2022年黑龍江省大興安嶺地區(qū)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)重點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Accordingtotheauthor,foreachprojectweshouldsetonlyone______inordernotetincreasethepressure.

2.

Thebiggestsinglelossofplaneshappenedin______.

3.

Intheyearswheninflationoutpaceswageincrease,manyfamiliesintheU.S.hardlygetby.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.Whensleddogsgetsufficientcarefromtheowner,theyusually______.

A.fightwithotherdogs

B.aretooheavytorun

C.arefriendlyandgentle

D.developreliabilityontheowner

5.TopeoplelivingintheArctic,themeltingofsomeglaciersmaypermitnewopportunitiesfor______.

6.(9)

7.

ThebenefitthatconsumersgainfromtheInternetisthe______.

8.

Thebasicprinciplesappliedtonatural-gasvehiclesarequitedifferentfromthoseappliedtogasoline-poweredvehicles.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Accordingtothewriter,mostofthecultureshockhappenswhenhe______.

A.wentintotheclassroomafterwork

B.leftclassandwentbacktowork

C.participatedinagroupproject

D.tookinacollegesportsevent

10.

Tohelpraisethepublic'sawarenessofthesuicideproblem,psychiatristTillerappealedtothegovernmenttoorganize______.

11.WhatdoesthechairmanofVodafoneJohnBondthinkofbanks?

A.Theycanhardlygetprofitoutofsmallpayments.

B.Theymaydisappearinthenearfuturejustlikecash.

C.TheyhavegreatlychangedvillagelifeinAfrica.

D.Theyholdaprimaryroleinthemoney-transferbusiness.

12.

Duringthe19thcentury,naturalgaswasusedonalocalscalebecauseofthedifficultsituationin___________.

13.

NoWestern-style.librariesexistedforthegenerationpublicinChinauntil___________.

14.

ManyAmericansrememberthattheirfathersmademacaronicookedwithcheeseonhotsummerdays.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.Visawillintroduceanew"waveandpay"cardinLondonforpurchases______.

A.under$25B.underE10C.abroadD.intraveling

16.

Wemodempeople'sbodiesreacttostressindifferentwaysfromourancestors'bodiesdid.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.Howdoyoucreateasenseofpeacetoreleasethestressaccordingtothepassage?

A.BywatchingTV.

B.Bygoingshopping.

C.Bytalkingwithfriends.

D.Bylisteningtobeautifulmusic.

18.

Anonviolentoffendercanchoose______.

19.

Globalwarmingmaycausesomenaturaldisasterssuchaswildfireanddroughttobecomemoresevere.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Calories______willnotstopimmediatelywhenyourexerciseisover.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：M:I'dlovetocometoyourbirthdaypartyonSunday.ButmysisterisarrivingfromLondonthatday.

F:That'snoproblem.Themorethemerrier.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(18)

A.Shethinksthemanshouldstaywithhissisterathome.

B.Sheinvitesthemanandhissistertoherparty.

C.Shewillgowiththemantomeethissister.

D.Shewillcancelherparty.

22.(26)

A.AnydayafterMonday,

B.Beforethetest.

C.OnMondayevening.

D.OnFriday.

23.聽力原文：W:Ican'tgetoverthewayyoutreatedmeatourowndinnertable.

M:Iwasirritatedatsomethingelse.IsaidIwassorry.Dowehavetogothroughallthatagain?

Q:Whathappenedtothewomantheotherday?

(19)

A.Shewashurtbytheman.

B.Shelosthertemper.

C.Shedidn'tspeaktoherhusband.

D.Shemissedthedinnerparty.

24.(14)

A.Hehasjustboughtapropertythere.

B.Hisrichuncleaskedhimtotakecareofhispropertythere.

C.Hehasbeenleftabigfortunethere.

D.Hewishestomakeafortunethereoneday.

