；n.靠近；臨近；接近；通路；親近；方式（后跟to）;theapproachof……的來臨/臨近；makeapproachesto某人打sb.想接近某人；想與交道；approachsb.about/forsth.向某人要求某物；approachtosth.做某事的方式/方法；eg.1)Snowannouncedtheapproachofwinter.雪宣告冬季的來臨。2)Ilikeherapproachtotheproblem.我喜歡她解決這個(gè)問題的方法。3)Theymadeapproachestotheteamtobuyoneoftheirplayers.他們與那支球隊(duì)洽談要買他們的一個(gè)球員?！颳ithwinter_____,manyanimalsarebusystoringfood.的表示試題：A.leavingB.disappearingC.appearingD.approaching】Shesteppedbackappearingsurprisedandputupherhands,asifindefence.她向后退了一thesamewaythatitwouldbeif:似乎，仿佛：eg.lookedasifsheweremadeofice.她看起乎是冰做的.(2)That:相當(dāng)于that：eg.Itseemedasifthemeetingwouldneverend.看沒了】下，（臉上）顯露出很吃驚，舉起雙手，似乎是在防衛(wèi)?！咀⑨專篴sifconj.（連接詞）(1)In來似起來會(huì)議沒完Iguessedthattherewasprobablyamajormisunderstanding.我想這主要可能是一個(gè)誤會(huì)。【注釋：majoradj.較大的；主要的n.專業(yè)；vi.主修；專政；majorin攻讀；專修；主修eg.Alicemajorsineconomics.愛麗絲主修經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。a/themajorityof大多數(shù)的；大半的eg.Themajorityofloneparentsaredivorcedorseparatedwomen.單身父母中大多數(shù)是離婚或分居的婦女。Youngpeoplewereinthemajorityatthemeeting.這次會(huì)議年輕人占了很多。】ThenAkiraNagatafromJapancameinsmiling,togetherwithGeorgeCookfromCanada.隨后，來自日本的永田明，和來自加拿大的佐治亞庫克都笑著進(jìn)來?！咀⑨專簊miling是現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀A(yù)stheywereintroduced,GeorgereachedhishandouttotheJapanesestudent.語?！吭诮榻B他們的時(shí)候，佐治亞向日本學(xué)生伸出手去?！咀⑨專篿ntroducevt.引領(lǐng)；introducesb.tosb.把某人介紹給某人；introducesth.in/into把某物引進(jìn)；introducesb.tosth.引導(dǎo)或帶領(lǐng)某人接觸某事物；introducesth.tosb.向某人宣布并介紹；introduceoneself作自我介紹eg.1)Itwasmyyoungerbrotherwhointroducedmetojazz.是我弟弟介紹我聽爵士樂的。2)引進(jìn)；介紹；提出；AllowmetointroducemyfriendMissWoodtoyou.允許我向你介紹我的朋友伍德小姐。3)CoffeewasJustatthatmoment,introducedintoEnglandfromtheContinent.咖啡是從歐洲大陸傳入英國的?！縣owever,AkirabowedsohisnosetouchedGeorge’smovinghand.可是，就在那時(shí)，永Theybothapologized—another田明彎腰鞠躬，以致于他的鼻子碰到了佐治亞正伸出來的手。culturalmistake!他們兩個(gè)都相互道歉——又一個(gè)文化過失！AhmedAziz,anotherinternationalstudent,wasfromJordan.艾哈默德·阿齊茲，另Whenwemetyesterday,hemovedveryclosetomeasIintroduced一個(gè)來自約旦的國際生。myself.昨天，當(dāng)我們見面的時(shí)候，在我自我介紹時(shí)，他走到我跟前，靠得很近?！颈嫖觯篶lose,closely即指“距離很近”，如：stayedclosetogether.緊緊地靠在一塊。closely指抽象的“關(guān)系密切”。如：Thetwothingsarecloselyinterconnected.這兩個(gè)事物是相互緊地密聯(lián)系在一起的。類似用法像deep與deeply,deep指具體的空間概念“深”，而deeply指抽象的感情概念“深⑴close表示具體的空間概念，Imovedbackabit,buthecameclosertoaskaquestionandthenshookmy深地”】hand.WhenDarleneCoulonfromFrance我向后退了一點(diǎn)，可是他靠得更近來問問題，并與我握手。camedashingthroughthedoor,sherecognizedTonyGarcia’ssmilingface.當(dāng)來自Theyshookhandsandthen法國的達(dá)琳庫龍匆忙地穿過門口過來時(shí)，她認(rèn)出了托尼加西亞微笑的臉龐。kissedeachothertwiceoneachcheek,sincethatistheFrenchcustomwhenadults吻了兩meetpeopletheyknow.他們握手并在臉頰上相互下，因?yàn)槟鞘欠▏说牧?xí)俗：當(dāng)成年人遇到AhmedAziz,相識(shí)的人時(shí)，要相互吻兩下臉頰。【注釋：theyknow是定語從句，修飾限制先行詞people.】onthecontrary,simplynoddedatthegirls.相反，艾哈默德阿齊茲只是對他的女友點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭。MenfromMiddleEasternandotherMuslimcountrieswill【注釋：onthecontrary相反?！