Book11中國(guó)龍對(duì)龍圖騰的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚(yú)、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。ChineseDragonDragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000year.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orlong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.2餃子餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)特色食品。相處為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待友、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)講，“更歲餃子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。DumplingsDumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint-Zhangzhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings.”DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.3針灸針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?，以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。AcupunctureAcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”中國(guó)功夫中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中國(guó)民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。ChineseKungFuChinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.5中國(guó)漢字漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫(huà)，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意、韻的獨(dú)特文字。現(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書(shū)、楷書(shū)、草書(shū)、行書(shū)等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方”，源于古人“天圓地方”的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫(huà)，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。ChineseCharactersChinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquesystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsontortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“—”(thehorizontalstroke),“︱”(theverticalstroke),“丿”(theleft-fallingstroke),“丶”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).6中國(guó)筷子中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時(shí)稱為箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴”的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。ChineseChopstickswritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC—206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC—220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD—1279AD),the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhangjiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhapqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.4對(duì)聯(lián)對(duì)聯(lián)又稱楹聯(lián)或?qū)ψ?，是以中文語(yǔ)言一字一音的特征撰寫(xiě)的一種民族文體。中國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)的哲學(xué)淵源及深層民族文化心理，乃是古代中國(guó)人把握和認(rèn)識(shí)事物的陰陽(yáng)二元觀念。對(duì)聯(lián)的特征是“對(duì)仗”：字?jǐn)?shù)相等，詞性相當(dāng)，平仄相合，內(nèi)容相關(guān)，節(jié)奏相應(yīng)。對(duì)聯(lián)習(xí)俗多樣，有春聯(lián)、婚聯(lián)、壽聯(lián)、挽聯(lián)、茶聯(lián)等。TheantitheticalcoupletTheantitheticalcouplet(alsocalledduilian)isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichiscomposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicaloriginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyin-yangduality,accordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis”:equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentbeingrelated,andtherhythmscorresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.5中國(guó)圍棋中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書(shū)畫(huà)”的“棋”特指圍棋。圍棋可謂中國(guó)的國(guó)棋。故稱為弈，別稱坐隱，手談。圍棋規(guī)則簡(jiǎn)單而玄妙無(wú)窮。棋盤(pán)方圓不及二尺，有十九紋棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上對(duì)弈雙方是對(duì)黑白棋子的排布，實(shí)則是個(gè)人心智、膽識(shí)、耐力的比拼。國(guó)棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象數(shù)易理，兵法策略、治國(guó)安邦等無(wú)窮的哲理，充分體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)文化中的智慧與靈性。ChineseWeiqi.ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndchessparticularlyreferstoChineseWeiqi.WeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,Weiqiwascalledyi,withthealternativenamesZuoyinandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiarebothsimpleandcomplexatthesametime.Afullweiqisethas361playingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3metre.PlayingWeiqimaylooklikeanarrangementoftwosides’blackandwhitepieces.However,itisactuallyacompetitionbetweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.WeiqisymbolizesHeavenandEarth.Itcontainsphilosophicaltheories,suchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimage-numerologyinTheBookofChanges,theartofwar,andtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.6京劇京劇被譽(yù)為"東方歌劇"，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的"徽班"。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過(guò)程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫(huà)人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。