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Summarywriting

HowtoabstracttopicsentencesinexpositionAprimaryproblem

insummarywritinghowtoindentifytopicsentencesreading

writingⅠ.Problem確定目標(biāo)養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣thedefinitionofexposition:(1)

introducearealobject(adictionary,abook…)

實(shí)體事物說明

(2)explainanabstractthing(aresearch，aproblem…)

抽象事理說明Step1.Identifythestyle識別文體Ⅱ.Strategies確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Step2:Constructthetexxxxxxxxxxtualpatterns

建構(gòu)篇章模式()()

1.問題—解決模式（problem—solutionpattern）:

提供情景---提出問題---對問題的反應(yīng)---評價(jià)/結(jié)果

2.概括—具體模式(general—specificpattern):

概括陳述---具體陳述1--具體陳述2---具體陳述3---具體陳述N---概括陳述

3.

提問—回答模式（question—answerpattern）:

設(shè)置一個(gè)用提問方式表達(dá)的問題---尋求答案Ⅱ.StrategiesTopicparagraph（主旨段）:

raiseaproblem/phenomenon/researchresult

Supportingparagraphs（支撐段）:

analyzetheproblem/phenomenon/result

(

concludingparagraph（總結(jié)段）:

conclude/suggest/providemeasures)

cause1cause2effectcause…演繹型（deductivetype）(theEnglishthinkingpattern）

Strategies

effect1causeeffect2effect…Topicsentenceforapassage:Step3:Ppresupposethepositionsoftopicsentences預(yù)設(shè)主題句位置Ⅱ.StrategiesTopicsentenceforaparagraph:(1)inthebeginningparagraph;(2)behind“but/however”(1)inthe

beginning/middle/

endofaparagraph(2)behind“but/however”確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example1：①Rapidpoliceresponseisseenby

policeofficersandthepublicasofferinggreatbenefits.②Themore

obviousonesaretheabilitiesofpolicetoapplyfirstaidlifesaving

techniquesquickly,andthegreaterpossibilityofarrestingpeoplewhomayhave

participatedinacrime.③Itaidsinidentifyingthosewhowitnessedan

emergencyorcrimeaswellasincollectingevidence.④Thefameof

apolicedepartmenttooisraisedifrapidresponseisconsistentandthispromotesthepreventionofcrime.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample1：①Rapidpoliceresponseisseenby

policeofficersandthepublicasofferinggreatbenefits.②Themore

obviousonesaretheabilitiesofpolicetoapplyfirstaidlifesaving

techniquesquickly,andthegreaterpossibilityofarrestingpeoplewhomayhave

participatedinacrime.③Itaidsinidentifyingthosewhowitnessedan

emergencyorcrimeaswellasincollectingevidence.④Thefameof

apolicedepartmenttooisraisedifrapidresponseisconsistentandthispromotesthepreventionofcrime.確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example2：①Karaoke,whichwasinventedbyaJapanese,isoneofthegreatestwondersofmoderntechnology.②Needlesstosay,Karaokeisagoodwayofrest.③Youcanlearnanewsongeasily.④It’salsoagoodwaytomakeyourfriendshappy.⑤Nearlyeverybodyhasachancetobeasingingstar.⑥However,everythinghastwosides,sodoesKaraoke.⑦It’snoisytoyourneighbors.⑧Besides,ifyousingbadly,theywillfeeluncomfortable.⑨Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample2：①Karaoke,whichwasinventedbyaJapanese,isoneofthegreatestwondersofmoderntechnology.②Needlesstosay,Karaokeisagoodwayofrest.③Youcanlearnanewsongeasily.④It’salsoagoodwaytomakeyourfriendshappy.⑤Nearlyeverybodyhasachancetobeasingingstar.⑥However,everythinghastwosides,sodoesKaraoke.⑦It’snoisytoyourneighbors.⑧Besides,ifyousingbadly,theywillfeeluncomfortable.⑨Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example1：①AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.②JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanfriendsgreetthemcasually.③Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.④ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample3：①AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.②JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanfriendsgreetthemcasually.③Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.④ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Step4.Clarifythelogicusingtransitions

andconfirm

mtopicsentences

利用銜接詞，理清句間邏輯，確定主題句并列/遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（additiveconjunction）：

also,

moreover,furthermore,meanwhile,additionally…轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（adversative）：

but,however,yet,nevertheless,incontrast…因果關(guān)系（causalconjunction）：

because,so,thus,therefore,hence,consequence…解釋關(guān)系（explanation）：

orrather;thatistosay;