縪ftenstandquiteclosetoothermentotalkbutwillusuallynottouchwomen.來自中東和其他穆斯林國家的男子通常與別人站得很近來講話，但通常不碰女子?！咀⑨專簍ouchvt.&vi.n.觸摸；接觸；getin/intotouchwith與…取得聯(lián)系；keepintouchwith與…保持聯(lián)系；beintouchwith與…有聯(lián)系；losetouchwith=beoutoftouchwith與…失去聯(lián)系；eg.1)Let’sstayintouch讓我們保持聯(lián)系。2)Iwastouched/movedbyhergentleness.我被他的溫柔打動(dòng)了。3)Wehavekeptintouchwitheachothersincegraduation.自畢業(yè)以后我們一直相互保持聯(lián)系。4)IregrettosaythatIhavelosttouchwithfourorfive.很遺憾，我和四五個(gè)朋友已失去了聯(lián)系?！緼sIgettoknowmoreinternationalfriends,Ilearnmoreaboutthiscultural“bodylanguage”.Not隨著我開始認(rèn)識(shí)更多的國際朋友，我了解了更多的有關(guān)“肢體語言”的文化。allculturesgreeteachother(in)thesameway,noraretheycomfortableinthesamewaywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.（=noraretheycomfortabletouchingstrangersorbeingtoocloseortoofaraway.）不是所有的文化以相同的方式相互問候/寒暄，以同樣的方式或同樣的距離與人接觸都會(huì)使他們不舒服(與人接觸時(shí)距離太近或太遠(yuǎn)都會(huì)使他們不舒服)?！咀⑨專?1)notall意為‘并非所有的…都’，是部分否定；與not構(gòu)成部分否定意義的表示整體意義或表示絕對概念的詞還有：both,every,everyone,everywhere,everybody,everything,always,entirely,altogetherwholly,.Eg.1)Noteverystudentpassedtheexam.并非所有的學(xué)生都通過了考試。2)NotallofthemcanspeakEnglish.并非他們都會(huì)說英語。(2)表示全部否定是詞有：none,nobody,neither,never,nothing,nowhere,noone,notatall.Eg.NoneofInthesamewaythatpeoplecommunicatewithspokenlanguage,thebooksareuseful.】theyalsoexpresstheirfeelingsusingunspoken“l(fā)anguage”throughphysicaldistance,actionsorposture.同樣地，他們在用口語交流時(shí)，他們也通過使用身體的距離、行為、或姿態(tài)等不說出口的“語言”來表達(dá)感情?！咀⑨專簍hroughprep.(1)Bywayof:由，經(jīng)過：eg.climbedinthroughthewindow.從窗戶爬進(jìn)去(2)Bythemeansoragencyof:通過：用…途徑或媒介：eg.Englishpeople,forboughttheantiquevasethroughadealer.通過一個(gè)商人買到這只古花瓶】example,donotusuallystandveryclosetoothersor(=andnot)touchstrangersassoonastheymeet.例如，英國人一見面，通常彼此站得不是很近，或不是近距離的接觸陌生人。However,peoplefromplaceslikeSpain,ItlayorSouthAmericancountriesapproachotherscloselyandaremorelikelytotouchthem.然而，來自西班牙、意大利或南美國家的人彼此靠得很近，也很可能接觸對方。【注釋：likely,possible,probable在不同結(jié)構(gòu)中的運(yùn)用：(1)It’slikelythat…=sb.belikelytodo…如:It’slikelythathewillwinthegame=heislikelytowinthegame.(2)It’spossibleforsb.todosth.=It’spossiblethatsb.willdosth.如：It’spossibleforTomtopasstheexamthistime.(3)It’sprobablethatsb.willdosth.如：It’sprobablethatTomwillpasstheexamthistime.1)We’vejustheardawarningontheradiothatahurricaneis____tocomethisevening.A.likely2)Itis_____forhertofinishthatmathsprobleminsuchashorttime,becausesheissoclever.A.probableB.impossibleC.likelyD.possible3)Look,darkcloudsaregathering.Itis______torainsoon.A.possibleB.likelyC.probableD.perhapsB.possibleC.probableD.believableADA】Mostpeoplearoundtheworldnowgreeteachotherbyshakinghands,butsomeculturesuseothergreetingsaswell,suchastheJapanese,whoprefertobow.世界各地大多數(shù)人是通過握手進(jìn)行彼此問候，但也有其他文化用其他方式問候，比如日本人比較喜歡鞠躬?！咀⑨專篴swell也；又；同樣;倒不如,還是...的好;最好...還是(Itwillbeaswelltostopthatyoungscreamer.但是最好還是讓那個(gè)大哭大叫的孩子住聲。)eg.Hementionedothermattersaswell.他也提到了其它事情】Theseactionsarenotgoodorbad,butaresimplywaysinwhichcultureshavedeveloped.