BeijingOperaPraisedas"OrientalOpera",BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts——song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).7道教道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無(wú)為，修身養(yǎng)性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無(wú)名天地之始；有名萬(wàn)物之母。故常無(wú)，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。ChineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing’slife,recommendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone’smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi’sgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.8成語(yǔ)中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.Book31中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國(guó)的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首為春節(jié)，俗稱“過(guò)年”，有祈年等多種習(xí)俗，是中國(guó)人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象征團(tuán)結(jié)興旺。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、中秋節(jié)、重陽(yáng)節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。每個(gè)節(jié)日都有其來(lái)源講究和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日和農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現(xiàn)。TraditionalChineseFestivalsTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1onthelunarcalendarhasbeendesignedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeotherChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-SeventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.2中國(guó)茶文化茶是中華民族的舉國(guó)之飲，發(fā)端于神農(nóng)，興盛于唐宋（618-1279）。開(kāi)門(mén)七件事，柴米油鹽醬醋茶，是中國(guó)人日常生活的寫(xiě)照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。中國(guó)的茶道精神將儒釋道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術(shù)來(lái)修煉身心，體悟大道，提升人生境界。ChineseteaAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauce,andvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandhumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.3中國(guó)畫(huà)中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書(shū)畫(huà)”的“畫(huà)”特指國(guó)畫(huà)。其繪畫(huà)形式是用毛筆蘸水、墨、顏料作畫(huà)于絹、帛、宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青。為區(qū)別于西方的油畫(huà)而稱之為“中國(guó)畫(huà)”，簡(jiǎn)稱“國(guó)畫(huà)”。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥(niǎo)等。技法可分為工筆和寫(xiě)意。國(guó)畫(huà)的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨”，強(qiáng)調(diào)以形寫(xiě)神，畫(huà)盡意在。國(guó)畫(huà)在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族的審美意識(shí)和情趣。TraditionalChinesePaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“ink-painting”.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoil-paintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepainting”(abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting”).ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbytheChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:finebrushworkandfree-handbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink”.Chinesepaintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsoftheartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.4中國(guó)酒文化中國(guó)是酒的故鄉(xiāng)。古人將酒的作用歸納為治病、養(yǎng)生、禮儀三類(lèi)。酒文化是中華飲食文化的重要組成部分，它的精神文化價(jià)值體現(xiàn)在社會(huì)政治生活、文學(xué)藝術(shù)乃至人生態(tài)度、審美情趣等諸多方面。無(wú)酒不成宴，酒籌文化是中國(guó)合餐制的產(chǎn)物。宴席上的酒令五花八門(mén)，猜拳、文字令、籌令等都富有豐厚的文化內(nèi)涵，若胸中無(wú)數(shù)，則難以自如應(yīng)付。ChineseWineandSpiritsCultureChinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolitenessandrespecttoothers.China’swineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyrespects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aesthetics,andsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine.”UnderthecustomofhavingdinnertogetherinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likethemorra(afinger-guessinggame),wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.235中國(guó)石窟中國(guó)石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽(yáng)龍門(mén)石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號(hào)稱中國(guó)四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動(dòng)自然，將崇高美與世俗融為一體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機(jī)結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫(huà)、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。ChineseGrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.6中國(guó)古典文學(xué)名著中國(guó)古典文學(xué)包括詩(shī)歌、散文、小說(shuō)以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說(shuō)中的《三國(guó)演義》、《水滸傳》、《西游記》、《紅樓夢(mèng)》則被稱為中國(guó)四大古典文學(xué)名著，至今在國(guó)內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)人文社會(huì)、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。ChineseClassicalLiteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fiction,andci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(freerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamofRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceoftraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.7中草藥中藥主要由植物藥（根、莖、葉、果）、動(dòng)物藥（內(nèi)臟、皮、骨、器官）和礦物藥組成。