敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介紹)25km敦煌市東南部25公里處，鳴沙山上MogaoCaves（莫高窟）?TheMogaoCavesorMogaoGrottoes(莫高窟),alsoknownastheCavesoftheThousandBuddhas(千佛洞),formasystemof492temples25kmsoutheastofthecenterofDunhuang,anoasis（綠洲）strategically（戰(zhàn)略上）locatedatareligiousandculturalcrossroadsontheSilkRoad（絲綢之路）,inGansuprovince,China.?ThecavesmayalsobeknownastheDunhuangCaves,however,thistermalsoincludeotherBuddhistcavesitesintheDunhuangarea,suchastheWesternThousandBuddhaCaves,andtheYulinCavesfartheraway.ThecavescontainsomeofthefinestexamplesofBuddhistart（佛教藝術(shù)）spanningaperiodof1,000years.敦煌石窟敦煌石窟中國甘肅敦煌一帶的石窟總稱。包括敦煌莫高窟、西千佛洞、榆林窟、東千佛洞及肅北蒙古族自治縣五個廟石窟等?Thefirstcavesweredugout366ADasplacesofBuddhistmeditationandworship.?TheMogaoCavesarethebestknownoftheChineseBuddhistgrottoesand,alongwithLongmenGrottoes（龍門石窟）andYungangGrottoes（云岡石窟）,areoneofthethreefamousancientBuddhistsculpturalsitesofChinaMogaoGrottoes中國三大石窟LongmenGrottoesYungangGrottoes敦煌莫高窟HistoryDunhuangwasestablishedasafrontier（邊界）garrison(要塞）outpostbytheHanDynastyEmperorWuditoprotectagainsttheXiongnuin111BC.ItalsobecameanimportantgatewaytotheWest,acentreofcommerce（商業(yè)）alongtheSilkRoad（絲綢之路）,aswellasameetingplaceofvariouspeopleandreligionssuchasBuddhism（佛教）?TheconstructionoftheMogaoCavesnearDunhuangisgenerallytakentohavebegunsometimeinthefourthcenturyAD.?AccordingtoabookwrittenduringthereignofTangEmpressWu,FokanJi(佛龕記)byLiJunxiu(李君修),aBuddhist（佛教的）monk（和尚）namedLè

Zūn(樂尊)hadavisionofathousandBuddhas(佛陀）bathedingoldenlightatthesitein366AD,inspiringhimtobuildacavehere.?Thestoryisalsofoundinothersources,suchasininscriptions（碑文）onastele（石碑）incave332,anearlierdateof353ADhoweverwasgiveninanotherdocument.HewaslaterjoinedbyasecondmonkFaliang(法良),andthesitegraduallygrew,bythetimeoftheNorthernLiang（北涼）asmallcommunityofmonkshadformedatthesite.?MembersoftherulingfamilyofNorthernWeiandNorthernZhouconstructedmanycaveshere,anditflourished（興盛）intheshort-livedSuiDynasty.BytheTangDynasty,thenumberofcaveshadreachedoverathousand.?DuringtheTangDynasty,Dunhuanghadbecamethemainhubofcommerce（主要的商業(yè)中心）oftheSilkRoadandamajorreligiouscentre.AlargenumberofthecaveswereconstructedatMogaoduringthisera（年代）,includingthetwolargestatuesofBuddha/[‘bud?]/（佛像）atthesite,thelargestoneconstructedin695followinganedict(法令，布告）ayearearlierbyTangEmpressWuZetian（武則天）tobuildgiant（巨大的）statuesacrossthecountry.ThesiteescapedthepersecutionofBuddhistsorderedbyEmperorWuzongin845asitwasthenunderTibetancontrol.Asafrontiertown,Dunhuanghadbeenoccupiedatvarioustimesbyothernon-HanChinesepeople..?AftertheTangDynasty,thesitewentintoagradualdecline(衰落）,andconstructionofnewcavesceased（中斷）entirelyaftertheYuanDynasty.Islam（伊斯蘭教）hadconquered（戰(zhàn)勝，征服；攻克）muchofCentralAsia,andtheSilkRoaddeclined（衰退）inimportancewhentradingvia（通過）sea-routesbegantodominate/[‘d?mineit]/（控制）Chinesetradewiththeoutsideworld?DuringtheMingDynasty,theSilkRoadwasfinallyofficiallyabandoned,andDunhuangslowlybecamedepopulated（人口減少）andlargelyforgottenbytheoutsideworld.MostoftheMogaocaveswereabandoned,thesitehoweverwasstillaplaceofpilgrimage（/[‘pilɡrimid?]