第頁共頁最新專業(yè)八級英語閱讀訓練題最新專業(yè)八級英語閱讀訓練題TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperienceBy1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy,However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“moncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwith[A]vexation[B]irritability[C]discouragement[D]neutrality2.Theauthormentions“moncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizethe[A]lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.[B]similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.[C]similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.[D]continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines1619?[A]Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.[B]Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.[C]Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.[D]Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?[A]Nervecells.[B]Nerveimpulses.[C]Corticalareas.[C]Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.答案詳解：1.C.令人絕望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實驗結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪?！盇.令人惱火。B.激怒。D.中立。均不對。2.A.在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差異)。moncurrency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴厲的駁斥，但這一學說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對立的觀點;那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)根本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送?！彼云胀}沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上根本相似。B.科學家觀點上的相似性。C.人類感覺相似性。D.神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項和moncurrency無關(guān)。3.A.受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識的.感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點?！币婋y句譯注3。B.如今對神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進展更精彩的研究。C.感官刺激是異的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的