因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應(yīng)用理論獨(dú)特，認(rèn)為中藥有四氣五味?！八臍狻敝杆幮缘摹昂疅釡貨觥?，“五味”指藥物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。中國(guó)人探索中草藥已有幾千年的歷史，如今中醫(yī)藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。ChineseHerbalMedicineTraditionalChinesemedicinemainlyconsistsofplantmedicine(roots,stems,leaves,fruits),animalmedicine(viscera,skins,bones,organs),andmineralmedicine.Chineseherbalmedicineisbasedonplantmedicine.AccordingtotheuniqueapplicationtheoryoftraditionalChinesemedicine,itisbelievedthatitcontains“fournaturesandfiveflavors.”“FourNatures”referstothepropertiesof“coldness,heat,mildness,andcoolness,”while“fiveflavors”referstothepropertiesofbeing“pungent,sour,sweet,bitter,andsalty.”ItissaidthatChinesepeoplehavebeenconductingresearchintoherbalmedicineforthousandsofyears.Nowadays,traditionalChinesemedicineanditstherapeuticmethodshaveextensivelybeenspreadtothefarcornersoftheglobe.8中國(guó)瓷器瓷器是中華民族對(duì)世界文明的偉大貢獻(xiàn)。早在八千年前的新石器時(shí)代，中國(guó)的先民就發(fā)明使用了陶器。商代（前1600-前1046）中期創(chuàng)造出了原始瓷器。漢代（前206-公元220）末期燒制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中國(guó)傳播到世界各地，中國(guó)也博得了“瓷之國(guó)”的稱號(hào)。英文中“瓷器(china)”一詞已成為“中國(guó)”的代名詞。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChina’soutstandingcontributionstotheworld’scivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.Proto-porcelainwasinventedinthemid-ShangDynasty(1600BC-1046BC).CeladonwasmoldedinthelateHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Fromthenon,porcelainwasintroducedbyChinatotherestoftheworld.Chinawasthereforedubbedthe“porcelaincountry.”InEnglish,theword“china”hasbecomeawordthatrepresents“China.”

Book41剪紙剪紙又叫刻紙、窗花或剪畫(huà)。剪紙?jiān)诩埖陌l(fā)明之前就已經(jīng)流行，當(dāng)時(shí)人們運(yùn)用金箔、絹帛、皮革等片狀材料，通過(guò)鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代（前206-公元220），紙張的發(fā)明促使了剪紙的發(fā)展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多來(lái)源于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題，表達(dá)對(duì)美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Paper–cuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,silk,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),theinventionifpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,filledwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.2儒家思想儒家思想也稱為儒學(xué)，有春秋（前770年-前476年）末期偉大的思想家、教育家孔子所創(chuàng)立。歷代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王陽(yáng)明等。主要經(jīng)典有：四書(shū)（《大學(xué)》、《中庸》、《論語(yǔ)》、《孟子》），五經(jīng)（《周易》、《尚書(shū)》、《詩(shī)經(jīng)》、《禮記》、《春秋》）等。儒家學(xué)派以“仁、義、禮、智、信”為核心內(nèi)容，構(gòu)成了其倫理思想體系，是中國(guó)古代長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩千余年封建社會(huì)的主流意識(shí)。ConfucianismConfucianthought,alsocalledConfucianism,wasestablishedbyConfucius,agreatthinkerandeducatorwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).SomerepresentativesofConfucianismthroughoutChinesehistoryincludeMencius,DongZhongshu,ZhuXi,andWangYangming.ThemainclassicsofConfucianismaretheFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andMencius)andtheFiveClassics(Zhouyi,Shangshu(CollectionofAncientTexts),TheBookofSongs,TheRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals).TheConfucianschoolregards“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity”asbeingatthecoreofitsethicalsystem.Confucianismwasthemainideologyoffeudalsocietyformorethan2,000yearsinChina.3中國(guó)象棋中國(guó)象棋早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期（前475—前221）就有記載，最初稱為六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960—1127）末期定型為近代模式。棋盤(pán)為九豎十橫線畫(huà)成的長(zhǎng)方形平面，是中國(guó)封建社會(huì)制度和文化的縮影—有中軍帳（九宮）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武將（車(chē)、馬、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋類(lèi)（中國(guó)圍棋、中國(guó)象棋、國(guó)際象棋、日本將棋）之一。ChineseChessTheearliestrecordsofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC—221BC).Theearly-stageChinesechesswascomposedofsixpiecescarvedoutofivory,andwasthereforecalled“SixBoxing.”ItsfinalformofplaywasfixedattheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960AD—1127AD)afteralongperiodofdevelopment.Thechessboardisarectangularboardthatis9lineswideby10lineslong.Composedofmarshalorgeneral,advisors(scholarorofficial),civilofficials(elephantorminister),militaryofficers(chariots,horsesandcannons),andsoldiers(soldiersorpawns),ChinesechessisChinesesocialinstitutionandcultureinminiature.Itisalsooneofthefourmostpopularchessgamesintheworld,theotherthreebeingChineseWeiqi,thegamesofchess,andshogi(orgeneral’schess).4二十四節(jié)氣中國(guó)古代的先民們，根據(jù)太陽(yáng)在黃道（即地球繞太陽(yáng)公轉(zhuǎn)的軌道）上的位置，將一年均分為二十四個(gè)等分，并分別賦予具有特定含義的專有名稱，如春分、清明等，這便是二十四節(jié)氣。