25.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Oneimportantthingaboutartmovementsisthattheirpopularitycanbeaffectedbysocialconditions,whicharethemselvesoftenaffectedbyhistoricalevents.Asanexample,lookatwhathappenedintheUnitedStatesearlyinthe20thcentury,aroundthetimeoftheGreatDepression,theartmovementknownastheRegionalismhadbegunintheUnitedStatesevenbeforetheDepressionoccurred.Butitreallyflourishedinthe1930s,duringthedepressionyears.Why?Well,manyartistswhohadbeenlivinginbigcitieswereforcedbytheeconomiccrisistoleavethosebigcitiesandmovebacktotheirsmalltownsinruralAmerica.Someoftheseartistscametotrulyembracethelifeinsmalltownsandtorejectcitylifeinso-called"sophisticatedsociety".Theseartistsorspecificallycertainpaintersreallybuilttheregionalistmovement.Theycreatedthingsineverydaylifeinsmalltownsorfarmingareas.Andtheirstyle.wasnotallneutral,reallybigglorifiedorromanticizedcountrylife,showingitstable,wholesome,andembodyingimportantAmericantraditions.Andthisstyle.becameverypopular,inpartbecauseoftheeconomicconditionsofthetime.Yousee,theDepressionhadcausedmanyAmericanstobegintodoubttheirsociety.ButregionalismartistspaintedscenesthatglorifiedAmericanvalues,scenesthatmanyAmericanscouldeasilyidentifywith.Sothemovementhelpedstrengthenpeople'sfaithintheircountry,faiththathadweakenedastheresultofthedepression.Butinthe1940s,beforeandaftertheSecondWorldWar,Americanculturebegantotakeonamuchmoreinternationalspirit,andRegionalism,withitsfocusonsmalltownlife,well,itlostalotofpopularity,asAmericansocietychangedonceagain.

(27)

A.Howhistoricaleventsaffectedanartmovement.

B.Howartistscaninfluenceeconomicconditions.

C.Whyacertainartmovementfailedtobecomepopular.

D.Howvaluablepaintingswerelostduringwartime.

26.(22)

A.Acityguide.

B.Alibrarian.

C.Acomputerexpert.

D.Aregistrar.

27.聽力原文：M:Sohowcomeyouchosepsychology?

W:Well,atlustIdidn'thaveanyclearideaofwhatIwantedtodoafteruniversity,Ididn'tsaytomyself"Iwanttobeaclinicalpsychologistoraresearcheroranythinglikethat".(22)IsupposeIhavejustalwaysbeeninterestedinpeopleandthewaytheyact.

M:Andwhatwasthecourselike?

W:Itwasjustgreat.Theteacherswereallreallyfriendlyandtheyhadthisspecialapproachtoteaching.(23)Thewholecoursewasbasedonaproblem-solvingapproach.

M:IseefromyourCVthatyougraduatedin1997andafterthat,letmesee...

W:Igotajobwiththedepartmentofemployment.Itwasonlyatemporarythingforaboutsixmonths.(24)Iusedtohavetodesignquestionnairesandthingslikethatforsurveysthattheycarriedout.AndIguessthepsychologycourseatcollegehelpedmealot.

M:Sowhydidyouleave?

W:Well,fouryearsisalongtimetobeaskingpeoplequestions.Youknowthosesortsofquestionsaboutwashingpowderandshampoo.AftertwoyearsofdoingthatIfeltthatwhileIcoulddoitwell,nowIwanttodosomethingelsethat'salittledifferent.(25)Itjustwasn'tchallengingformeanymoreandbecauseIneededachallengeIdecidedtomovewhenIheardaboutthepositionofSeniorResearcherhereatinstituteIknewthat'sexactlywhatIwant.

(23)

A.Bearesearcherinthearea.

B.Beaclinicalpsychologist.

C.Knowhowtobeaproblem-solver.

D.Knowmoreaboutpeople'sbehavior.

28.聽力原文：M:Mary,(19)youwanttotalkaboutyoursecondessay,right?

W:Yes,Dr.Richardson.IjustneedyourcommentsonwhatI'mplanningtodo.(19)I'mdoingtheessayonthedifferencesbetweenTVnewsprogramsatdifferenthoursoftheday.

M:Howmanytimesslotsareyouplanningtoconsider?

W:Well,IthinkI'dlookatallofthem.That'dbefiveslots.Thebreakfastnews,midmorningnews.middaynews.mid-afternoonnewsandeveningnews.

M:That'sratheralot.Andyou'dhavetoomuchtoconsider.(20)Whydon'tyoujustdotwo.Saythemidmorningandtheneveningnews.Thatshouldgiveyoutwocontrastingapproacheswithtwomainaudiencecompositions.

W:OK,justtwothen.

M:Yes,Ithinkthatwouldbemuchbetter.Nowhowmanyactualprogramsdoyouplantoworkwith?

W:Whatdoyouthinkofanalyzingawholeweek'snewsprograms?