(1)這些行為不好也不壞，只是文化發(fā)展的不同方式罷了。【注釋：simplyadv.merely;only:僅僅；只不過：eg.Itissimplyamatteroftime.這只不過是一個(gè)時(shí)間的問題.(2)absolutely;altogether:完全地；簡直：eg.simplydelicious.真是鮮美極了.(3)Frankly;candidly:坦率地；天真地：eg.Youare,quitesimply,thebestcandidateforthejob.說實(shí)在話，你是這份工作最好的候選人】Ihaveseen,however,thatculturalcustomsforbodylanguageareverygeneral—notallmembersofaculturebehaveinthesameway.可是，我已經(jīng)明白：對于肢體語言的文化習(xí)俗是非常普遍的——并非所有文化在行為上都以相同的方式。【注釋：behave.（及物動(dòng)詞）(1)Toconduct(oneself)properly:舉止適宜：eg.Didyoubehaveyourselfattheparty?你在聚會(huì)上舉止得體嗎?(2)Toconduct(oneself)inaspecifiedway:以某一特殊方式行動(dòng)：eg.Thewitnessbehavedherselfwithgreatcalmness.那目擊者表現(xiàn)得極其冷靜】Ingeneral,though,studyinginternationalcustomscancertainlyhelpavoiddifficultiesintoday’sworldofculturalcrossroads!不過，一般說來，研究國際習(xí)俗確實(shí)能夠有助于避免當(dāng)今世界文化交叉所產(chǎn)生的困難?！咀⑨專孩賗ngeneral大體上；一般地；asageneralrule一般情況下；通常；generallyspeaking一般地說。如：1)Asageneralrule,hegoestobedlate.②avoid+動(dòng)名詞/名詞/代詞vt.避開；避免(1)Icrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,buthesawmeandcamerunningtowardsme.我橫穿馬路以便避開他,但他看到了我并朝我跑過來。(2)Toavoidconfusion,theteamsworedifferentcolours.為避免混淆,兩隊(duì)分穿不同顏色的衣服。】試題：1.Iguessthatteamis_____towinthematch,butIamnotquitesure.A.possibleB.likelyC.impossibleD.certain2.Thekidsseatedthemselves____totheteacherandlistened___withgreatinterest.A.closely;closeB.closely;closelyC.close;closelyD.close;close3._____theimportanceofthisexperiment,theycheckedtheresultsoveragain.A.ToconsiderB.ConsideredC.ConsiderD.Considering4.Thenewplanwasput____immediatelybytheleadersinthatcitytostopthespreadingfire.A.foruseB.intouseC.intoactionD.foraction5.Alleggslook_____toeachother,butnotwoeggsarequitethesame,LeonardoDaVinci’steacheroncesaidtohim.A.differentB.similarC.alikeD.FamiliarBCDC[oaction采取行動(dòng)；付諸實(shí)踐]B重點(diǎn)句型：1．ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia，closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.【精提取】toarrive為不定式作后置定語。注：當(dāng)所修飾的部分是序數(shù)詞或?yàn)樾驍?shù)詞修飾時(shí)，則應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。如：Sheisthefirststudenttocomehere.【巧應(yīng)用】她是在29屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)獲得金牌的第一位運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Shewas_____________________________________inthe29thOlympicGames.答案：thefirstathletetowinthegoldmedal2．Notallculturesgreeteachotherthesameway，noraretheycomfortableinthesamewaywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.【精提取】notall為部分否定。表示整體概念或絕對概念的詞與否定詞連用時(shí)，則表示部分否定。這些詞有all,both,every...,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,allthetime(一直），not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分(如：Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.這部電影有趣但無教育意義)?！厩蓱?yīng)用】并不是所有昨天晚上在場的歌手都是學(xué)生。________________________________presentlastnightwerestudents.答案：Notallthesingers3．However，peoplefromplaceslikeSpain，ItalyorSouthAmericancountriesapproachot