whichmeans…

Ⅱ.StrategiesMajorpointsMinorpointsVS11確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example4：①Deerandelk(麋鹿)populations—majorfoodsources(來源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.②Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.③Intheabsenceofwolves,coyote(郊狼)populationsalsogrewquickly.④Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark'sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark'sbeavers(海貍).Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample4①Deerandelk(麋鹿)populations—majorfoodsources(來源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.②Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.③Intheabsenceofwolves,coyote(郊狼)populationsalsogrewquickly.④Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark'sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark'sbeavers(海貍).Summary:withwolves'absence,Deer,elkandcoyotepopulationshavearapidincrease,whichconsequentlydamagetheplantandanimaldiversityinthepark.并列關(guān)系12確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example5：①Youmightthinkthatwhetheryouchooseablueshirtorayellowonetoweartoworkorcollegemakesnodifferencetoyourdayandthosearoundyou.②However,anincreasingnumberofexpertsarguethatthecolorswechooseaffectourmood,ourcareerprospectsandevenourhealth.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample5：①Youmightthinkthatwhetheryouchooseablueshirtorayellowonetoweartoworkorcollegemakesnodifferencetoyourdayandthosearoundyou.②However,anincreasingnumberofexpertsarguethatthecolorswechooseaffectourmood,ourcareerprospectsandevenourhealth.Summary:Incontrasttothelong-heldview,itisproposedthatourclothingcolorimpactsusalotindiverseaspects.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系13確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example6：①Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.②Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample6：①Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.②Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.Summary:Excessivetimespentonthecomputerbringsbadeffectstoyoungchildren.因果關(guān)系14確定目標(biāo)做SWOT分析制定行動計(jì)劃養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣Example7：①Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.②Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Ⅱ.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsSummary:Actually,aleafyplantwon’tbeblindtoanyattack.Example7：①Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.②Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.解釋關(guān)系IdentifythestyleclarifythestructurefindthetopicsentencetakeadvantageoftransitionTip1：Deletetherepeated…Tip2：tipsTip3：Tip4：Deletethetoogeneral…clarifythelogicalrelationshipDeleteexamplesDeletetheinformationbehindthedash”Groupdiscussion:

Readthepassageandfindoutthekeypoints.Ⅲ.Practice1.①“Aphotographthatonehastakenofoneself,typicallywithasmartphoneorwebcamanduploadedtoasocialmediawebsite”isthedefinitionof“selfie”intheOxfordEnglishDictionary.②Infact,itwasn’teveninthedictionaryuntilAugustoflastyear.③Itearneditsplacetherebecausepeoplearenowsoobsessedwith(對……癡迷)selfies—wetakethemwhenwetryonanewhat,playwithourpetsorwhenwemeetafriendwhomwehaven’tseenforquiteawhile.

Whatphenomenonisraised?1.①“Aphotographthatonehastakenofoneself,typicallywithasmartphoneorwebcamanduploadedtoasocialmediawebsite”isthedefinitionof“selfie”intheOxfordEnglishDictionary.②Infact,itwasn’teveninthedictionaryuntilAugustoflastyear.③Itearneditsplacetherebecausepeoplearenowsoobsessedwith(對……癡迷)selfies—wetakethemwhenwetryonanewhat,playwithourpetsorwhenwemeetafriendwhomwehaven’tseenforquiteawhile.Ⅲ.Practice2.①Butisthereanyscientificexplanationforthisobsession?②Well,youshouldprobablyaskJamesKilner,aneuroscientist(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家)atUniversityCollegeLondon.2.①Butisthereanyscientificexplanationforthisobsession?②Well,youshouldprobablyaskJamesKilner,aneuroscientist(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家)atUniversityCollegeLondon.Ⅲ.Practice3.①Throughourlifetimewebecomeexpertsatrecognizingandinterpretingotherpeople’sfacesandfacialexpressions.②Incontrast,accordingtoKilner,wehaveaverypoorunderstandingofourownfacessincewehavelittleexperienceoflookingatthem—wejustfeelthemmostofthetime.3.①Throughourlifetimewebecomeexpertsatrecognizingandinterpretingotherpeople’sfacesandfacialexpressions.②Incontrast,accordingtoKilner,wehaveaverypoorunderstandingofourownfacessincewehavelittleexperienceoflookingatthem—wejustfeelthemmostofthetime.4.①Thishasbeenprovedinpreviousstudies,accordingtotheBBC.5.①Kilnerfoundthatmostpeoplechosethemoreattractivepicture.②Thissuggeststhatwetendtothinkofourselvesasbetter-lookingthanweactuallyare.③Tofurthertesthowweactuallyperceiveourownfaces,Kilnercarriedoutanotherstudy.④Heshowedpeopledifferentversionsoftheirownportrait—theoriginal,onethathadbeeneditedtolooklessattractiveandonethatwasmademoreattractive—andaskedthemtopicktheversionwhichtheythoughtlookedmostlikethem.⑤Theychosethemoreattractiveversion.4.①Thishasbeenprovedinpreviousstudies,accordingtotheBBC.5.①Kilnerfoundthatmostpeoplechosethemoreattractivepicture.②Thissuggeststhatwetendtothinkofourselvesasbetter-lookingthanweactuallyare.③Tofurthertesthowweactuallyperceiveourownfaces,Kilnercarriedoutanotherstudy.④Heshowedpeopledifferentversionsoftheirownportrait—theoriginal,onethathadbeeneditedtolooklessattractiveandonethatwasmademoreattractive—andaskedthemtopicktheversionwhichtheythoughtlookedmostlikethem.⑤Theychosethemoreattractiveversion.Ⅲ.Practice6.①Selfiesgiveusthepowertocreateaphotograph—bytakingitfromvariousangles,withdifferentposes,usingfilters(濾色鏡)andsoon—thatbettermatchesourexpectationswithouractualfaces.7.①“Yousuddenlyhavecontrolinawaythatyoudon’thaveinnon-virtual(非虛擬的)interactions,”KilnertoldtheCanada-basedCTVNews.②Selfiesallowyou“tokeeptakingpicturesuntilyoumanagetotakeoneyou’rehappywith”,heexplained.6.①Selfiesgiveusthepowertocreateaphotograph—bytakingitfromvariousangles,withdifferentposes,usingfilters(濾色鏡)andsoon—thatbettermatchesourexpectationswithouractualfaces.7.①“Yousuddenlyhavecontrolinawaythatyoudon’thaveinnon-virtual(非虛擬的)interactions,”Kilne