M:Well,thatdependsonhowmuchofeachprogram,ifyouconcentrateononeparticulartypeofnewsitem,saythesportsnewsorlocalitems,itmightbealright.

W:Yes.thatwouldbeagoodidea.(21)Iwon'tmakeadecisionbeforeIcollectasampleofprogramsoverawholeweek.I'lllookatthemandseewhatitemsappearthroughouttheweek.

M:Yes,that'sasoundapproach.(22)Nowwe’regettingclosetothedeadline.Canyoufinishitintime?

W:Yes,Ithinkso.I'vecompletedthereadingandIknowwhatmybasicapproachis,soit'sreallyjustamatterofpullingitalltogethernow.

M:Fine,Mary.I'lllookforwardtoreadingit.

(23)

A.Todiscussthesecondessay.

B.TogetthecommentsonTVnews.

C.ToplantojoinTVnewsprograms.

D.TotellthedifferenceofTVnews.

29.(36)

A.Manwillprobablybeabletolivetherein200years.

B.Scientistsareratherpessimisticaboutit.

C.Manwillprobablybeabletolivetherein100,000years'time.

D.Scientistsareoptimisticaboutovercomingthedifficultiessoon.

30.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：ThesilenceoftheReferenceLibrarywasbrokenonlybyanoccasionalcoughandnowandthenbythescarcelyaudiblesoundofpagesbeingturnedover.Therewereabouttwentypeopleintheroom,mostofthemwiththeirheadsbentovertheirbooks.Theassistantlibrarianwhowasinchargeoftheroomsatatadeskinonecorner.SheglancedatPhilipashecamein,andthenwentonwithherwork.

Philiphasnotbeentothispartofthelibrarybefore.Hewalkedaroundtheroomalmostontiptoe,afraidofdisturbingtheindustriousreaderswithhisheavyshoes.Theshelveswerefilledwiththickvolumes:dictionariesinanylanguages,encyclopedias,atlases,biographiesandotherworksofreference.Hefoundnothingthatwaslikelytointeresthimuntilhecametoasmallshelfoutofhisreach,sohehadtofetchasmallladderinordertogetonedown.Unfortunately,ashewasclimbingdowntheladder,thebookhehadchosenslippedfromhisgraspandfelltothefloorwithaloudcrash.Twentypairsofeyeslookedupathimsimultaneously,annoyedbyhisunaccustomeddisturbance.Philipfelthimselfgoredashepickeduphisbook,whichdidnotseemtohavebeendamagedbyitsfall.

Hehadjustsatdownwhenhefoundtheyoungladyassistantstandingalongsidehim."Youmustbemorecarefulwhenyouarehandlingthesebooks."shesaidseverely.Satisfiedthatshehaddoneherduty,sheturnedtogobacktoherdesk.Thenasuddenthoughtshuckher."Bytheway,howoldareyou?"sheaskedPhilip."Thirteen."Hetoldher."Youarenotallowedinhereifyou'reundertheageoffourteen,youknow,"theassistantsaid."Didn'tyouseethenoticeonthedoor?."Philipshookhishead.Heexpectedtheassistanttoaskhimtoleave.Instead,inamorekindlytone,shesaid,"Well,nevermind.Butmakesurethatyoudon'tdisturbtheotherreadersagain,otherwiseIshallhavetoaskyoutoleave."

(27)

A.Philiphasnotbeentothispartofthelibrarybefore.

B.Itwasveryquietinthelibrary.

C.Philipfellofftheladderandmadealoudnoise.

D.Thelibrarianwasverykindtoreaders.

31.(34)

A.In1585.B.In1584.C.In1583.D.In1586.

32.(39)

33.(24)

A.goingregularlytoagym.

B.takingtherightmedicine.

C.keepingaclosewatchonherweight.

D.takingwalkingregularly.

34.(19)

A.Hedidn'treadtheeditorial.

B.Hesurelyreadtheeditorial.

C.Hedidn'tbelievethemayor'sspeech.

D.Hedidn'tbelievetheeditorial.

35.聽力原文：Everycountrytendstoacceptitsownwayoflifeasbeingthenormaloneandtopraiseorcriticizeothersastheyaresimilartoordifferentfromit.Unfortunately,ourpictureofthepeopleandthewayoflifeofothercountriesisoftenadistortedone.