二十四節(jié)氣以黃河流域氣候?yàn)楸尘?，把自然季?jié)現(xiàn)象與農(nóng)事活動(dòng)的相互聯(lián)系作為內(nèi)容列入歷法，用以指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。它是中國(guó)古代先民們發(fā)明的一種獨(dú)特而偉大的歷法。The24SolarTermsTheancientChinesedividedayearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(occursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5,or6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesoftheYellowRiver,the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendartogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakesintoaccountthechangesinclimateandpracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.5中國(guó)書(shū)法中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書(shū)畫(huà)”的“書(shū)”特指書(shū)法。它是用毛筆書(shū)寫(xiě)篆、隸、楷、行、草等各體漢字的藝術(shù)。中國(guó)書(shū)法在技法上講究筆法、墨法、章法等，其藝術(shù)的和諧之美體現(xiàn)在字里行間。隸書(shū)的蠶頭燕尾，楷書(shū)的中規(guī)中矩，草書(shū)的龍飛鳳舞，行書(shū)的瀟灑飄逸，可謂異彩紛呈，千姿百態(tài)。中國(guó)書(shū)法體現(xiàn)了中華民族豪爽大氣、端莊含蓄的特點(diǎn)。ChineseCalligraphyThefourancientChineseartisticformsarecalledguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting;andpenmanshipparticularlyreferstoChinesecalligraphy.Chinesecalligraphyidakindofartusingabrushtowritesealscript,officialscrip,regularscript,cursivescript,grassscript,andothervariouswritingstylesofChinesecharacters.ThewritingtechniquesofChinesecalligraphyarehighlightedbythemannerofusingabrush,thewayinkisused,theartofcomposition,andsoon.Itsharmoniousbeautyofartisreflectedinbetweenthelines.Chinesecalligraphyexhibitsitsbeautyindifferentposes,suchastheuniquenessoftheofficialscript’s“silkwormheadandswallowtail,”theregularscript’srequirementto“sticktothenormandrules,”thecharacteristicofgrassscript’s“flyingdragonsanddancingphoenixes,”andthedistinctive“naturalgrace”ofthecursivescript.ChinesecalligraphyreflectsthepersonalityofChinesepeople’sstraightforwardness,dignity,andreticence.6中國(guó)古琴中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書(shū)畫(huà)”的“琴”特指古琴，亦稱瑤琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中國(guó)古老的一種彈撥樂(lè)器。據(jù)《史記》記載，琴的出現(xiàn)不晚于堯舜時(shí)期。為區(qū)分于西方樂(lè)器，現(xiàn)被稱作“古琴”。古琴依風(fēng)之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的禮樂(lè)思想及中國(guó)人所重視的和合性。ChineseGuqinAsoneofthefourartforms(namelyguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting)inancientchina,guqinisakindofpluckedstringinstrumentwhichisalsoknownasyaoqin,yuqinandqixianqin.AccordingtoChinesehistorybookShihChi,qinappearednolaterthantheYaoandShuneras.InordertodistinguishitfromsimilarmusicalinstrumentsoftheWest,itwascalledguqin.Theguqin’sdesignimitatestheshapeofaphoenix.Peoplealsonameddifferentpartsoftheguqinafterthenamesvariousbodypartsofthephoenix.ThisnamingmethodreflectsConfucius’thoughtsonmusicandtheideologyofharmonythatChinesepeoplevalue.7十二生肖十二生肖是中國(guó)用十二種動(dòng)物所組成的記年方法。我國(guó)自古就有“干支記年法”，而我國(guó)西北地區(qū)游牧的少數(shù)民族則以動(dòng)物記年，兩種記年法相互融合，形成了現(xiàn)在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戍狗、亥豬。屬相的基本意義在于使人們圓融通達(dá)、和衷共濟(jì)。TheChineseZodiacTheChineseZodiacistheChinesewayofnumberingtheyears.Itattributesananimaltoeachyear,accordingtoa12-yearcycle.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplebegantousetheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchestorecordthepassingofyears.Atthesametime,ChinesenomadicpeoplewholivedinnorthwestChinainsteadusedanimalstonumbertheyears.Thetwowaysofnumberingtheyearsweresmoothlyintegrated,andtheChineseZodiactookshape.The12animalsintheChineseZodiacare:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dog,andpig.Themeaningofthesymbolicanimalofthebirthyearisthatitcanmakepeoplemagnanimousandbeofonemindintimesofdifficulty.8.唐宋詩(shī)詞唐詩(shī)代表了中華詩(shī)歌的最高成就。知名詩(shī)人多若星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界聞名的偉大詩(shī)人。唐詩(shī)分為古體詩(shī)、律詩(shī)、絕句，又有五言、七言之分，其題材廣泛，數(shù)量龐大，風(fēng)格和流派多樣。宋詞是繼唐詩(shī)之后中國(guó)古代文學(xué)史上的又一座高峰，歷來(lái)與唐詩(shī)并稱雙雄。宋詞以長(zhǎng)短句為主，依詞牌填詞，豪放派和婉約派詞風(fēng)各異，主要代表有辛棄疾、蘇軾、柳永、李清照等。TangPoetryandSongCiTangPoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementofChinesepoetry.ThereweremanydistinguishedpoetsintheTangDynasty,includingLiBai,DuFu,andBaiJuyi,whoareworld-famous.TherearevariousformsofTangPoetry,suchaspre-Tangpoetry,regularpoems,shortpoems.Regularpoemsandshortpoemscanalsobedividedintopentasyllabicandheptasyllabicaccordingtothecharacterscontainedineachline.ThereisanenormouscollectionofTangPoetry,withawiderangeofsubjects,styles,andschools.Itsartisticcharmtoucheseveryonedeeply.SongCiisanothersummitinthehistoryofclassicalChineseliterature.TangPoetryandSongCihaveconsistentlybeencalledthetwoliterarygiants.ThemainformofSongCiisakindofpoetrythatchieflyconsistsofseven-characterlinesinterspersedwithshorterandlongerones.Thewriterspoetizeacco