/朝圣之地）andusedasaplaceofworship（朝拜）bylocalpeopleatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturywhentherewasrenewedinterestinthesite.Caves?Thecaveswerecutintothesideofacliff（懸崖；絕壁）whichisclosetotwokilometerslong.AtitsheightduringtheTangDynasty,thereweremorethanathousandscaves,butovertime,manyofthecaveswerelost,includingtheearliestcaves?735cavescurrentlyexistinMogao,thebest-knownonesarethe487caveslocatedinthesouthernsectionofthecliffwhichareplacesofpilgrimage（朝拜）andworship?248caveshavealsobeenfoundtothenorthwhichwerelivingquarters（住處）,meditationchambers（冥想室）andburialsites（土葬）forthemonks.?Thecavesatthesouthernsectionaredecorated,whilethoseatthenorthernsectionaremostlyplain（樸素）.?Thecavesareclustered（聚合）togetheraccordingtotheirera,withnewcavesfromanewdynastybeingconstructedindifferentpartofthecliffMurals（壁畫；壁飾）?Themuralsonthecavesspannedalongperiodofhistory,fromthe5thtothe14thcentury?ThemuralsarelargelyofBuddhisttheme,somehoweverareoftraditionalmythical[‘miθik?l]themes（傳統(tǒng)神話主題）andportraits（畫像）ofpatrons（贊助人）EarlymuralsshowedastrongIndianandCentralAsianinfluenceinthepaintingtechniquesused?AdistinctDunhuangstyle（截然不同的的敦煌風(fēng)格）howeverbegantoemerge（浮現(xiàn)）duringNorthernWeiDynastythemuralsoftheMogaoCavesXuanzangperformingceremoniesfortheBuddha敦煌壁畫中的唐僧禮佛圖Cave409,WesternXiaWorshippingBodhisattva,Dancer,cave220,cave285,WeiDynasty.earlyTangDynasty.Cave61,FiveDynasties.WifeofDunhuangrulerCaoYanluThemuralcommemorating（紀(jì)念）victoryofZhangYichaoovertheTibetansCave156LateTangBanditattacks強(qiáng)盜襲擊Bodhisattvas菩薩[b?udi's?tv?]Worshipping（朝拜)Bodhisattva,cave285,WeiDynasty.ThetravelofZhangQiantotheWestSakyamuni釋迦牟尼['sɑ:kj?muni]最大的壁畫—《五臺山圖》宋代高3.42米長13.45米Sculptures（雕塑；雕像）?Therearearound2,400survivingclaysculpturesatMogao.Thesewerefirstconstructedonawoodenframe（框架）,paddedwithreed,thenmodelled（模型）inclaystucco（粘土）,andfinishedwithpaint?TheearlysculptureswerebasedonIndianandCentralAsian（中亞）prototypes（原型）withsomeinGreco-Indian（印度希臘王國）styleofGandhara（古印度）.OvertimethesculpturesshowedmoreChineseelements（中國元素）andbecamegraduallysinicized（中國化）敦煌莫高窟佛像（讓我們來看看佛像演變）菩薩天王盛唐的彩塑菩薩第45窟龕北側(cè)盛唐迦葉第427窟中心柱南龕隋代力士第194窟龕南側(cè)盛唐歡喜金剛阿難第45窟龕南側(cè)盛唐427窟佛·菩薩隋432窟菩薩.西魏420窟菩薩.隋419窟菩薩·阿難隋384窟供養(yǎng)菩薩盛唐328窟阿難初唐322窟天王初唐55窟力士宋45窟菩薩·阿難盛唐432窟中心柱佛龕西魏彩塑一鋪第45窟盛唐45窟迦葉盛唐96號窟，俗稱九層樓莫高窟第一大佛像彌勒佛高33米130窟彌勒像——莫高窟的第二大佛像高