Hereisagreatargumentinfavorofforeigntravelandlearningforeignlanguages.Itisonlybytravelingin,orlivinginacountryandgettingtoknowitsinhabitantsandtheirlanguagethatonecanfindoutwhatacountryanditspeoplearereallylike.Howdifferenttheknowledgeonegainsthiswayfrequentlytarnsouttobefromthesecond-handinformationgatheredfromothersources!Howoftenwefindthattheforeignerswhomwethoughttobesuchdifferentpeoplefromourselvesarenotverydifferentatall!

Differencesbetweenpeoplesdo,ofcourse,existand,onehopes,willalwayscontinuetodoso.Theworldwillbeadullplaceindeedwhenallthedifferentnationalitiesbehaveexactlyalike.Somepeoplemightsaythatwearerapidlyapproachingthisstateofaffairs.Withthemuchgreaterrapidityandcaseoftravel,theremightseemtobesometruthinthisatleastasfarasEuropeisconcerned.Howeverthismaybe,atleastthegreatereaseoftraveltodayhasrevealedtomorepeoplethaneverbeforethattheEnglishmanorFrenchmanorGermanisnotsomedifferentkindofanimalfromthemselves.

(30)

A.Theywillfindoutwhatitspeoplelike.

B.Theywillknowhowtoliveinanotherway.

C.Theywillknowthecountryanditspeoplebetter.

D.Theywilllikeitsinhabitantsandtheirlanguage.

36.

【B11】

37.(21)

A.SheisfromWyoming.

B.Sheneedsthemoney.

C.Shehasbeenstudyinganimaldiseases.

D.Herthesisadviserisheadingtheproject.

38.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Sheisnottoblame.

B.Shewillaccepttheresponsibility.

C.Itwasherfault.

D.Shewillbemorecarefulnexttime.

39.(17)

A.Dr.Johnson'sclassisalreadyfull.

B.Thereservedseatsareforfacultyonly.

C.Hewillgivethewomanachanceaftershewaitsawhile.

D.Noexceptionscanbemadewithregardtoregistrationpolicy.

40.

【B8】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Whenresearcherscomeupwithanewtreatmentthatmakesusfeelorworkbetter,it'susuallynotjustthetrulysickwhoendupgoinginforanupgrade.Theprogressindevelopingtreatmentsforillnessesthatravagememoryandthoughtraisesanimportantquestion:mightthesametoolsbeusedtoimprovethefunctioningofmindsthatbymoststandardsarealreadyrunningfairlysmoothly?Wemaywellbeapproachinganeraofdesignerbrains,inwhichthoseofusfeelingalittlefoggyordullcanhaveourIQ,fastrecall,andself-confidenceinflatedupviatheprescriptionpad."Somebrain-relatedconditionswethinkofasordinary,"saysoneresearcher,"mayeventuallybecomedisorders,too"—includingperhapsless-than-razor-sharpthinking.

ThenotionofaprescriptionIQliftishardlynew.Accordingtopolls,aboutonein20collegestudents,andhigherpercentagesofprofessors,alreadyillicitlypopsomeform.ofRitalinorModafinil—legitimatelyprescribedforattention-deficitdisorderandnarcolepsy(嗜睡癥),respectively—toaugmentalertness,concentration,andmemory.Butthesedrugshaveprovedonlymildlyeffectiveonnormalminds,andcarrypotentiallyseveresideeffectsrangingfromaddictiontooverstimulation.

Scientistshadoriginallyhopedthatthedecodingofthehumangenomewouldleadquicklytosmallgroupsofgenesthatcontrolmajormentaldisordersandtraits,betheyAlzheimer'sdisease(老年癡呆癥),intelligence,orpersonality.Thathasn'tbeenthecase;individualgenesturnoutinmostcasestoonlyweaklyaffectthebrain,withmostillnessesemergingfromtheinteractionoflarge,complexnetworksofhundredsofgenes.

Thatchallengehasn'tkeptresearchersfromtrackingdownmanyofthegenesinthesenetworkstochipawayatthegeneticrootsofmentaldisorders—andtocomeupwithpossibletreatmentsbasedonsomeofthosefindings.Theresultisthatmedicinemayallowustochallengeourgeneticinheritanceandrepairenvironmentalinsultstothebrain,whetherasAlzheimer'ssufferersorjustmoody,forgetfulpeopleandhazythinkers.Techniquesundergoingtestingnowincludealteringgeneswithinbraincells,orevenpushinggenesintocreatingaltogethernewbraincells.NeurologixinFortLee,NewJersey,forexample,isdevelopingbrain-relatedgenetherapies,whichinvolveinjectingharmlessvirusesthatinsertcustom-builtgenesintocells.Thoughotherexperimentalgenetherapieshaveinthepastoftencausedsevereandevenfatalsideeffects,Neurologixhopestoavoidthembytargetingthevirusesonlyatthosecellsthatneedrepairing.

InFact,Wewon'tnecessarilyhavetoturntothesemoreradicaltherapiestosharpenourthinking.Thegeneticandothernewscientificinsightsintothebrainarealsohelpingtopointthewaytonewdrugstargetedatbraindisorders—drugsthatmayalsoendupbeingtakenassmartdrugsbymanyofuswithoutseriousdisorders.

Whatdoesthefirstsentenceofthepassageimply?

A.Researchersalwaysbringforthnewandupgradedcuresforillness.

B.Sickpeopleareanxiouslylookingforwardtonewtreatments.

C.Normalpeopletendtousethenewtreatmenttobehealthier.

D.Newandupgradedtreatmentshouldmakeusfeelorworkbetter.

42.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Abouttenmenineveryhundredsufferfromcolorblindnessinsomeway;womenareluckieronlyaboutoneintwohundredisaffectedinthismanner.Therearedifferentformsofcolorblindness.Amanmaynotbeabletoseedeepred.Hemaythinkthatred,orangeandyellowareallshadesofgreen.Sometimesapersoncannottellthedifferencebetweenblueandgreen.Inrarecasesanunluckymanmayseeeverythinginshadesofgreen—astrangeworldindeed.

Incertainoccupationscolorblindnesscanbedangerousandcandidatesaretestedmostcarefully.Forexample,whenfightingatnight,soldiersuselightsofflarestosignaltoeachother.Agreenlightmaymean"Advance"andaredlightmaymean"Danger!Keepback!"Youcanseewhatwillhappenifsomebodythinksthatredisgreen!Colorblindnessinhumanbeingsisastrangethingtoexplain.Inasingleeyetherearemillionsofverysmallthingscalled"cones".Thesehelptoseeinabrightlightandtotellthedifferencebetweencolors.Therearealsomillionsof"rods"buttheseareusedforseeingwhenitisnearlydark.Theyshowusshapebutnotcolor.Waltuntilitisdarktonight,aridthangooutside.Lookroundyouandtrytoseewhatcolorsyoucanrecognize,

Birdsandanimalswhichhuntatnighthaveeyeswhichcontainfewornoconesatall,sotheycannotseecolors.Asfarasweknow,batsandadultowlscannotseecolorsatallonlylightanddarkshapes.Similarlycatsanddogscannotseecolorsaswellaswecan.

Insectscanseeultra-violetrayswhichareinvisibletous,andsomeofthemcanevenseeX-rays.Thewingsofamothmayseemgrayanddulltous,buttoinsectstheymayappearbeautiful,showingcolorswhichwecannotSee.Scientistsknowthatthereareothercolorsarounduswhichinsectscanseebutwhichwecannotsee.Someinsectshavefavoritecolors.Mosquitoeslikeblue,butdonotlikeyellow.Aredlightwillnotattractinsectsbutabluelampwill.

Accordingtothepassage,colorblindnesscanbedangerousincertainoccupationslike______.

43.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as"silent",thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.Fromtheverybeginning,musicwasregardedasan(47)______accompaniment;whentheLumierefilmswereshownatthefirstpublicfilmexhibitionintheUnitedStatesinFebruary1896,theywere(48)______bypianoimprovisationsonpopulartunes.Atfirst,themusicplayed(49)______nospecialrelationshiptothefilms;anaccompanimentofanykindwas(50)______.Withinaveryshorttime,however,theincongruity(不協(xié)調(diào))ofplayinglivelymusictoa(51)______filmbecameapparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecarein(52)______theirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.

Asmovietheatersgrewinnumberandimportance,aviolinist,andperhapsacellist,wouldbeaddedtothepianistincertain(53)______,andinthelargermovietheaterssmallorchestraswereformed.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogram(54)______entirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra,andveryoftentheprincipal(55)______forholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces.Sincetheconductorseldomsawthefilmsuntilthenightbeforetheyweretobeshown(ifindeed,theconductorwasluckyenoughtoseethemthen),themusicalarrangementwas(56)______improvisedinthegreatesthurry.

WordBank:

A.sufficientI.bore

B.incredibleJ.qualification

C.accompaniedK.solemn

D.comparativelyL.indispensable

E.matchingM.severe

F.restedN.according

G.normallyO.cases

H.occasions

44.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Conventionalwisdomsaysthatitisbettertobealargecompanythanasmallonewhencreditistight.Biggerfirmshavemoreroomformaneuver(機(jī)動(dòng)):Theyhaveaccesstomoretypesoffunding,theyhavemorefattocut,andtheyhavegreaterbargainingpowerwithlenders.Evenso,lifeisgettingevermoreuncomfortableforthebiggerbeastsofthecorporatejungle.

AccordingtotheFederalReserve'smostrecentlendingsurvey,Americanbanksaretighteningtermsmoreaggressivelyforbiggerfirmsthanforsmallerones.Lendersaremorecautiousthanthey

havebeenatleastsince1990.ThestoryamongEuropeanbanksissimilar.Lendersinemergingmarketscanbemoresuspiciousofmultinationalfirmsthantheyareoflocals."Wejustdon'tknowwhatthey'vegotontheirbalance-sheetsbackhome,"saysonebankbossinAfrica.

Violentmovementsinexchangeratesarecausingadditionalheadaches,saysAndrewBalfourofSlaughter&May,alawfirm.Calculationsoffinancialratioscanbethrownoutbywildcurrencymovements,potentiallytriggeringbreachesofloanagreements.Companieswithsterling-denominatedcreditlinesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenotbigenoughasaresultofthepound'srecentsharpfall,forinstance.

Itisnotpanicstationsyet.Mostfirmscansurviveforawhilewiththecredittapturnedoff.AnalysisbyMoody's,aratingagency,showsthatthevastmajorityofhighlyratedcompaniesinAmericaandEuropehaveenoughheadroom,intheform.ofcashandundrawnbankfacilities,tobeabletosurvivefor12monthswithoutneedingnewfinancing.Europeancorporate-debtmarketshaveseenarareflurry(驚慌)ofissuesinthepastfewdaysbyopportunistic,highlyratedfirms.

Governmentsarealsoworkinghardtopropupcreditmarkets.TheFed'sprogramtobuycommercialpaper,aform.ofshort-termcompanydebt,hadacquiredalmost＄300billionbyNovember26th.BanksonbothsidesoftheAtlanticareissuinglotsofgovernment-backedbonds,whichshouldencouragelending.

Itisbelievedtobeeasierforbiggercompaniesduringthetightperiod,fortheyhavelargerspacefor______.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

NewsthatpoliceinLeedsarelookingforanAmericanintheirsearchforthemanwhomurderedoneoftheircolleaguesonBoxingDayfitswiththewaythatguncrimehaschangedoverthepastdecade.ThepatternofoffencesinvolvinggunslooksmoreandmorelikethatinAmerica:random,carelessshootingshavereplacedthecarefully-plannedbankrobberiesofold.

Improvementsintechnologysuchastrackingdevices,hiddencamerashavehardenedbanks,vansandothertraditionallylucrative(有利可圖的)targetssomuchthatpullingonamaskscarcelyseemsworthwhile.Thisyear,EnglandandWalessawjust250bankandbuildingsocietyrobberies—downfrom1,400in2001.Thesedays,mostarmedrobberiestakeplaceonthestreetantinshops.Inthisnewenvironment,oldtoolsandtechniquesareoflittleuse.Sawn-off(鋸短的)shotgunsarehandyforrobbingbanks,mostlyforreasonsofpresentation:theymakeaterrificnoisewhenfiredattheceilingorfloor,andaremenacingenoughtoprojectathreatthroughbulletproofglass.Theyarelessusefulforrobbingtoday's"soft"targets,though,sotheyhavemostlybeendiscarded.Sawn-offshotgunswereusedinjust201robberieslastyear—athirdthefigureofadecadeago—whilealmost3,841jobsweredonewithhandguns.

RogerMatthews,professorofcriminology(犯罪學(xué))atMiddlesexUniversity,saysthatarmedrobberyisbecomingAmericanized,bothinthesensethatBritainismovingtowardslatenightconveniencestorerobberies,andalsointhesensethatanyonecandoit.Theriseofunskilledrobbery—criminalswithgunsandnopreviousexperience—isbadnewsforshopworkers,whoarelesswelltrainedindealingwithgunsthanareba